Geographical patterns of proportionate mortality for the most common causes of death in Brazil

Mortality due to chronic diseases has been increasing in all regions of Brazil with corresponding decreases in mortality from infectious diseases. The geographical variation in proportionate mortality for chronic diseases for 17 Brazilian state capitals for the year 1985 and their association with socio-economic variables and infectious disease was studied. Calculations were made of correlation coefficients of proportionate mortality for adults of 30 years or above due to ischaemic heart disease, stroke and cancer of the lung, the breast and stomach with 3 socio-economic variables, race, and mortality due to infectious disease. Linear regression analysis included as independent variables the % of illiteracy, % of whites, % of houses with piped water, mean income, age group, sex, and % of deaths caused by infectious disease. The dependent variables were the % of deaths due to each one of the chronic diseases studied by age-sex group. Chronic diseases were an important cause of death in all regions of Brazil. Ischaemic heart diseases, stroke and malignant neoplasms accounted for more than 34% of the mortality in each of the 17 capitals studied. Proportionate cause-specific mortality varied markedly among state capitals. Ranges were 6.3-19.5% for ischaemic heart diseases, 8.3-25.4% for stroke, 2.3-10.4% for infections and 12.2-21.5% for malignant neoplasm. Infectious disease mortality had the highest (p < 0.001) correlation with all the four socio-economic variables studied and ischaemic heart disease showed the second highest correlation (p < 0.05). Higher socio-economic level was related to a lower % of infectious diseases and a higher % of ischaemic heart diseases. Mortality due to breast cancer and stroke was not associated with socio-economic variables. Multivariate linear regression models explained 59% of the variance among state capitals for mortality due to ischaemic heart disease, 50% for stroke, 28% for lung cancer, 24% for breast cancer and 40% for stomach cancer. There were major differences in the proportionate mortality due to chronic diseases among the capitals which could not be accounted for by the social and environmental factors and by the mortality due to infectious disease.

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Analysis of Sociodemographic and Clinical Factors Associated with Hospitalized Stroke Patients of Bangladesh

Faridpur Medical College Journal ◽

10.3329/fmcj.v6i1.7405 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 19-23 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

AM Hossain ◽

NU Ahmed ◽

M Rahman ◽

MR Islam ◽

G Sadhya ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Heart Disease ◽

Ischaemic Heart Disease ◽

Low Income ◽

Heart Diseases ◽

Previous History ◽

Stroke Patients ◽

College Hospital ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

History Of

A hospital based cross sectional study was carried out to analyze prevalence of risk factors for stroke in hospitalized patient in a medical college hospital. 100 patients were chosen using purposive sampling technique. Highest incidence of stroke was between the 6th and 7th decade. Patients came from both urban (54%) and rural (46%) areas and most of them belong to the low-income group (47%). In occupational category; service holder (28%) and retired person (21%) were the highest groups. Most of the study subjects were literate (63%). CT scan study revealed that the incidence of ischaemic stroke was 61% and haemorrhagic stroke 39%. Analysis indicated hypertension as major risk factor for stroke (63%) and major portion of the patients (42.85%) were on irregular or no treatment. Twenty four percent of the patients had heart diseases and out of 24 patients 45.83% were suffering from ischaemic heart disease. The present study detected diabetes in 21% patients. Fifty three percent of the study subjects were smoker, 39% patients had habit of betelnut chewing. Out of 26 female patients, only 23% had history of using oral contraceptives. Majority of the patients were sedentary workers (46%). Thirty seven percent of the stroke patients were obese. Among the stroke patients 9% had previous history of stroke and 3% had TIA respectively. Most of the patients (21%) were awake while they suffered from stroke and the time of occurrence was mostly in the afternoon (46%). This study found that hypertension, cigarette smoking, ischaemic heart disease and diabetes mellitus are the major risk factors prevalent in our community while other risk factors demand further study. Key words: stroke; risk factors; hospitalized patients; Bangladesh. DOI: 10.3329/fmcj.v6i1.7405 Faridpur Med. Coll. J. 2011;6(1): 19-23

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Signaling mediators modulated by cardioprotective interventions in healthy and diabetic myocardium with ischaemia–reperfusion injury

European Journal of Preventive Cardiology ◽

10.1177/2047487318756420 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 25 (14) ◽

pp. 1463-1481 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Feyzizadeh Saeid ◽

Javadi Aniseh ◽

Badalzadeh Reza ◽

Vafaee S Manouchehr

Keyword(s):

Heart Disease ◽

Reperfusion Injury ◽

Ischaemic Heart Disease ◽

Signaling Pathways ◽

Intracellular Signaling ◽

Heart Diseases ◽

Ischaemia Reperfusion Injury ◽

Ischaemia Reperfusion ◽

Diabetic Myocardium ◽

Patients With Diabetes

Ischaemic heart diseases are one of the major causes of death in the world. In most patients, ischaemic heart disease is coincident with other risk factors such as diabetes. Patients with diabetes are more prone to cardiac ischaemic dysfunctions including ischaemia–reperfusion injury. Ischaemic preconditioning, postconditioning and remote conditionings are reliable interventions to protect the myocardium against ischaemia–reperfusion injuries through activating various signaling pathways and intracellular mediators. Diabetes can disrupt the intracellular signaling cascades involved in these myocardial protections, and studies have revealed that cardioprotective effects of the conditioning interventions are diminished in the diabetic condition. The complex pathophysiology and poor prognosis of ischaemic heart disease among people with diabetes necessitate the investigation of the interaction of diabetes with ischaemia–reperfusion injury and cardioprotective mechanisms. Reducing the outcomes of ischaemia–reperfusion injury using targeted strategies would be particularly helpful in this population. In this study, we review the protective interventional signaling pathways and mediators which are activated by ischaemic conditioning strategies in healthy and diabetic myocardium with ischaemia–reperfusion injury.

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Câncer de mama: Estratégias de enfrentamento e sua relação com variáveis socioeconômicas / Breast cancer: coping strategies and their relation with socio-economic variables

Ciência Cuidado e Saúde ◽

10.4025/cienccuidsaude.v13i4.20399 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 690 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Cintya Raquel Araújo Gonçalves ◽

Susana Bubach ◽

Franciéle Marabotti Costa Leite

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Coping Strategies ◽

Cáncer De Mama ◽

Economic Variables ◽

Socio Economic Variables ◽

Cancer Coping

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Socioeconomic characteristics and quality of life of urban and rural elderly people with heart disease

Revista Gaúcha de Enfermagem ◽

10.1590/1983-1447.2015.03.45470 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 36 (3) ◽

pp. 21-27 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Darlene Mara dos Santos Tavares ◽

Glendha Oliveira Arduini ◽

Nayara Paula Fernandes Martins ◽

Flavia Aparecida Dias ◽

Lucia Aparecida Ferreira

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Heart Disease ◽

Linear Regression ◽

Social Relations ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Heart Diseases ◽

Household Survey ◽

Chi Square ◽

Socioeconomic Characteristics

Objective: To compare the socioeconomic variables and quality of life scores (QOL) of elderly residents with heart diseases in urban and rural areas.Method: household survey with 829 urban and 220 rural elderlies. The data were collected using: Brazilian Questionnaire for Functional and Multidimensional Assessment, WHOQOL-BREF and WHOQOL-OLD. The collection in the urban area was from June to December of 2008 and, in the rural area, from June 2010 to March 2011. Chi-square, t-student and multiple linear regression (p <0.05) tests were used.Results: The proportion of women and elderlies with 75 years of age and over was higher in urban areas. Lower scores among urban elderlies physical and social relations were observed, and; facets autonomy, past, present and future activities and intimacy; for the rural elderlies, the environment, sensory abilities, death and dying.Conclusion: the urban elderlies showed a lower QOL score in most areas and facets compared to rural elderlies.

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Radiotherapy, left-sided breast cancer, and ischaemic heart disease.

Heart ◽

10.1136/hrt.69.6.483 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 69 (6) ◽

pp. 483-484 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

R E Smith ◽

H J Dobbs ◽

J F Martin

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Heart Disease ◽

Ischaemic Heart Disease

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Discrepancy between Clinical and Postmortem Diagnosis of Dogs in a Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital

Acta Scientiae Veterinariae ◽

10.22456/1679-9216.79773 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 45 (1) ◽

pp. 5

Author(s):

William Torres Blanca ◽

Lygia Fernandes Gundim ◽

Thaís De Almeida Moreira ◽

Taís Meziara Wilson ◽

Alessandra Aparecida Medeiros-Ronchi

Keyword(s):

Infectious Disease ◽

Heart Disease ◽

Infectious Diseases ◽

Cause Of Death ◽

Systemic Disease ◽

Human Study ◽

Malignant Neoplasms ◽

Neoplastic Disease ◽

Postmortem Diagnosis ◽

Discrepancy Rate

Background: The postmortem examination offers the opportunity to study the processes involved in disease. Although a portion of veterinary medical professionals and students consider the necropsy as a diagnostic tool of purely academic interest, it can provide valuable assistance in formulating health strategies in order to prevent and control animal diseases. The number of necropsies performed in general is higher in universities where the cost is subsidized. In veterinary medicine, studies intended to assess the frequency of necropsy and the discrepancy between clinical and postmortem diagnosis of dogs are rare. The main purpose of the necropsy is to discover the cause of death of dogs, by defining a possible etiology and pathogenesis in order to reach a diagnosis.Material, Methods & Results: We used medical records and necropsy records to define the clinical and postmortem diagnosis, respectively. Data relating to deaths was recorded as the number of euthanized dogs and natural deaths in 2014. From the information cause of death, these were categorized as infectious disease, cardiac, gastrointestinal, renal, pulmonary, neurological, metabolic or endocrine disease, neoplastic disease, trauma, or systemic disease. We used the Binomial discrepancy in the comparison of the rates between different years and also to verify the association between discrepancy and the correlation between clinical and postmortem diagnosis of dogs with euthanasia and natural death, with statistical significance (P < 0.05). In 2009, 56.81% (25/44) of cases included in the study had a concordance between the clinical and postmortem diagnosis, while 43.19% (19/44) were discordant. In 2014, it was observed that 71.70% (76/106) of the diagnosis was confirmed with the necropsy, while 28.30% (30/106) were discordant. The disagreement rate was higher in 2009 (P < 0.05) and there was a reduction of 14.89% in the disagreement rate between 2009 and 2014. Regarding the cause of death, infectious diseases, gastrointestinal disease, and heart disease were the categories in which the discrepancy was higher. It was found that in the group of dogs euthanized, the discrepancy rate was lower compared with the group of dogs that had anatural death (P < 0.05).Discussion: The disagreement rate can be considered high when compared with a veterinary study and similar to those observed in a human study. Decrease in the discrepancy rate in the years, as observed by other authors, that can be attributed to improvements and expansion of diagnostic services of the hospital and better training of veterinarians. The difficulty in determining the etiology of infectious diseases is associated with lack of specific diagnostic tests and the high cost of available tests, which often is not bank rolled by the tutor. Dogs in this study were rarely submitted to diagnostics tests such as electrocardiogram or echocardiogram which explains the high discordance in the diagnosis of heart disease. Distemper is an infectious disease of great importance regarding euthanized animals, especially in cases that progress to central nervous system injuries with extremely poor prognosis and wind up having euthanasia indication. Another common cause of domestic animals euthanasia indication is the occurrence malignant neoplasms, which depends on the progression of the disease and psychological and social conditions of the owner. The results generated herein suggests that infectious, gastrointestinal and cardiac diseases origin tend to have a greater discordance between clinical and postmortem diagnosis, however this rate is decreasing due to improved infrastructure of veterinary centers with better professionals qualification.

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Nutrition in multimorbidity

InnovAiT Education and inspiration for general practice ◽

10.1177/1755738019888777 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 175573801988877

Author(s):

Dr Sue Kenneally

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Heart Disease ◽

Vitamin B12 ◽

Ischaemic Heart Disease ◽

Chronic Diseases ◽

Nutrition Status ◽

Processed Foods ◽

Nutrient Deficiencies ◽

Vital Component ◽

Poor Nutrition

Poor nutrition can be both a cause, and a consequence, of multimorbidity. Assessing nutrition status is therefore a vital component in the management of people with multimorbidity. Suboptimal diet is a direct contributor to risk of ischaemic heart disease, cerebral ischaemic events, many cancers, diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease and other chronic diseases. Eating a diet based on processed foods throughout life increases the risk of these diseases and multiple nutrient deficiencies, including, for example, iron, vitamin B12, folate and calcium.

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Role of obesity and hypertension in the incidence of atrial fibrillation, ischaemic heart disease and heart failure in patients with diabetes

Cardiovascular Diabetology ◽

10.1186/s12933-021-01331-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Lucia La Sala ◽

Antonio E. Pontiroli

Keyword(s):

Heart Failure ◽

Atrial Fibrillation ◽

Primary Care ◽

Body Mass Index ◽

Heart Disease ◽

Ischaemic Heart Disease ◽

Heart Diseases ◽

Treatment Of Hypertension ◽

Patients With Diabetes

AbstractIn a cohort study performed using primary care databases in a General Practitioners Network, Groenewegen et al. report a clear association between diabetes and incidence of the major chronic progressive heart diseases, notably heart failure (Groenewegen et al. in Cardiovasc Diabetol 20:123, 2021). However, no mention is made of body mass index and hypertension in the methods or in the results. Obesity is linked to hypertension and hypertension is a major risk factor for all cardiovascular diseases, and prospective studies have shown that obesity and hypertension contribute significantly to atrial fibrillation in persons with diabetes. The data would be improved by assessing the role of obesity and of hypertension in the incidence of heart diseases in these patients. This would also lead to a better and personalized treatment of patients with diabetes, for instance through weight loss and intensification of treatment of hypertension, to modify the incidence of atrial fibrillation, ischaemic heart disease and heart failure.

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