scholarly journals Seroprevalence of HIV, HTLV-I/II and other perinatally-transmitted pathogens in Salvador, Bahia

1995 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 343-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jairo Ivo dos Santos ◽  
Maria Aparecida de Araújo Lopes ◽  
Elizabeth Deliège-Vasconcelos ◽  
José Carlos Couto-Fernandez ◽  
Balmukund Niljay Patel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rubella Virus ◽  
Screening Test ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Hbs Ag ◽  
Hiv 1

Generation of epidemiological data on perinatally-transmitted infections is a fundamental tool for the formulation of health policies. In Brazil, this information is scarce, particularly in Northeast, the poorest region of the country. In order to gain some insights of the problem we studied the seroprevalence of some perinatally-transmitted infections in 1,024 low income pregnant women in Salvador, Bahia. The prevalences were as follow: HIV-1 (0.10%), HTLV-I/II (0.88%), T.cruzi (2.34%). T.pallidum (3.91%), rubella virus (77.44%). T.gondii IgM (2.87%) and IgG (69.34%), HBs Ag (0.6%) and anti-HBs (7.62%). Rubella virus and T.gondii IgG antibodies were present in more than two thirds of pregnant women but antibodies against other pathogens were present at much lower rates. We found that the prevalence of HTLV-I/II was nine times higher than that found for HIV-1. In some cases such as T.cruzi and hepatitis B infection there was a decrease in the prevalence over the years. On the other hand, there was an increase in the seroprevalence of T.gondii infection. Our data strongly recommend mandatory screening tests for HTLV-I/II, T.gondii (IgM), T.pallidum and rubella virus in prenatal routine for pregnant women in Salvador. Screening test for T.cruzi, hepatitis and HIV-1 is recommended whenever risk factors associated with these infections are suspected. However in areas with high prevalence for these infections, the mandatory screening test in prenatal care should be considered.

scholarly journals Application of the Fluorescence Polarization Assay for Detection of Caprine Antibodies to Brucella melitensis in Areas of High Prevalence and Widespread Vaccination

2007 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Ramírez-Pfeiffer ◽  
K. Nielsen ◽  
P. Smith ◽  
F. Marín-Ricalde ◽  
C. Rodríguez-Padilla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescence Polarization ◽  
Screening Test ◽  
Brucella Melitensis ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Confirmatory Test ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Fluorescence Polarization Assay ◽  
World Organization

ABSTRACT The screening Rose Bengal test (RBT), the buffered plate agglutination test (BPAT), and the confirmatory complement fixation test (CFT) are currently approved by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) for diagnosis of goat brucellosis. However, RBT (at 3% or 8% cell concentration) is known to be affected by vaccinal antibodies. In the present study, Mexican and Canadian OIE tests were compared with the fluorescence polarization assay (FPA), alone or in combination, using indirect and competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays as classification variables for goat sera obtained from an area of high prevalence and widespread vaccination. The relative sensitivities and specificities were, respectively, 99.7% and 32.5% for RBT3, 92.8% and 68.8% for RBT8, 98.4% and 84.8% for Canadian CFT, 83.7% and 65.5% for Mexican CFT, and 78.1% and 89.3% for FPA. The use of FPA as the confirmatory test in combination with other tests significantly increased the final specificities of the screening tests alone; BPAT, RBT3, and RBT8 plus FPA resulted in final specificities of 90%, 91.2%, and 91.3%, respectively, whereas for the combinations RBT3 plus Mexican CFT, RBT8 plus Mexican CFT, and BPAT plus Canadian CFT, specificities were 65.5%, 63.2%, and 91.7%, respectively. We suggest that FPA may be routinely applied as an adaptable screening test for diagnosis of goat brucellosis and as a confirmatory test for screening test series. Some advantages of FPA are that its cutoff can be adjusted to improve its sensitivity or specificity, it is a low-cost and easy-to-perform test of choice when specificity is relevant or when an alternative confirmatory test is not available, and it is not affected by vaccination, thus reducing the number of misdiagnosed and killed goats.

High prevalence of primary lamivudine and nelfinavir resistance in HIV-1-infected pregnant women in the United States, 1998–2004

AIDS ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (15) ◽  
pp. 2103-2106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Paredes ◽  
Irene Cheng ◽  
Daniel R Kuritzkes ◽  
Ruth E Tuomala
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Hiv 1

Comparison of the SpermMar test with currently accepted procedures for detecting human sperm antibodies

1992 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 175 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Kay ◽  
B Boettcher
Keyword(s):  
Screening Test ◽  
Human Sperm ◽  
Agglutination Test ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Immunological Infertility ◽  
Slide Agglutination Test ◽  
Sperm Antibodies ◽  
Sperm Immobilization ◽  
Indirect Tests

To eliminate the possibility of immunological infertility in spontaneously infertile and re-anastomosed men, a screening test that can be applied directly to semen is desirable. The SpermMar test is one such possibility. In this study, indirect tests for sperm antibodies using the commercial SpermMar test have been applied to a panel of sera whose reactions in the tube slide agglutination test (TSAT), gelatin agglutination test (GAT) and sperm immobilization test (SIT) for sperm antibodies are well characterized. The results from the SpermMar tests are compared directly with those obtained from Immunobead tests carried out at the same time. Results from screening tests performed on 30 sera confirmed complete correspondence between the GAT, SpermMar and Immunobead tests. When sera were titrated, the Immunobead test proved slightly more sensitive than the GAT and the SpermMar test was slightly more sensitive than the Immunobead test. The SpermMar test proved easier to use and to assess than the Immunobead test and it is recommended for consideration as a screening procedure for sperm antibodies despite the fact that at this stage only IgG antibodies can be detected.

scholarly journals Rubella virus infection and associated factors among pregnant women attending the antenatal care clinics of public hospitals in Hawassa City, Southern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study

BMJ Open ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. e016824 ◽  
Author(s):  
Biniam Tamirat ◽  
Siraj Hussen ◽  
Techalew Shimelis
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Rubella Virus ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Public Hospitals ◽  
Southern Ethiopia ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rubella Virus Infection

ObjectiveTo assess the seroprevalence of recent/acute and past exposure to rubella virus infection and associated risk factors among pregnant women.DesignA hospital-based cross-sectional study.SettingThe study was conducted in two public hospitals in Hawassa City, Southern Ethiopia.ParticipantsA total of 422 pregnant women attending antenatal care clinics were selected using a systematic random sampling technique from March to June 2016.Outcome measuresData on sociodemography and related factors were collected using a structured questionnaire. Blood samples were also collected from each study participant and tested for antirubella IgM and IgG antibodies using ELISA. IgG seropositivity indicates past exposure to rubella (protective immunity). IgM seropositivity indicates recent exposure to rubella (or reinfection).ResultsThe seroprevalence of antirubella IgM and IgG antibodies was 2.1% and 86.3%, respectively. Thus, the rate of susceptibility to rubella virus infection among pregnant women was found to be 13.7%. A significant association between residence site and IgG seropositivity was observed, where urban dwellers had higher past rubella exposure compared with rural residents (crude OR 6.3; 95% CI 3.29 to 12.14, p<0.001).ConclusionThe high rate of rubella exposure and its similar distribution by sociodemography (except residence site) suggests the continuous transmission and endemicity of the infection in the study area. These findings emphasise the importance of introducing rubella-containing vaccine into routine childhood immunisation programme and vaccinating susceptible women of childbearing age.

scholarly journals Sero-Detection of Cytomegalovirus and Rubella Virus IgG Antibodies Among Sudanese Pregnant Women in Khartoum State-Sudan

2017 ◽  
Vol 01 (02) ◽  
pp. 58-64
Author(s):  
Ola S. Abdul Jalel ◽  
Sara A.Bakhet ◽  
Mahmmoud S.Saleh ◽  
Mohammed S.Mohammed ◽  
Ibrahim T.Ibrahim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Rubella Virus ◽  
Igg Antibodies

A high prevalence of HIV-1 infection among pregnant women living in a rural district of north Uganda severely affected by civil strife

2006 ◽  
Vol 100 (6) ◽  
pp. 586-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimo Fabiani ◽  
Barbara Nattabi ◽  
Alex A. Opio ◽  
Joshua Musinguzi ◽  
Benon Biryahwaho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Rural District ◽  
Civil Strife ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Hiv 1

scholarly journals Reproductive tract infections (RTIs) among married non-pregnant women living in a low-income suburb of Beirut, Lebanon

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (09) ◽  
pp. 680-683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sami Ramia ◽  
Loulou Kobeissi ◽  
Faysal El Kak ◽  
Sarah Shamra ◽  
Khalil Kreidieh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Vaginosis ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Reproductive Tract Infections ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Tract Infections

Introduction: This study aimed to identify reproductive tract infections (RTIs) in married, non-pregnant women, aged 18 to 49 years, living in a low-income suburb of Beirut, and to investigate the relationship between demographic and socioeconomic factors and these infections. Methodology: Among 1,015 women recruited for the study, 502 were found eligible and 441 were medically examined. Appropriate specimens were collected for Nisseria gonorrhea, Chlamydia trachomatis, Trichomonas vaginalis, candidiasis, and bacterial vaginosis. Results: The results showed a relatively high prevalence of RTIs (28.2%). The prevalence rates of different agents were as follows: 22.9% of the women were positive for T. vaginalis, 8.8% for candidiasis, 4.5% for bacterial vaginosis, and 1% for N. gonorrhea; none of the women were positive for C. trachomatis. Regression analysis showed that women between the ages of 30 and 39 were twice more likely to have T. vaginalis as compared to younger women. Furthermore, women whose husbands were taxi drivers were at higher risk of acquiring T. vaginalis (OR = 2.2) as compared with women whose husbands occupation was listed as skilled/unskilled. This conclusion can be drawn for the odds of developing any RTI (OR = 2.15). Moreover, those participants with the lowest income were twice as likely to have any RTI compared to those with higher incomes. Conclusions: This study shows a relatively high prevalence of RTIs (T. vaginalis mainly). It urges further in-depth research on cultural practices and economic factors to understand the pattern of sexual behavior in this community.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B and C Viruses, and HIV among Antenatal Pregnant Women in Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 60-68
Author(s):  
Onwe, Reuben O. ◽  
Maduka-Okafor, Charles C. ◽  
Nwachukwu, Ebuka C. ◽  
Ike, Anthony C.
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Enugu State ◽  
Hiv 1

Aim: Hepatitis B and C viruses and HIV infections remain major global health concerns as causes of high morbidity and mortality in developing countries. This study aimed at determining the prevalence of HBsAg antibody, anti-Hepatitis C and HIV 1 and 2 antibodies in antenatal pregnant women in Nsukka, Nigeria. Study Design, Area and Duration of Study: The study utilized both experimental and survey designs. Blood samples were collected from women attending antenatal clinics in two prominent hospitals in Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria from April to August 2016. Methods: Blood samples from 200 pregnant women were collected into plain vacutainers and allowed to clot. The serum was separated and used to test for antibodies to the viral infections using rapid test kits with immobilized antigens following the manufacturer’s instructions. Additional information was collected using standard questionnaire.  Results: From the results, 11 (5.5%), 9 (4.5%) and 5 (2.5%) women tested positive for HBsAg antibody, anti-HCV and HIV 1 and 2 antibodies, respectively. None of the patients was co-infected with HBV/HCV, HBV/HIV, HCV/HIV or triple infections with HBV/HCV/HIV. The mean age distribution was 28.2 years (Standard Deviation = 6.46). Marital status, age distribution and occupation were found to be statistically insignificant to the prevalence of HBsAg antibody, anti-HCV and HIV 1 and 2 antibodies (P > 0.05). Blood transfusion and history of previous surgeries were the risk factors for HBsAg and HIV 1 and 2 antibodies (P < 0.05), but not for anti- HCV (P> 0.05) among the study population. None of the respondents had body tattoo or admitted to have multiple sexual partners. Conclusion: There are still high seroprevalence of HBV, HCV and HIV among antenatal pregnant women in the study area. Hence, there is need for integration of hepatitis screening tests among the antenatal pregnant women in the town.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Serological Indicators for Toxoplasma, Rubella Virus and Cytomegalovirus Infections in Pregnant Women Applied to Our Hospital

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatih Çubuk ◽  
Mürşit Hasbek ◽  
Ayşe Hümeyra Taşkın Kafa ◽  
Cem Çelik
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Rubella Virus ◽  
Serological Test ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
High Avidity ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Microbiology Laboratory ◽  
Cytomegalovirus Infections

Objective: Toxoplasma gondii, rubella virus and cytomegalovirus (CMV) are important infectious agents that can be transmitted vertically from mother to baby, and can cause clinical signs in the fetus and the newborn. In our study, it was aimed to determine the distribution of antibodies against T. gondii, Rubella and CMV in pregnant women applied to our hospital. Method: In our study, the serological test results of the blood samples of pregnant women used in the diagnosis of T. gondii, Rubella and CMV infections in Microbiology Laboratory of Sivas Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Medicine, were retrospectively analyzed in a two-year period between 2018 and 2019. Results: The positivity rates were determined to be 26.7% for T. gondii IgG, 87.9% for Rubella virus IgG and 99% for CMV IgG. While IgM test positivities for the same pathogens were 1.3%, 0.3%, and 0.7%, respectively. Low avidity results were encountered in 4 patients (22.2%) for T. gondii, whereas the results of all examined tests for Rubella and CMV were found to have high avidity. Conclusion: Regional epidemiological data are important to determine routine screening approach or infectious agents that will be more important for the newborn. We think that we will contribute to the literature with our study based on regional data.

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