scholarly journals Prevalence of active HCV infection and genotypic distribution among the general population of district Mardan, Pakistan

2023 ◽  
Vol 83 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Ullah ◽  
M. A. Kakakhel ◽  
Y. Bai ◽  
L. Xi ◽  
I. Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C ◽  
General Population ◽  
Hcv Infection ◽  
Occurrence Rate ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Hcv Rna ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Public Health Burden ◽  
Genotypic Distribution

Abstract Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the serious global public health burden of liver disease. Approximately 170 million people in the world are infected with (HCV). In Pakistan, where the disease has high occurrence rate. The present study envisages an up-to-date prevalence of HCV and genotypic distribution in the general population of Mardan District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan. The blood samples from 6,538 individuals including 3,263 males and 3,275 females were analyzed for hepatitis C surface antigen by Immuno-chromatographic test (ICT), Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR). It was found that 396 (12.13%) out of 3263 individuals contained antibodies in their blood against HCV, while among the different age groups, the highest incidences of HCV antibodies were found in the 31-40 age group (11.01%). The ICT positive samples were further screened by nested PCR to determine the existence of active HCV-RNA. It was identified that 7.11% (3263) of the total population (6538) tested was positive, among which the 461 (14.07%) females possessed antibodies in their blood against HCV. Our data showed total HCV infection in the investigated population was 5.78%. Higher percentage of HCV prevalence was detected in males than females in the age group 31-40 and 41-50. To compare the prevalence of HCV genotypes age-wise in male and female genotype 3a was found most prevalent genotype followed by 1a, 2a and 3b, respectively.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Hepatitis C Infection and its Genotypes in Suspected Hemodialysis Patients, Southwest of Iran

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marzieh Jamalidoust ◽  
Maryam Eskandari ◽  
Mazyar Ziyaeyan
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Hemodialysis Patients ◽  
Hcv Infection ◽  
Research Center ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Hcv Rna ◽  
Hepatitis C Infection ◽  
Genotype 3

Background: Hemodialysis patients are more prone to Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection due to the need for long-term hemodialysis and blood transfusions. Objectives: The present study aimed to determine the HCV infection burden, viral load, and genotype pattern in hemodialysis patients referred to a research center from 2011 to 2018. Methods: Among 131 hemodialysis patients with suspected HCV infection, referred to Prof. Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Shiraz, Iran, from 2011 to 2018, the HCV rate was assessed with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the HCV RNA load and genotypes by one-step TaqMan real-time PCR. Results: The prevalence of HCV-Ab positivity was 29% among hemodialysis patients, of whom 21 (57%) were HCV RNA-positive. In the rest of the hemodialysis patients who were HCV-Ab-negative, the HCV RNA was detected in five (12%) patients. Genotype 3 (Gt-3) was the most prevalent one detected in 50% of the patients whose genotypes were determined. Also, the HCV viral load in HCV-seropositive patients was generally higher than that in HCV-seronegative ones. Conclusions: This study showed that high HCV infection and different genotype patterns among hemodialysis patients compared to the general population are the main predictors of HCV infection, which indicates healthcare facility transmission because of inappropriate infection management practices.

scholarly journals Screening a nation for hepatitis C virus elimination: a cross-sectional study on prevalence of hepatitis C and associated risk factors in the Rwandan general population

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. e029743 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justine Umutesi ◽  
Carol Yingkai Liu ◽  
Michael J Penkunas ◽  
Jean Damascene Makuza ◽  
Corneille K Ntihabose ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
General Population ◽  
Hcv Rna ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Virus Elimination ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Hcv Prevalence ◽  
Targeted Screening

ObjectivesWe analysed data collected during programmatic screening activities conducted in 2017 to describe hepatitis C virus (HCV) seroprevalence in the general population and identify associated factors.DesignWe analysed data collected between June and September 2017. For both seroprevalence and viraemia, variations across demographic and geographic factors were assessed and multivariate regression models were fit to identify factors independently associated with each marker. Geospatial data were examined for visualisation.SettingHCV screening was organised within each of the 30 districts in Rwanda. One designated location in each district was selected as the screening site and screening took place for 1 week at each site.ParticipantsThis study included 124 223 male and female volunteers. Anti-HCV-positive individuals were followed up with HCV RNA viral load (VL) testing for infection confirmation.Main outcome measuresTwo markers were examined: the presence of HCV antibodies and HCV RNA VL.ResultsAmong 124 223 individuals screened, 11 003 (8.86%, 95% CIs: 8.70% to 9.02%) were positive for anti-HCV. Anti-HCV prevalence varied by age with the oldest age group (>55 year olds) having a prevalence of 16.46% (95% CIs: 16.14% to 16.80%) and the youngest age group (<25 year olds) having a prevalence of 2.20% (95% CIs: 1.93% to 2.50%) (crude OR=8.78). After adjustment for covariates, an association remained between anti-HCV prevalence and age (p<0.001), province (p<0.001) and socioeconomic status (p<0.001). Of the 3771 anti-HCV-positive individuals who had an available HCV RNA VL result, 2099 (55.66%, 95% CI: 54.06% to 57.25%) had a detectable HCV RNA VL. Age was also associated with HCV viraemia (p<0.001).ConclusionResults suggest that over 55% of individuals who screened positive for HCV-antibodies were chronically infected. Targeted screening for HCV among older individuals is recommended, given the association between age and infection. Further geographical hotspots of HCV infection can also inform targeted screening as Rwanda moves towards HCV elimination.

scholarly journals Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in quilombo remnant communities in Central Brazil

2008 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 359-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nádia R.S. Reis ◽  
Ana R.C. Motta-Castro ◽  
Ágabo M.C. Silva ◽  
Sheila A. Teles ◽  
Clara F.T. Yoshida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Hcv Infection ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Hcv Rna ◽  
Rna Detection ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Central Brazil ◽  
Low Prevalence ◽  
Mato Grosso Do Sul

In order to determine the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in quilombo remnant communities in Central Brazil, 1,007 subjects were interviewed in all 12 communities existing in Mato Grosso do Sul State, Central Brazil. Blood samples were collected and sera were tested for anti-HCV by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Positive samples were retested for confirmation using a line immunoassay and were also subjected to HCV RNA detection. The prevalence of HCV infection was 0.2%. This finding shows a low prevalence of HCV infection in quilombo remnant communities in Central Brazil.

scholarly journals Serum hepatitis C virus sequences in posttransfusion non-A, non-B hepatitis

Blood ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 77 (6) ◽  
pp. 1157-1160
Author(s):  
M Shibata ◽  
T Morishima ◽  
T Kudo ◽  
T Maki ◽  
S Maki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Clinical Status ◽  
Hcv Infection ◽  
Acute Disease ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Hcv Rna ◽  
Negative Case

We investigated 17 patients (12 males and 5 females, ages 2 to 57 years old) with posttransfusion non-A, non-B hepatitis to determine relationships between clinical courses and hepatitis C virus (HCV) markers. The patients were grouped according to time course of abnormal serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels into three categories (chronic biochemical disease, biochemically resolved chronic disease, and acute disease). Latest serum samples (1.3 to 10.8 years after blood transfusion) were used to detect antibodies against C100–3 antigen (anti-HCV) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and HCV sequences by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Of the 17 patients, 13 patients (76.5%) were anti-HCV positive and 8 patients (47.1%), including one anti-HCV negative case, were positive for HCV RNA. In total, 14 patients (82.4%) were positive for either HCV markers. With respect to clinical course, HCV RNA was detected in six of eight patients (75%) with chronic biochemical disease, and in two of five patients (40%) with biochemically resolved chronic disease. HCV RNA was not detectable in convalescent sera from four patients with acute disease. These results show that there is a relationship between clinical status and HCV viremia, but that normal liver function tests do not always represent the clearance of the virus. Viremia in two patients with normal ALT level suggests that hepatitis is not only caused by viral cytopathic effects, but also by immunologic reactions against virus- infected cells. Thus, PCR is useful in determining the persistence of HCV infection as well as to diagnose anti-HCV negative HCV infection.

scholarly journals Epidemiologic profile of hepatitis C virus infection and genotype distribution in Burkina Faso: a systematic review with meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Serge Ouoba ◽  
Jean Claude Romaric Pingdwinde Ouedraogo ◽  
Moussa Lingani ◽  
Bunthen E ◽  
Md Razeen Ashraf Hussain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
High Risk ◽  
General Population ◽  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Hcv Infection ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Hcv Rna ◽  
High Risk Populations

Abstract Background Detailed characteristics of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in Burkina Faso are scarce. The main aim of this study was to assess HCV seroprevalence in various settings and populations at risk in Burkina Faso between 1990 and 2020. Secondary objectives included the prevalence of HCV Ribonucleic acid (RNA) and the distribution of HCV genotypes. Methods A systematic database search, supplemented by a manual search, was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and African Index Medicus. Studies reporting HCV seroprevalence data in low and high-risk populations in Burkina Faso were included, and a random-effects meta-analysis was applied. Risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs institute checklist. Results Low-risk populations were examined in 31 studies involving a total of 168,151 subjects, of whom 8330 were positive for HCV antibodies. Six studies included a total of 1484 high-risk persons, and 96 had antibodies to HCV. The pooled seroprevalence in low-risk populations was 3.72% (95% CI: 3.20–4.28) and 4.75% (95% CI: 1.79–8.94) in high-risk groups. A non-significant decreasing trend was observed over the study period. Seven studies tested HCV RNA in a total of 4759 individuals at low risk for HCV infection, and 81 were positive. The meta-analysis of HCV RNA yielded a pooled prevalence of 1.65% (95% CI: 0.74–2.89%) in low-risk populations, which is assumed to be indicative of HCV prevalence in the general population of Burkina Faso and suggests that about 301,174 people are active HCV carriers in the country. Genotypes 2 and 1 were the most frequent, with 60.3% and 25.0%, respectively. Conclusions HCV seroprevalence is intermediate in Burkina Faso and indicates the need to implement effective control strategies. There is a paucity of data at the national level and for rural and high-risk populations. General population screening and linkage to care are recommended, with special attention to rural and high-risk populations.

scholarly journals Past and Present Hepatitis G Virus Infections in Areas Where Hepatitis C is Highly Endemic and Those Where It Is Not Endemic

1998 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eiji Tanaka ◽  
Michael Tacke ◽  
Masakazu Kobayashi ◽  
Yoshiyuki Nakatsuji ◽  
Kendo Kiyosawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Blood Transfusion ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Carrier State ◽  
Hcv Infection ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Hcv Rna ◽  
Hepatitis G Virus ◽  
Hcv Antibody ◽  
Hepatitis G

We reported previously on an area in Japan where over 30% of the inhabitants were positive for hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody. In the present study, clinical features of hepatitis G virus (HGV) infection in this area of high endemicity were compared to those in an area where HCV is not endemic. A total of 400 individuals were selected randomly from those who were medically screened for liver disease in 1993; 200 were from the high-endemicity area, and the other 200 were from the no-endemicity area. HGV RNA was measured by reverse transcription and PCR with primers in the 5′ noncoding region. Antibody to HGV envelope protein E2 was measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Prevalence of any HGV marker in the high-endemicity area (32%) was significantly (P < 0.0001) higher than that in the no-endemicity area (6%); similar differences, 32% versus 3% (P < 0.0001), had been observed for HCV markers (HCV RNA and HCV antibody). In areas of both high and no endemicity, HCV markers were significantly more prevalent in individuals with any HGV marker than in those without HGV markers, and age-specific prevalence of HGV markers was distributed similarly to that of any HCV marker. Among possible routes of HGV transmission that were analyzed, folk medicine was significant in the high-endemicity area, but blood transfusion was the major route in the no-endemicity area. The rate of accompanying viremia in HGV infection (15%) was significantly lower than that in HCV infection (78%) (P < 0.0001). In conclusion, HGV infection was highly prevalent in the area of high HCV endemicity and was closely associated with HCV infection. HGV seemed to be transmitted via the practice of folk medicine as well as blood transfusion. HGV resulted in a chronic carrier state less frequently than did HCV.

scholarly journals Clinical course and risk factors of hepatitis C virus related liver disease in the general population: report from the Dionysos study

Gut ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 874-880 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Bellentani ◽  
G Pozzato ◽  
G Saccoccio ◽  
M Crovatto ◽  
L S Crocè ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
General Population ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Hcv Infection ◽  
Hcv Rna ◽  
History Of ◽  
Related Liver Disease

BACKGROUNDThe severity, clinical course, and risk of hepatitis C virus (HCV) related chronic liver disease are still rather poorly defined.AIMSTo investigate the prevalence, risk factors, and severity of HCV related liver disease in the general population, and investigate whether infection with a specific genotype is associated with an increased risk of cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma.METHODSHCV RNA determination by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and HCV genotyping were performed in all anti-HCV positive subjects belonging to the Dionysos study (6917 subjects). Diagnosis of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma was established by liver biopsy in all cases. All the data were analysed by univariate and multivariate statistics in all the cohort. To investigate the natural history of HCV infection, anti-HCV positive subjects were followed up every six months for three years with liver function tests and ultrasonograms.RESULTSThe overall prevalence of HCV RNA positivity was 2.3%. Positivity increased progressively with age, and was higher in women (ratio of men to women = 0.7). Genotypes 1b and 2a were the most frequent (42 and 24% of HCV RNA positive patients), with a prevalence of 1 and 0.6% respectively. Intravenous drug use, blood transfusions received before 1990, history of previous hepatitis among the cohabiting, and history of animal (mainly dogs) bites were significantly (p<0.05) associated with HCV infection, independently of age and sex. Multivariate analysis showed that, independently of age, sex, and alcohol intake, genotype 1b infection, with or without coinfection with other genotypes, is the major risk factor associated with the presence of cirrhosis and/or hepatocellular carcinoma. During the three years of follow up, 57 (35%) of the HCV RNA positive subjects had consistently normal alanine aminotransferase and γ-glutamyltransferase values. Two of the 22 HCV RNA positive cirrhotic patients, all drinking more than 90 g of alcohol a day, developed hepatocellular carcinoma (incidence rate = 3.0% per year).CONCLUSIONSIn the general population of Northern Italy, HCV infection is widespread, but only less than 50% of the anti-HCV positive subjects, particularly those infected with genotype 1b, are associated with a more severe liver disease. Alcohol consumption greater that 30 g a day significantly aggravates the natural course of the disease.

scholarly journals Seropositivity of HBV & HCV among the Family Members of Chronic Viral Hepatitis Patients

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abu Bakar Siddique ◽  
Mohammad Nezam Uddin ◽  
Kajal Kanti Das ◽  
Rajat Sanker Roy Biswas
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Hepatitis B Surface Antigen ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Chronic Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Hcv Infection ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Global Public Health

Introduction: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections are the global public health challenge. Family members of the HBV and HCV infected patients have a higher risk of exposure to many blood-borne diseases including Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C viral infections as well. So the objectives of the present study was to evaluate seropositivity of HBV and HCV among family members of . chronic viral hepatitis patients. Methods: This study was conducted 80 family members of 50 patients with chronic HBV and HCV infection. After ethical clearance and written consent, 1st degree family members of those chronically infected hepatitis patients were explained about the objectives of the study and a standard questionnaire were introduced and recorded. Venous blood samples was taken from every participant with universal precautions and was tested by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for Hepatitis B surface antigen, anti HCV. Data analysis was done later by SPSS. Results: Eighty family members of 50 HBV and HCV positive cases where screened where HBV infection(45;90%) was more then HCV infection(5;90%). Male were 45(56.3%) and female were 35 (43.8%) male to male ratio 1.28:1. Total 23 (28.8%) subjects were vaccinated against HBV. One subject had history of blood transfusion and dental procedure each, extramarital sex activity was found in 2 (2.5%), and sleeping in the same room was found in 31(38.6%) subjects. History analysis revealed, 3(3.8%) were positive for HBV, 29 (36.3%) were found negative and 48(60%) were unaware of their status; again 77 (96.3%) are unaware of their anti HCV status. HBsAg and Anti HCV screening status of the relatives revealed HBsAg and anti HCV was found positive in 4 (5%) and 1 (1.3%) cases respectively. .Conclusion: Relatives of the HBV and HCV infected patients are also at risk. So they should take proper preventive measures and should be vaccinated.

scholarly journals Use of antiviral therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C

Open Medicine ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Dragomiretskaya ◽  
Anna Izha ◽  
Nikolay Kalinichenko ◽  
Mirosława Szark-Eckardt ◽  
Mariusz Klimczyk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Hepatitis ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Antiviral Therapy ◽  
Chronic Hepatitis C ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Hcv Infection ◽  
Blood Analysis ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Hcv Rna

AbstractIntroduction: The presence of background HCV infection cannot be overestimated in view of the prevalence of chronic hepatitis C and the risk of adverse outcomes of this disease. Purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the combined use of antiviral therapy (Roferon + Vero-Ribavirin) and resort factors in patients with chronic hepatitis C in the phase of replication. Material and methods: We observed 48 patients with chronic hepatitis C; the minimum level of activity of the process defined the phase of replication. Markers of HCV infection were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (a-HCV and HCV-Ig M). HCV RNA was determined twice by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Genotyping of hepatitis C virus was performed. Biochemical blood analysis and the study of HCV infection markers were carried out four times. Results of therapy were assessed immediately after the end of the resort (spa) treatment, then at 3, 6 and 12 months after starting treatment. At 12 months after starting treatment, all the observed patients had persistent clinical and biochemical remission. Elimination of the virus from the blood was noted in 56% of the control group and 74% of patients in the study group. Conclusions: For patients with moderately active HCV, the replication phase was characterized by asthenic-vegetative syndrome (100% of patients) with severe depression (22.92%), pain (77.08%) and dyspeptic syndrome (33.33%), moderate hypertransferaseemia (100%), slightly pronounced cholestasis (33% of patients), and signs of mesenchymal- inflammatory response.

scholarly journals Serum hepatitis C virus sequences in posttransfusion non-A, non-B hepatitis

Blood ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 77 (6) ◽  
pp. 1157-1160 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Shibata ◽  
T Morishima ◽  
T Kudo ◽  
T Maki ◽  
S Maki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Clinical Status ◽  
Hcv Infection ◽  
Acute Disease ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Hcv Rna ◽  
Negative Case

Abstract We investigated 17 patients (12 males and 5 females, ages 2 to 57 years old) with posttransfusion non-A, non-B hepatitis to determine relationships between clinical courses and hepatitis C virus (HCV) markers. The patients were grouped according to time course of abnormal serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels into three categories (chronic biochemical disease, biochemically resolved chronic disease, and acute disease). Latest serum samples (1.3 to 10.8 years after blood transfusion) were used to detect antibodies against C100–3 antigen (anti-HCV) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and HCV sequences by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Of the 17 patients, 13 patients (76.5%) were anti-HCV positive and 8 patients (47.1%), including one anti-HCV negative case, were positive for HCV RNA. In total, 14 patients (82.4%) were positive for either HCV markers. With respect to clinical course, HCV RNA was detected in six of eight patients (75%) with chronic biochemical disease, and in two of five patients (40%) with biochemically resolved chronic disease. HCV RNA was not detectable in convalescent sera from four patients with acute disease. These results show that there is a relationship between clinical status and HCV viremia, but that normal liver function tests do not always represent the clearance of the virus. Viremia in two patients with normal ALT level suggests that hepatitis is not only caused by viral cytopathic effects, but also by immunologic reactions against virus- infected cells. Thus, PCR is useful in determining the persistence of HCV infection as well as to diagnose anti-HCV negative HCV infection.

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