Phenotypic matching in ovipositor size in the parasitoid Galeopsomyia sp. (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) attacking different gall inducers

ABSTRACT Parasitoid ovipositor size importantly affects host choice; those attacking exposed hosts usually have shorter ovipositors compared to those needing drilling deeper through substrates such as plant tissue and gall tissue. Most studies treat this theme at the interspecific level, and the aim of this work was to test for intraspecific variation and phenotypic matching in ovipositor size for Galeopsomyia sp. attacking galls. Galls were sampled from Guapira opposita(Nyctaginaceae), a host plant to five species of Bruggmannia gallers (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) in southern Brazil: Bruggmannia elongata, B. robusta, B. acaudata, and two undescribed species of Bruggmannia (sp. 1 and sp. 2). On forest transects, all galls from the 30 first galled plants found were sampled and kept in sealed plastic bags until parasitoid emergence. A total of 15 samples were done along two years. We measured galler last instar larvae length and gall thickness for each galling species, and ovipositor length for all Galeopsomyia sp. individuals emerging from the galls. There were no differences in larval length among galler species. However, Bruggmannia sp. 1 and sp. 2 galls were significantly thicker than those of B. acaudata, and the latter thicker than both B. elongata and B. robusta galls. Wasp ovipositor size differed significantly between those coming from Bruggmannia sp. 1 and sp. 2 galls relative to all others. Host extended phenotype size is thus fundamental to determine parasitoid size, but in this case host (larval) size does not change among species, although gall thickness was different. Thicker galls were attacked by larger parasitoids with longer ovipositors, denoting phenotypic matching. Thicker galls appear to be selecting larger parasitoid individuals, which in the long run can lead to important evolutionary change as well.

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Prosopanche cocuccii (Hydnoraceae): a new species from Southern Brazil

Phytotaxa ◽

10.11646/phytotaxa.521.3.3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 521 (3) ◽

pp. 177-192

Author(s):

JORDANO D. TAVARES DE CARVALHO ◽

CATARINE MARKUS ◽

ALDO MEROTTO JUNIOR ◽

RENATO A. ZÁCHIA ◽

MARILIA SCHUCH ◽

...

Keyword(s):

New Species ◽

Nicotiana Tabacum ◽

Host Plant ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Southern Brazil ◽

Habitat Ecology ◽

Single Host ◽

Flower Organs ◽

General Size ◽

A New Species

Prosopanche cocuccii is described as a new species from Southern Brazil. It resembles P. bonacinae due to the trigonous rhizome and by the general size of the flower organs. Nevertheless, P. cocuccii is distinguished by the main floral morphological characteristics used to differentiate species. In addition, the new species presents some rare characters for the genus, such as a highly branched rhizome and flowers usually grouped in fascicles. We provide a description, illustrations, field photographs, morphological details under the stereomicroscope, and comments on habitat, ecology, distribution, and conservation of the new species, as well as an updated key for the genus Prosopanche. In addition, we identified that P. cocuccii produces a large number of rhizomes and fruits for each single host specimen of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), which resulted in a decrease in height and growth of its only known host plant.

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A CaMV 35S promoter driven cDNA clone of tobacco mosaic virus can infect host plant tissue despite being uninfectious when manually inoculated onto leaves

Archives of Virology ◽

10.1007/s007050050069 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 142 (1) ◽

pp. 183-191 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

E. M. Dagless ◽

M. H. Shintaku ◽

R. S. Nelson ◽

G. D. Foster

Keyword(s):

Tobacco Mosaic Virus ◽

Host Plant ◽

Mosaic Virus ◽

Cdna Clone ◽

Plant Tissue ◽

Camv 35S Promoter ◽

35S Promoter ◽

Camv 35S

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Species-specific changes in tissue morphogenesis induced by two arthropod leaf gallers in Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae)

Australian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1071/bt07131 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 56 (2) ◽

pp. 153 ◽

Cited By ~ 58

Author(s):

Maria Zabelê Dantas Moura ◽

Geraldo Luiz Gonçalves Soares ◽

Rosy Mary dos Santos Isaias

Keyword(s):

Plant Species ◽

Plant Tissue ◽

Rio Grande ◽

Lantana Camara ◽

Rio Grande Do Sul ◽

Spongy Parenchyma ◽

Extended Phenotype ◽

Tissue Morphogenesis ◽

Species Specific ◽

In Cells

When different cecidogenous species attack the same plant species, each one causes distinct plant tissue reorganisation, and forms typical gall structures. Two Lantana camara L. leaf galls induced by Aceria lantanae (Cook) (Acarina: Eriophyidae) and Schismatodiplosis lantanae (Rübsaamen) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) were collected in a subspontaneous population at Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. A. lantanae crinckle galls were uni- or multi-chambered and contained several mites, caused by several leaf foldings, and consisted of hyperplasic epidermis and parenchyma. S. lantanae induced uni-chambered pouch galls inhabited by one larvae or pupa. This gall consisted predominantly of hypertrophied spongy parenchyma. Our results documented how these herbivores acted in cells with the same initial morphogenetic competence, altering leaf pattern, and inducing their specific extended phenotype.

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Populations and host-plant preferences of Earias spp. (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) in East Africa

Bulletin of Entomological Research ◽

10.1017/s000748530002695x ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 64 (1) ◽

pp. 33-44 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

W. Reed

Keyword(s):

Host Plant ◽

East Africa ◽

Rainy Season ◽

Dominant Species ◽

Soil Types ◽

Alternative Host ◽

Undescribed Species ◽

Farming Practices ◽

Lepidoptera Noctuidae ◽

Western Tanzania

AbstractIn this ecological survey conducted mainly in western Tanzania between 1962 and 1969, six species of Earias were found, including two undescribed species and E. cupreoviridis (Wlk.), which is restricted to Sida spp.; E. biplaga (Wlk.) and E. insulana (Boisd.) were the only species found on cotton and were virtually restricted to Malvales. Differences in the incidence of Malvales and the Earias larvae feeding on them were noted on a research farm and on surrounding local farms as being due to different farming practices and soil types. E. biplaga was the dominant species on cotton for most of each year and its major alternative host was Waltheria indica; E. insulana was relatively more common on cotton in the dry season and was particularly common on Abutilon spp. Populations of E. biplaga increased on W. indica early in the rainy season, then dispersed onto cotton; populations on cotton could be predicted from the size of earlier populations on W. indica and subsequent rainfall.

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First host plant record for Pacarina (Hemiptera, Cicadidae)

Neotropical Biology and Conservation ◽

10.3897/neotropical.15.e49013 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 77-88

Author(s):

Annette Aiello ◽

Brian J. Stucky

Keyword(s):

Host Plant ◽

Definitive Host ◽

Undescribed Species

Twenty-nine Pacarina (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) adults, 12 males and 17 females, emerged from the soil of a potted Dracaena trifasciata (Asparagaceae) in Arraiján, Republic of Panama, providing the first rearing records and the first definitive host plant records for any species of Pacarina. These reared Pacarina appear to be morphologically distinct from all known species of Pacarina and likely represent an undescribed species. In light of this finding, we also discuss the taxonomy, biogeography, and ecology of Pacarina.

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Solving an old dilemma: are the two sympatric species Lema apicalis and L. reticulosa (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Criocerinae) morphotypes of a single species?

Zootaxa ◽

10.11646/zootaxa.5048.3.2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5048 (3) ◽

pp. 334-346

Author(s):

ELISA VON GROLL

Keyword(s):

Host Plant ◽

Single Species ◽

Sympatric Species ◽

Southern Brazil ◽

New Synonym ◽

Colour Patterns

Two species of Lema (Quasilema), L. apicalis Lacordaire, 1845 and L. reticulosa Clark, 1866 are compared and found to be identical based on morphology and behaviour, although they exhibit different colour patterns (Lema (subgenus Quasilema) apicalis Lacordaire, 1845 = Lema (Quasilema) reticulosa Clark, 1866 new synonym). These morphs are sympatric, with distribution in southern Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, and feed and oviposit on the same host plant (Vassobia breviflora (Sendtn.) Hunz (Solanaceae)).

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Is Plastic Bag Ordinance Effective? Evidence from Carbon Emissions in China

Journal of Sustainable Development ◽

10.5539/jsd.v11n3p158 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 158 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Xiufeng Xing ◽

Hongyu Liu

Keyword(s):

Carbon Emissions ◽

Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽

Olympic Games ◽

Population Policy ◽

Continuous Increase ◽

Plastic Bags ◽

Long Run ◽

Child Policy ◽

Plastic Bag ◽

The Impact

China has enacted the ordinance of plastic shopping bags since June 1 of 2008, which stipulates the bag thickness should be greater than or equal to 25 micrometers and consumers should pay for each bag they consume. However, the overall effect of the ordinance is lower-than-expected. This paper qualifies the carbon emissions associated with plastic shopping bag consumption in a fifteen year time series. The results indicate that, except for 2008, carbon emissions are on a continuous increase during this period. With respect to carbon emissions in 2008, there does appear a local minimum. Specifically, the carbon emissions relating to plastic bags in 2008 dropped 0.87% when compared with the emissions of 2007. This is not to suggest that the ordinance is effective in the long term, just that there is a slight carbon emission reduction in 2008. The transitory reduction of carbon emissions should be more attributed to the impact of Beijing Olympic Games than the effectiveness of the ordinance in hindsight. From 2009 on, the amount of carbon dioxide emissions generated by plastic shopping bags grows by 0.7-0.8% annually. Also, a two-child policy has taken into effect since 2011 which results in the net increase rate of entire population by 0.05% annually. When taken Beijing 2008 Olympic Games as well as the two-child population policy effect into consideration, it thus implies that the plastic bag ordinance may not be much effective to curb the bag usage in the long run. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.

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Ecology of fear: environment-dependent parasite avoidance among ovipositing Drosophila

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182019000854 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 146 (12) ◽

pp. 1564-1570 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Monika K. Mierzejewski ◽

Collin J. Horn ◽

Lien T. Luong

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Host Plant ◽

Plant Tissue ◽

Fruit Fly ◽

Site Quality ◽

Trade Offs ◽

Variable Environments ◽

Habitat Avoidance ◽

Ecology Of Fear ◽

Parasite Avoidance

AbstractHabitat avoidance is an anti-parasite behaviour exhibited by at-risk hosts that can minimize exposure to parasites. Because environments are often heterogeneous, host decision-making with regards to habitat use may be affected by the presence of parasites and habitat quality simultaneously. In this study we examine how the ovipositing behaviour of a cactiphilic fruit fly, Drosophila nigrospiracula, is affected by the presence of an ectoparasitic mite, Macrocheles subbadius, in conjunction with other environmental factors – specifically the presence or absence of conspecific eggs and host plant tissue. We hypothesized that the trade-off between site quality and parasite avoidance should favour ovipositing at mite-free sites even if it is of inferior quality. We found that although flies avoided mites in homogeneous environments (86% of eggs at mite-free sites), site quality overwhelmed mite avoidance. Both conspecific eggs (65% of eggs at infested sites with other Drosophila eggs) and host plant tissue (78% of eggs at infested sites with cactus) overpowered mite avoidance. Our results elucidate the context-dependent decision-making of hosts in response to the presence of parasites in variable environments, and suggest how the ecology of fear and associated trade-offs may influence the relative investment in anti-parasite behaviour in susceptible hosts.

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