Longitudinal study of acute respiratory diseases in Rio de Janeiro: occurrence of respiratory viruses during four consecutive years

The occurrence of different viruses in nasopharyngeal secretions from children less than 5 years old with acute respiratory infections (ARI) was investigated over a period of 4 years (1982-1985) in Rio de Janeiro. Of the viruses known to be associated with ARI, all but influenza C and parainfluenza types 1, 2 and 4 were found. Viruses were found more frequently in children attending emergency or pediatric wards than in outpatients. This was clearly related to the high incidence of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in the more severe cases of ARI. RSV positive specimens appeared mainly during the fall, over four consecutive years, showing a clear seasonal ocurrence of this virus. Emergency wards provide the best source of data for RSV surveillance, showing sharp increase in the number of positive cases coinciding with increased incidence of ARI cases. Adenovirus were the second most frequent viruses isolated and among these serotypes 1,2 and 7 were predominant. Influenza virus and parainfluenza virus type 3 were next in frequency. Influenza A virus were isolated with equal frequency in outpatient departments, emergency and pediatric wards. Influenza B was more frequent among outpatients. Parainfluenza type 3 caused outbreaks in the shanty town population annually during the late winter or spring and were isolated mainly from outpatients. Herpesvirus, enterovi-rus and rhinovirus were found less frequently. Other viruses than RSV and parainfluenza type 3 did not show a clear seasonal incidence.

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A comparison of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus infections among infants admitted to hospital with acute respiratory infections

Journal of Hygiene ◽

10.1017/s0022172400055765 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 77 (3) ◽

pp. 383-392 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

E. O. Caul ◽

D. K. Waller ◽

S. K. R. Clarke ◽

B. D. Corner

Keyword(s):

Influenza Virus ◽

Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Influenza A ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Influenza B Virus ◽

Influenza B ◽

Virus Infections ◽

Syncytial Virus ◽

One Year

SUMMARYAmong 741 children under 5 years admitted to hospital with respiratory infections during two winters, infection with influenza A virus was diagnosed in 70 (9%), with influenza B virus in 8 (1%), and with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in 259 (35 %). Both influenza virus and RSV infections were diagnosed most frequently in children under the age of one year, and diagnosed more frequently in males than females. Influenza illnesses were more severe in boys than girls. Both infections occurred more often, but were not more severe, in children from a conurbation than in those from ‘rural’ areas. Convulsions were the cause of 36% of admissions with influenza A infections, but were rare in RSV infections. Bronchiolitis was the reason for 39% of admissions with RSV infections, but was rare in influenza infections. It is suggested that infants admitted to hospital are a good source of influenza virus strains for monitoring arttigenic variation.

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Transmission of Acute Respiratory Infections in a City: Agent-Based Approach

Математическая биология и биоинформатика ◽

10.17537/2020.15.338 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 338-356

Author(s):

A.I. Vlad ◽

T.E. Sannikova ◽

A.A. Romanyukha

Keyword(s):

Incidence Rate ◽

Influenza A ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Reproductive Rate ◽

Immune Memory ◽

Influenza B Virus ◽

Influenza B ◽

Acute Respiratory Infections ◽

Agent Based ◽

Syncytial Virus

An incidence curve of acute respiratory infections in Moscow has three picks between September and April and reaches its maximum in January- February. The emergence of new strains of influenza A could account for only one pick a year. The most cases of common cold are caused by ubiquitous low pathogenic viruses. In order to simulate weekly fluctuation of incidence rate of acute respiratory illnesses we developed an agent-based model. It contains 10 millions agents with such attributes as sex, age, social status, levels of specific immune memory and lists of contacts. Each agent can contact with members of its household, colleagues or classmates. Through such contacts susceptible agent can be infected with one of seven circulating respiratory viruses. Viruses differ in their immunologic properties and assume to present influenza A virus, influenza B virus, parainfluenza, adenovirus, coronavirus, rhinovirus and respiratory syncytial virus. The rate of transmission depends on duration of contact, vulnerability of susceptible agent, infectivity of infected agent and air temperature. Proposed network of social interactions proved to be sufficiently detailed as it provided good fitting for observed incidence rate including periods of school holidays and winter public holidays. Additionally, the estimates of basic reproductive rate for the viruses confirm that all these viruses except new strains of influenza A are relatively harmless and unable to cause significant growth of acute respiratory infections morbidity.

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Epidemiology of viral respiratory infections in Australian working-age adults (20–64 years): 2010–2013

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268818000286 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 146 (5) ◽

pp. 619-626 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

B. M. Varghese ◽

E. Dent ◽

M. Chilver ◽

S. Cameron ◽

N. P. Stocks

Keyword(s):

Influenza A ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Influenza Surveillance ◽

Influenza B ◽

Surveillance Network ◽

Working Age ◽

Syncytial Virus ◽

Using Data ◽

Viral Respiratory Infections ◽

Viral Respiratory

AbstractAcute respiratory infections cause significant morbidity and mortality accounting for 5.8 million deaths worldwide. In Australia, influenza-like illness (ILI), defined as cough, fever and fatigue is a common presentation in general practice and results in reduced productivity and lost working days. Little is known about the epidemiology of ILI in working-age adults. Using data from the ASPREN influenza surveillance network in Australia (2010–2013) we found that working-age adults made up 45.2% of all ILI notifications with 55% of samples positive for at least one respiratory virus. Viruses most commonly detected in our study included influenza A (20.6%), rhinovirus (18.6%), influenza B (6.2%), human meta-pneumovirus (3.4%), respiratory syncytial virus (3.1%), para-influenza virus (2.6%) and adenovirus (1.3%). We also demonstrated that influenza A is the predominant virus that increases ILI (by 1.2% per month for every positive influenza A case) in working-age adults during autumn–winter months while other viruses are active throughout the year. Understanding the epidemiology of viral respiratory infections through a year will help clinicians make informed decisions about testing, antibiotic and antiviral prescribing and when the beginning of the ‘flu season’ can be more confidently predicted.

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Acute respiratory viral infections in children in Rio de Janeiro and Teresópolis, Brazil

Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo ◽

10.1590/s0036-46652012000500003 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 54 (5) ◽

pp. 249-255 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Maria Carolina M. Albuquerque ◽

Rafael B. Varella ◽

Norma Santos

Keyword(s):

Rio De Janeiro ◽

Influenza A ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Respiratory Viruses ◽

Respiratory Pathogens ◽

Viral Pathogens ◽

Nasal Swabs ◽

Syncytial Virus ◽

Viral Respiratory Infections

The frequency of viral pathogens causing respiratory infections in children in the cities of Rio de Janeiro and Teresópolis was investigated. Nasal swabs from children with acute respiratory illnesses were collected between March 2006 and October 2007. Specimens were tested for viral detection by conventional (RT)-PCR and/or real time PCR. Of the 205 nasal swabs tested, 64 (31.2%) were positive for at least one of the viral pathogens. Single infections were detected in 56 samples, 50 of those were caused by RNA viruses: 33 samples tested positive for rhinovirus, five for influenza A, five for metapneumovirus, four for coronavirus and, three for respiratory syncytial virus. For the DNA viruses, five samples were positive for bocavirus and one for adenovirus. Co-infections with these viruses were detected in eight samples. Our data demonstrate a high frequency of viral respiratory infections, emphasizing the need for a more accurate diagnosis particularly for the emerging respiratory viruses. The fact that the emerging respiratory viruses were present in 9.2% of the tested samples suggests that these viruses could be important respiratory pathogens in the country.

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Facility-based surveillance for influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in rural Zambia

BMC Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1186/s12879-021-06677-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Gideon Loevinsohn ◽

Mutinta Hamahuwa ◽

Pamela Sinywimaanzi ◽

Katherine Z. J. Fenstermacher ◽

Kathryn Shaw-Saliba ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Influenza A ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Severe Disease ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Clinical Severity ◽

Influenza B ◽

Syncytial Virus ◽

Rural Zambia

Abstract Background While southern Africa experiences among the highest mortality rates from respiratory infections, the burden of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in rural areas is poorly understood. Methods We implemented facility-based surveillance in Macha, Zambia. Outpatients and inpatients presenting with influenza-like illness (ILI) underwent testing for influenza A, influenza B, and RSV and were prospectively followed for 3 to 5 weeks to assess clinical course. Log-binomial models assessed correlates of infection and clinical severity. Results Between December 2018 and December 2019, 17% of all outpatients presented with ILI and 16% of inpatients were admitted with an acute respiratory complaint. Influenza viruses and RSV were detected in 17% and 11% of outpatient participants with ILI, and 23% and 16% of inpatient participants with ILI, respectively. Influenza (July–September) and RSV (January-April) prevalence peaks were temporally distinct. RSV (relative risk [RR]: 1.78; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.51–2.11), but not influenza, infection was associated with severe disease among patients with ILI. Underweight patients with ILI were more likely to be infected with influenza A (prevalence ratio [PR]: 1.72; 95% CI 1.04–2.87) and to have severe influenza A infections (RR: 2.49; 95% CI 1.57–3.93). Conclusions Populations in rural Zambia bear a sizeable burden of viral respiratory infections and severe disease. The epidemiology of infections in this rural area differs from that reported from urban areas in Zambia.

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Bacteria and Viral Profile of Severe Acute Respiratory Infections of Children Attending Yangon Children’s Hospital and Yankin Children’s Hospital

Myanmar Health Sciences Research Journal ◽

10.34299/mhsrj.00921 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

pp. 44-51

Keyword(s):

Influenza A ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽

Parainfluenza Virus ◽

Sensitivity Testing ◽

E Coli ◽

Children's Hospital ◽

Severe Acute Respiratory Infection ◽

Children’S Hospital ◽

Syncytial Virus

Objectives of study are (1) to reinforce the national capacity for diagnosis and antibiogram of some infectious diseases causing severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) and (2) to build a network between hospital and laboratory for the diagnosis and surveillance of SARI in Yangon. This study is a crosssectional hospital- and laboratory-based descriptive study. A total of 825 samples including respiratory samples and blood samples from 511 children attending Yangon Children’s Hospital and Yankin Children’s Hospital from December 2014 to April 2016 for treatment of SARI were included. Identification and antibiotic sensitivity testing were done using Vitek 2. Out of 129 gram-negative bacilli (GNB), K. pneumoniae 32%, P. aeruginosa 18%, A. baumannii 13%, E. coli 9% were mostly isolated. Among 35 gram-positive cocci (GPC), S. aureus 42% and S. pneumoniae 6% were mostly isolated. Multidrug resistance rates were E. coli 100%, K. pneumoniae 95%, A. baumanii 82% and P. aeruginosa 17%. Extended-spectrum beta-latamase (ESBL)-producing K. pneumoniae and E. coli was 6 out of 10 tested organisms. Carbarpenemase-producing GNB and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were 21% and 33%, respectively. Virology section tested 529 samples of 490 patients using the FTD33 Multiplex PCR method which can detect 33 pathogens including 20 viruses, 12 bacteria and 1 fungus. Out of 490 patients, 374 were PCR positive. Different types of samples including nasopharyngeal, throat, endotracheal and laryngeal swab, tracheal secretion and bronchoalveolar lavage, were tested. Out of 566 viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (19.3%), rhinovirus (17.0%), parechovirus (14.3%), bocavirus (11.1%), adenovirus (10.2%), metapneumo-virus A and B (10.2%), parainfluenza virus (5.7%), enterovirus (3.0%), influenza A virus (2.8%), coronavirus (4%), parainfluenza virus (0.9%) and influenza C virus (0.4%) were detected. This study highlighted the etiological agents of bacteria, viruses and drug-resistant bacterial pathogens in SARI.

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Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonitis in Young Immunocompetent Infants

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.66.1.56 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 66 (1) ◽

pp. 56-62

Author(s):

Sergio Stagno ◽

Linda L. Pifer ◽

Walter T. Hughes ◽

Dana M. Brasfield ◽

Ralph E. Tiller

Keyword(s):

Influenza A ◽

Pneumocystis Carinii ◽

Open Lung Biopsy ◽

Influenza B ◽

Severe Respiratory Distress ◽

Number Of Patients ◽

Circulating Antigens ◽

Cytomegalovirus Pneumonia ◽

Syncytial Virus ◽

A Prospective Study

Of 67 infants enrolled in a prospective study of infant pneumonia ten (14%) had evidence of Pneumocystis carinii infection. Diagnosis was achieved by demonstrating circulating P carinii antigens by counterimmunoelectrophoresis in all ten cases and by histopathology in the only infant who underwent an open lung biopsy. Antigenemia did not occur in 64 control infants (P = .003), nor in 57 patients of similar age who were hospitalized with pneumonitis due to Chlamydia trachomatis, respiratory syncytial virus, cytomegalovirus, adenovirus, and influenza A and influenza B viruses. None of the ten infants with P carinii pneumonitis had evidence of a primary immunodeficiency nor had any received immunosuppressive medication. These patients were hospitalized at a mean age of 6 weeks (range 2 to 12) and their illness was characterized by its afebrile course, presentation in crisis with severe respiratory distress, apnea, tachypnea, cough, increased IgM, and bilateral pulmonary infiltrates with hyperaeration. The clinical features of P carinii pneumonitis were indistinguishable from those of C trachomatis and cytomegalovirus pneumonia. Treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was associated with rapid disappearance of circulating antigens; however, the small number of patients studied did not permit an analysis of its clinical efficacy. These results indicate that P carinii singly or in combination with other infectious agents may be an important cause of pneumonitis in young, immunocompetent infants with no underlying illnesses.

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Influenza A and B viruses in the population of Vojvodina, Serbia

Archives of Biological Sciences ◽

10.2298/abs1401043r ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 66 (1) ◽

pp. 43-50 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

J. Radovanov ◽

V. Milosevic ◽

I. Hrnjakovic ◽

V. Petrovic ◽

M. Ristic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza A ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Influenza B Virus ◽

Nasopharyngeal Swab ◽

Influenza B ◽

Influenza A Viruses ◽

B Virus ◽

Life Threatening ◽

Seasonal Epidemic

At present, two influenza A viruses, H1N1pdm09 and H3N2, along with influenza B virus co-circulate in the human population, causing endemic and seasonal epidemic acute febrile respiratory infections, sometimes with life-threatening complications. Detection of influenza viruses in nasopharyngeal swab samples was done by real-time RT-PCR. There were 60.2% (53/88) positive samples in 2010/11, 63.4% (52/82) in 2011/12, and 49.9% (184/369) in 2012/13. Among the positive patients, influenza A viruses were predominant during the first two seasons, while influenza B type was more active during 2012/13. Subtyping of influenza A positive samples revealed the presence of A (H1N1)pdm09 in 2010/11, A (H3N2) in 2011/12, while in 2012/13, both subtypes were detected. The highest seroprevalence against influenza A was in the age-group 30-64, and against influenza B in adults aged 30-64 and >65.

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Influenza and RSV incidence during COVID-19 pandemic—an observational study from in-hospital point-of-care testing

Medical Microbiology and Immunology ◽

10.1007/s00430-021-00720-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Paul Stamm ◽

Ingo Sagoschen ◽

Kerstin Weise ◽

Bodo Plachter ◽

Thomas Münzel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Emergency Room ◽

Influenza A ◽

Point Of Care ◽

Respiratory Viruses ◽

Pediatric Emergency ◽

Influenza B ◽

Complete Suppression ◽

Emergency Room Patients ◽

Syncytial Virus ◽

Point Of Care Tests

AbstractThe severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has forced the implementation of unprecedented public health measures strategies which might also have a significant impact on the spreading of other viral pathogens such as influenza and Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) . The present study compares the incidences of the most relevant respiratory viruses before and during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in emergency room patients. We analyzed the results of in total 14,946 polymerase chain reaction point-of-care tests (POCT-PCR) for Influenza A, Influenza B, RSV and SARS-CoV-2 in an adult and a pediatric emergency room between December 1, 2018 and March 31, 2021. Despite a fivefold increase in the number of tests performed, the positivity rate for Influenza A dropped from 19.32% (165 positives of 854 tests in 2018/19), 14.57% (149 positives of 1023 in 2019–20) to 0% (0 positives of 4915 tests) in 2020/21. In analogy, the positivity rate for Influenza B and RSV dropped from 0.35 to 1.47%, respectively, 10.65–21.08% to 0% for both in 2020/21. The positivity rate for SARS-CoV2 reached 9.74% (110 of 1129 tests performed) during the so-called second wave in December 2020. Compared to the two previous years, seasonal influenza and RSV incidence was eliminated during the COVID-19 pandemic. Corona-related measures and human behavior patterns could lead to a significant decline or even complete suppression of other respiratory viruses such as influenza and RSV.

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Epidemiology of Respiratory Pathogens among Elderly Nursing Home Residents with Acute Respiratory Infections in Corsica, France, 2013–2017

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2017/1423718 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Shirley Masse ◽

Lisandru Capai ◽

Alessandra Falchi

Keyword(s):

Nursing Home ◽

Influenza A ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Nursing Home Residents ◽

Respiratory Viruses ◽

Sudden Onset ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Influenza B ◽

Acute Respiratory Infections ◽

Respiratory Pathogens

Background. The current study aims to describe the demographical and clinical characteristics of elderly nursing home (NH) residents with acute respiratory infections (ARIs) during four winter seasons (2013/2014–2016/2017), as well as the microbiological etiology of these infections. Methods. Seventeen NHs with at least one ARI resident in Corsica, France, were included. An ARI resident was defined as a resident developing a sudden onset of any constitutional symptoms in addition to any respiratory signs. Nasopharyngeal swabs from ARI residents were screened for the presence of 21 respiratory agents, including seasonal influenza viruses. Results. Of the 107 ARI residents enrolled from NHs, 61 (57%) were positive for at least one of the 21 respiratory pathogens. Forty-one (38.3%) of the 107 ARI residents had influenza: 38 (92%) were positive for influenza A (100% A(H3N2)) and three (8%) for influenza B/Victoria. Axillary fever (≥38°C) was significantly more common among patients infected with influenza A(H3N2). Conclusion. The circulation of seasonal respiratory viruses other than influenza A(H3N2) seems to be sporadic among elderly NH residents. Investigating the circulation of respiratory viruses in nonwinter seasons seems to be important in order to understand better the dynamic of their year-round circulation in NHs.

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