Seven steps for qualitative treatment in health research: the Clinical-Qualitative Content Analysis

Abstract Qualitative Health research procedures that are not always applied, mainly in the analysis phase. Our objective is to present a systematized technique of step-by-step procedures for qualitative content analysis in the health field: Clinical-Qualitative Content Analysis. Our proposal consider that the qualitative research applied to the field of health, can acquire a perspective analogous to clinical practice and aims to interpret meanings expressed in reports through individual interviews or statements. This analysis takes part of the Clinical-Qualitative Method. The literature review was realized through: a book chapter, eight original articles and three methodological articles. The Clinical-qualitative Content Analysis technique comprises seven steps: 1) Editing material for analysis; 2) Floating reading; 3) Construction of the units of analysis; 4) Construction of codes of meaning; 5) General refining of the codes and the Construction of categories; 6) Discussion; 7) Validity. The clinical-qualitative analysis presupposes and involves a critical reflection on the processes carried out at each step. This reflection is an extremely rich process, if carried out collectively and in dialogue with other researchers with some proficiency in qualitative methods.

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Narrative Identities and the Egalitarian Norm Among Hungarian Elite Couples

Journal of Family Issues ◽

10.1177/0192513x17741175 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 39 (7) ◽

pp. 2107-2130 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Bernadett Csurgó ◽

Luca Kristóf

Keyword(s):

Content Analysis ◽

Gender Equality ◽

Family Life ◽

Qualitative Content Analysis ◽

Gender Inequalities ◽

Individual Interviews ◽

Cultural Elite ◽

Underrepresentation Of Women ◽

And Gender ◽

Political Economic

Our article aims to study the attitudes of the elite to family life and gender equality. This is a social group who still experiences significant gender imbalances. We focus on attitudes to family life, which has thus far been underresearched in elite literature. With the help of the analysis of 34 individual interviews with members of the Hungarian political, economic, and cultural elite, we identify and present three types of narrative identities: dominant, deferential, and egalitarian. The main finding from our qualitative content analysis is that egalitarian partnership norms which were discussed in every narrative and gender equality appear in most cases as a norm among the elite. However, there is a narrative tension between this norm and the couples’ actual experiences of their family life. We conclude our article with some comments on how the ideology of egalitarian essentialism strengthens gender inequalities reinforcing the underrepresentation of women in elite positions.

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Hospital and nursing home patients’ experiences with delirium assessments: A qualitative content analysis

Nordic Journal of Nursing Research ◽

10.1177/2057158519882823 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 40 (1) ◽

pp. 52-58

Author(s):

Helle Svenningsen ◽

Dorthe Sørensen

Keyword(s):

Content Analysis ◽

Nursing Home ◽

Qualitative Method ◽

Healthcare Professionals ◽

Qualitative Content Analysis ◽

Well Being ◽

Relevant Information ◽

Delirium Assessment ◽

Face To Face ◽

Nursing Home Patients

To explore hospital and nursing home patients’ experiences with delirium assessments and better understand their attitudes, we used a qualitative method to summarise, in everyday terms, specific events observed by researchers and experienced by patients. We performed participant observations of delirium assessments of eight patients and conducted individual semi-structured face-to-face interviews with seven other patients. We carried out content analysis using an inductive approach. Our findings indicate that patients approached delirium assessment with initial scepticism due to a lack of knowledge. Their scepticism changed to complete acceptance after the assessment’s purpose was explained. However, some patients gave up on the assessment due to cognitive challenges, lack of energy, fatigue, or language barriers. Patients appreciated that professionals were interested in their mental and physical well-being. Despite initial scepticism, the patients found the delirium assessment valuable when they better understood its purpose. Thus, healthcare professionals should provide patients with relevant information about delirium assessments.

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Aajiiqatigiingniq: An Inuit Consensus Methodology in Qualitative Health Research

International Journal of Qualitative Methods ◽

10.1177/1609406919894796 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 18 ◽

pp. 160940691989479 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Priscilla Ferrazzi ◽

Shirley Tagalik ◽

Peter Christie ◽

Joe Karetak ◽

Kukik Baker ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Health Research ◽

Well Being ◽

Cultural Knowledge ◽

Narrative Discourse ◽

Consensus Methods ◽

Individual Interviews ◽

Qualitative Health Research ◽

Descriptive Account ◽

Inuit Knowledge ◽

Consensus Decision Making

Indigenous knowledge and approaches to health research have historically been marginalized by Western traditions. Efforts to overcome this marginalization by recognizing Indigenous methodologies as a distinctive form of inquiry are gathering momentum. Health research that seeks to establish levels of agreement about disputed or conceptually unclear subjects frequently relies on consensus methods. Aajiiqatigiingniq is a principle of cultural knowledge and a consensus decision-making approach among Inuit in the Canadian Arctic. We used group meetings and individual interviews involving Inuit elders and other senior community members in Arviat, Nunavut, to explore and describe aajiiqatigiingniq as an appropriate and ethical methodology in qualitative health research. Findings reveal a systematic but apparently informal approach focused on sustained individual and community well-being. Consensus is achieved through the successive addition of group members, respectful communication, mainly narrative discourse, subjective personal engagement, and an unhurried meeting style. While previous research has used Western consensus methods to embed Inuit knowledge in health research, this study provides a first descriptive account of a wholly Inuit consensus methodology.

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The Mental Health Crises of the Families of COVID-19 Victims: A Qualitative Study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-35698/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

fateme mohammadi ◽

Khodayar Oshvandi ◽

Farshid Shamsaei ◽

Fateme Cheraghi ◽

mostafa bijani

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Content Analysis ◽

Cultural Context ◽

Job Insecurity ◽

Qualitative Content Analysis ◽

Individual Interviews ◽

Medical Centers ◽

Purposeful Sampling ◽

The Future ◽

Data Saturation

Abstract Background: The bereaved families of COVID-19 victims are among the most vulnerable social groups in the COVID-19 pandemic. This highly infectious and contagious disease has afflicted these families with numerous psychological crises which have not been studied much yet. The present study is an attempt at investigating the psychological challenges and issues which the families of COVID-19 victims are faced with. The present study aims to identify the Mental Health crises which the families of COVID-19 deceased victims are going through.Methods: A qualitative research, the present study uses a conventional content analysis design. The participants were 16 members of the families of COVID-19 victims selected from medical centers in Iran from February to May 2020 via purposeful sampling. Sampling continued to the point of data saturation Data were collected via semi-structured individual interviews conducted online. The collected data were analyzed according to the conventional qualitative content analysis approach.Results: Analyses of the data yielded two main themes—emotional shock and fear of the future—with nine categories. Conclusion: The families of COVID-19 deceased victims are affected by various psychological crises which have exposed them to a deep sense of loss and emotional shock. In addition, the instability in the family following the loss of a family member and job insecurity due to the COVID crisis have caused them to be very worried about the future. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a cultural context which recognizes and supports all the various aspects of the mental health of these families.

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Kerelevanan Optimum dalam Terjemahan Sifat Allah dalam Al-Quran ke Bahasa Inggeris: Analisis Baseer dalam Surah Al-Isra’

‘Abqari Journal ◽

10.33102/abqari.vol23no1.307 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

pp. 250-266

Author(s):

Lubna Abd Rahman ◽

Sulhah Ramli ◽

Hishomudin Ahmad ◽

Robiatul Adawiyah Mohd

Keyword(s):

Content Analysis ◽

Qualitative Method ◽

English Language ◽

Relevance Theory ◽

Natural Equivalence ◽

Optimal Relevance ◽

Analysis Technique

Al-Quran adalah teks suci yang mengandungi ciri-ciri linguistik dan retorik yang adakalanya menjangkau kemampuan aspek semantik untuk menerangkannya. Sifat Allah merupakan istilah khusus Al-Quran yang tidak dapat diterjemahkan hanya dengan melihat makna semantik semata-mata, kerana mengandungi makna khusus yang merujuk kepada sifat Ketuhanan. Dalam fenomena seperti ini, penterjemah disaran menggunakan pendekatan pragmatik yang menafsirkan makna ujaran dan menyampaikan maklumat berdasarkan konteks ayat untuk memberi pemahaman yang jelas tentang makna sebenar ujaran tersebut kepada pembaca bahasa sasaran, agar dapat mencapai tahap kerelevanan optimum. Kajian ini bertujuan mengkaji terjemahan salah satu sifat Allah dalam Al-Quran, Baseer untuk melihat sama ada terjemahannya mencapai kerelevanan optimum atau sebaliknya. Teori Relevan (TR) yang lazimnya diaplikasi dalam bidang komunikasi dijadikan landasan teori untuk menganalisis terjemahan perkataan Baseer dalam surah al-Isra’ untuk melihat bagaimana makna Baseer dinyatakan dalam teks terjemahan al-Quran yang dipilih iaitu teks terjemahan Al-Quran terkenal dalam bahasa Inggeris oleh Abdel Haleem, Pickthall dan George Sale. Kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa terdapat perbezaan dalam terjemahan sifat Baseer antara tiga teks sasaran. Sekiranya dilihat dari sudut Teori Relevan pula, kebanyakan terjemahannya tidak mencapai kerelevanan optimum, kerana makna yang diberikan oleh penterjemah tidak menyokong makna yang dimaksudkan oleh sifat Allah. This study aims to investigate the translation of one of the Devine Attributes in Quran, the word Baseer whether its translation achieves optimal relevance or otherwise. It employed a qualitative method using content analysis technique based on Relevance Theory, which is basically applied in communication field, in analyzing the translation of the word 'baseer' in surah al-Isra’ to investigate how the meaning of Baseer is rendered in in three well-known Quran translations in English language by Abdel Haleem, Pickthall and George Sale. This study shows that there are differences in the translation of Baseer among the three target texts. If viewed from the point of Relevance Theory, most of its translations do not achieve optimal relevance, because the meanings given by the translators do not support the meaning meant by the nature of Allah. This indicates that absolute equivalence could never been achieved when translating specific words of the Quran and in this study, the translation of Devine Attributes sometimes does not achieve optimal relevance. Therefore, the translator may select the closest natural equivalence of the meaning of the attribute.

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MORAL VALUES IN “FILOSOFI KOPI” SHORT-STORY ANTHOLOGY AND ITS IMPLICATIONS IN LITERATURE

Jurnal Kependidikan Penelitian Inovasi Pembelajaran ◽

10.21831/jk.v1i2.13265 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Nani Solihati ◽

Ade Hikmat ◽

Yoma Elmikasri

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Short Stories ◽

Content Analysis ◽

Short Story ◽

Qualitative Method ◽

Moral Values ◽

Moral Value ◽

Analysis Technique ◽

Data Source ◽

Literature Education

NILAI MORAL DALAM ANTOLOGI CERPEN FILOSOFI KOPIDAN IMPLIKASINYA DALAM PEMBELAJARAN SASTRAAbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi dan menemukan nilai-nilai moral yang terkandung dalam antologi cerpen Filosofi Kopi melalui kajian hermeneutik serta implikasinya dalam pembelajaran sastra di SMA. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif dengan teknik analisis isi. Nilai moral yang diteliti dibatasi pada nilai positif dalam antologi cerpen Filosofi Kopi. Sumber data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yakni antologi cerpen Filosofi Kopi karya Dewi Lestari yang berisi 18 cerita yang terdiri 8 cerita pendek dan 10 prosa liris, tetapi yang diteliti hanya 8 cerita pendek. Berdasarkan hasil analisis yang telah dilakukan terhadap delapan cerpen, dapat disimpulkan bahwa cerpen-cerpen karya Dewi Lestari mengandung nilai-nilai moral positif yang meliputi kejujuran, bertanggung jawab, kesetiaan, sopan santun, hati nurani, rendah hati, dan konsekuen. Implikasi hasil penelitian ini adalah pembelajaran sastra di sekolah dengan menggunakan beberapa judul cerpen dalam antologi cerpen Filosofi Kopi karya Dewi Lestari sebagai sumber pembelajaran berpotensi menghasilkan siswa yang mempunyai nilai-nilai moral yang baik. Kata kunci: nilai moral, cerpen, pembelajaran sastraAbstractThis study was aimed at identifying the moral values contained in Filosofi Kopi short story anthology through hermeneutic studies and its implications in the study of literature in thesenior high school. The study used a descriptive qualitative method with a content-analysis technique. The moral values under study were limited to positive values. The data source used in this study was written by Dewi Lestari. This short story contained 18 stories consisting of 8 short stories and 10 lyrical proses. The samples of this study were 8 short stories. Results show that the short stories of Dewi Lestari's work contain positive moral values that include honesty, responsibility, loyalty, courtesy, conscience, humility, and consequence. The implications of the study include the fact that literature learning using this anthology is able to improve the students’ moral values.Keywords: moral value, short-story, literature education

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A Study of Nurses’ Stress Management in Facing and Caring for COVID-19 Patients: A Qualitative Content Analysis

10.21203/rs.3.rs-970198/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mahboobeh Hosseini Moghaddam ◽

Zinat Mohebbi ◽

Banafsheh Tehranineshat

Keyword(s):

Content Analysis ◽

Stress Management ◽

Personal Growth ◽

Professional Growth ◽

Qualitative Content Analysis ◽

Well Being ◽

Teaching Hospitals ◽

Individual Interviews ◽

The Face ◽

Qualitative Descriptive

Abstract Background Being in the frontline of the battle against COVID-19, nurses need to be capable of stress management to maintain their physical and psychological well-being in the face of a variety of stressors. The present study aims to explore the challenges, strategies, and outcomes of stress management in nurses who face and provide care to COVID-19 patients. Methods The present study is a qualitative descriptive work that was conducted in teaching hospitals affiliated with Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Iran, from June 2020 to March 2021. Fourteen nurses who were in practice in units assigned to COVID-19 patients were selected via purposeful sampling. Data were collected through semi-structured, individual interviews conducted online. The collected data were analyzed using MAXQDA 10 according to the conventional content analysis method suggested by Graneheim and Lundman. Results The data collected in the interviews resulted in 14 subcategories under 4 main categories: providing care with uncertainty and anxiety, facing psychological and mental tension, creating a context for support, and experiencing personal-professional growth. Conclusions Despite their concern over contracting the infection and transmitting it to their families, nurses feel compelled to provide professional care to patients under all circumstances. Work overload and working in exhausting conditions lead to nurses’ physical and psychological burnout, thus their need for the support of authorities and their families. Based on the nurses’ experiences, the primary outcomes of caring for COVID-19 patients are personal growth and professional empowerment.

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Hospital preparedness challenges in biological disasters: A qualitative study

Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness ◽

10.1017/dmp.2020.434 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-13

Author(s):

Mohsen Aminizadeh ◽

Mehrdad Farrokhi ◽

Abbas Ebadi ◽

Gholam Reza Masoumi ◽

Pirhossein Kolivand ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Content Analysis ◽

Health System ◽

Qualitative Method ◽

Qualitative Content Analysis ◽

Structured Interviews ◽

Purposeful Sampling ◽

Safety And Health ◽

Data Saturation ◽

Hospital Preparedness ◽

Study Participants

Abstract Objective: Identification of hospital preparedness challenges against biological events such as COVID-19 is essential to improve dynamics, quality and business continuity confidence in the health system. Accordingly, the purpose of the present study is to evaluate the challenges of hospital preparedness in biological events. Methods: This study employed a qualitative method using content analysis in which 20 healthcare managers and experts who are experienced in biological events were selected through purposeful sampling. The data collection was done through semi-structured interviews, which continued until data saturation. The data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis as well as the Landman and Graneheim Approach. Results: Six main concepts (training and practice, resource management, safety and health, patient management, risk communication, and laboratory and surveillance) and 14 sub-concepts were extracted on hospital preparedness challenges in biological events through analyzing interviews. Conclusions: The present study indicated that the health system of the country faces many challenges in response to biological events and threats. Moreover, study participants indicated that Iranian hospitals were not prepared for biological events. It is recommended to design preparedness plans of hospitals based on preparedness standards for biological events. In addition, comprehensive measures are required to enhance their capacity to respond to biological emergencies.

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Caregivers’ perception of women’s dignity in the delivery room: A qualitative study

Nursing Ethics ◽

10.1177/0969733019834975 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 116-126 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Fateme Mohammadi ◽

Hadise sadate Tabatabaei ◽

Farzaneh Mozafari ◽

Mark Gillespie

Keyword(s):

Content Analysis ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Qualitative Content Analysis ◽

Delivery Room ◽

Medical Sciences ◽

Ethical Considerations ◽

Individual Interviews ◽

Targeted Sampling ◽

Content Analysis Method ◽

Conventional Content Analysis

Introduction: Dignified care is one of the moral responsibilities of professional caregivers. However, in many cases the dignity of hospitalized patients, especially women in the delivery room, is not maintained. Dignity is an abstract concept and there has been no previous research exploring the dignity of pregnant women in the delivery room in Iran. Objectives: The objective of this study is to define and explain the concept of dignity for pregnant women in the delivery room from the perspectives of professional caregivers. Research design: This is qualitative research. The data were collected through in-depth semi-structured individual interviews. The conventional content analysis method was used to analyze the data. In qualitative content analysis, participant narrative is examined in-depth and sorted into categories and themes. Participants and research context: Potential participants who met the entrance criteria for this study were approached between July 2016 and February 2017. In all, 20 professional caregivers working in the delivery room setting within Iranian general hospitals were invited to participate in the study. The sampling was done through targeted sampling until saturation was achieved. Ethical considerations: The research ethics committee of the Shiraz University of Medical Sciences has approved the study’s protocol and all commonly recognized ethical principles were followed throughout the study. Findings: The findings of this study were presented in three main themes, including “privacy,” “respecting patients’ preferences,” and “comprehensive attention” and eight categories. Discussions and conclusion: Women in the delivery room need to be taken care of in an environment where healthcare staff promote the preservation of dignity through maintaining privacy, by providing attentive care and through ensuring that patient preferences regarding care and treatment are respected. In such an environment, the dignity of these women would be maintained and desirable outcomes achieved.

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