scholarly journals Characterization of soil structure and porosity under long-term conventional tillage and no-tillage systems

2009 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 1837-1844 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Tavares Filho ◽  
Daniel Tessier
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Management System ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Pore Diameter ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Water Retention Curve ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Red Latosol ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Different management systems tend to modify soil structure and porosity over the years. The aim of this study was to study modifications in the morphostructure and porosity of dystroferric Red Latosol (Oxisol) under conventional tillage and no-tillage over a 31- year period. The study began with the description of soil profiles based on the cropping profile method, to identify the most compact structures, define sample collection points for physical and chemical analysis, and determine the water retention curve. A forest soil profile was described and used as reference. The results showed that, under conventional tillage, the microaggregate structure of the Oxisol was fragmented between 0 and 0.20 m, and compact (bulk density = 1.52 Mg m-3) in the sub-surface layer between 0.20 and 0.50 m. Under no-tillage, the structure became compacted (bulk density = 1.40 Mg m-3) between 0 and 0.60 m, but contained fissures and biopores. The volume of the class with a pore diameter of > 100 µm under no-tillage was limited, but practically non-existent in the conventional management system. On the other hand, the classes with a pore diameter of < 100 µm were not affected by the type of soil management system.

scholarly journals Chemical and physical-hydric characterisation of a red latosol after five years of management during the summer between-crop season

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 1576-1586 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Fausto Guimarães Silva ◽  
Eduardo da Costa Severiano ◽  
Kátia Aparecida de Pinho Costa ◽  
Vinícius de Melo Benites ◽  
Wellingthon da Silva Guimarães Júnnyor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crop ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Agricultural Activity ◽  
Adjacent Area ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Crop Season ◽  
Structural Improvement ◽  
Red Latosol

Agricultural production systems that include the production of mulch for no-tillage farming and structural improvement of the soil can be considered key measures for agricultural activity in the Cerrado region without causing environmental degradation. In this respect, our work aimed to evaluate the chemical and physical-hydric properties of a dystrophic Red Latosol (Oxisol) in the municipality of Rio Verde, Goias, Brazil, under different soil management systems in the between-crop season of soybean cultivation five years after first planting. The following conditions were evaluated: Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu as a cover crop during the between-crop season; Second crop of maize intercropped with Brachiaria ruziziensis; Second crop of grain alone in a no-tillage system; Fallow soil after the soybean harvest; and Forest (natural vegetation) located in an adjacent area. Soil samples up to a depth of 40 cm were taken and used in the assessment of chemical properties and soil structure diagnostics. The results demonstrated that the conversion of native vegetation areas into agricultural fields altered the chemical and physical-hydric properties of the soil at all the depths evaluated, especially up to 10 cm, due to the activity of root systems in the soil structure. Cultivation of B. brizantha as a cover crop during the summer between-crop season increased soil water availability, which is important for agricultural activities in the region under study.

scholarly journals Bimodal pore distribution on soils under conservation management system for coffee crop

2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla E. Carducci ◽  
Geraldo C. de Oliveira ◽  
Walmes M. Zeviani ◽  
Vico M. P. Lima ◽  
Milson E. Serafim
Keyword(s):  
Management System ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Conservation Management ◽  
Pore Distribution ◽  
Water Retention Curve ◽  
Residual Water ◽  
Retention Data ◽  
Retention Curve ◽  
Van Genuchten Model

This study aims at detailing bimodal pore distribution by means of water retention curve in an oxidic-gibbsitic Latosol and in a kaolinitic cambisol Latossol under conservation management system of coffee crop. Samples were collected at depths of 20; 40; 80; 120 and 160 cm on coffee trees rows and between rows under oxidic-gibbsitic Latosol (LVd) and kaolinitic cambisol Latossol (LVAd). Water retention curve was determined at matrix potentials (Ψm) -1; -2; -4; -6; -10 kPa obtained from the suction unit; the Ψm of -33; -100; -500; -1,500 kPa were obtained by the Richards extractor, and WP4-T psychrometer was used to determine Ψm -1,500 to -300,000 kPa. The water retention data were adjusted to the double van Genuchten model by nonlinear model procedures of the R 2.12.1 software. Was estimated the model parameter and inflection point slope. The system promoted changes in soil structure and water retention for the conditions evaluated, and both showed bimodal pores distribution, which were stronger in LVd. There was a strong influence of mineralogy gibbsitic in the water retention more negative than Ψm -1500 kPa, reflected in the values of the residual water content.

Effect of controlled drainage and tillage on soil structure and tile drainage nitrate loss at the field scale

1998 ◽  
Vol 38 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 103-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Tan ◽  
C. F. Drury ◽  
M. Soultani ◽  
I. J. van Wesenbeeck ◽  
H. Y. F. Ng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Structure ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Tile Drainage ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Controlled Drainage ◽  
Nitrate Loss ◽  
Free Drainage

Conservation tillage has become an attractive form of agricultural management practices for corn and soybean production on heavy textured soil in southern Ontario because of the potential for improving soil quality. A controlled drainage system combined with conservation tillage practices has also been reported to improve water quality. In Southwestern Ontario, field scale on farm demonstration sites were established in a paired watershed (no-tillage vs. conventional tillage) on clay loam soil to study the effect of tillage system on soil structure and water quality. The sites included controlled drainage and free drainage systems to monitor their effect on nitrate loss in the tile drainage water. Soil structure, organic matter content and water storage in the soil profile were improved with no-tillage (NT) compared to conventional tillage (CT). No-tillage also increased earthworm populations. No-tillage was found to have higher tile drainage volume and nitrate loss which were attributed to an increase in soil macropores from earthworm activity. The controlled drainage system (CD) reduced nitrate loss in tile drainage water by 14% on CT site and 25.5% on NT site compared to the corresponding free drainage system (DR) from May, 1995 to April 30, 1997. No-tillage farming practices are definitely enhanced by using a controlled drainage system for preventing excessive nitrate leaching through tile drainage. Average soybean yields for CT site were about 12 to 14% greater than the NT site in 1995 and 1996. However, drainage systems had very little effect on soybean yields in 1995 and 1996 due to extremely dry growing seasons.

scholarly journals USE OF S-INDEX AS A STRUCTURAL QUALITY INDICATOR FOR COMPACTED LATOSOLS CULTIVATED WITH MAIZE

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 455-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
KARINA DE VARES ROSSETTI ◽  
JOSÉ FREDERICO CENTURION
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Water Retention Curve ◽  
Structural Quality ◽  
Retention Curve ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Physical Attributes ◽  
Red Latosol

ABSTRACT One way to prevent soil degradation is to monitor its structural quality through physical attributes and indicators. Thus, the objective of this work was to identify parameters that can be used together with the S-index to assess the soil structural quality of Latosols-Distrophic Red Latosol (DRL) and Eutroferric Red Latosol (ERL)-cultivated with maize after traffic-induced compaction by agricultural machinery. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design in split-plots, with five treatments and four replications for each soil class. The treatments were: T0 = conventional tillage without additional compaction; T1, T2 and T3 = one pass of a 4, 7 and 10-Mg tractor, respectively; T4 = three passes of a 10-Mg tractor. The water retention curve, density, porosity and S-index of the soil layers 0-0.1, 0.1-0.2 and 0.2-0.3 m were evaluated. The DRL presented similar S-index (0.035 to 0.037) in the T0, T1 and T2, and these S-index were connected to soil macroporosity. Most S-index of the ERL were above 0.035, except for T4 due to its higher soil density. The S-index can be used as a complementary parameter for maize height and soil macroporosity to evaluate the structural quality of DRL.

scholarly journals Nitrogen dynamics in soil management systems. I - flux of inorganic nitrogen (NH4+ and NO3-)

2011 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 1641-1649
Author(s):  
João Carlos de Moraes Sá ◽  
Eduardo Garcia Cardoso ◽  
Clever Briedis ◽  
Ademir de Oliveira Ferreira ◽  
Paulo Rogério Borszowskei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Ct System ◽  
Red Latosol

In agricultural systems the N-NH4+ and N-NO3- contents is significantly affected by soil management. This study investigated the dynamics of inorganic nitrogen (N; NH4+ and NO3-) in an experimental evaluation of soil management systems (SMSs) adopted in 1988 at the experimental station of the ABC Foundation in Ponta Grossa, in the Central South region of the State of Paraná. The objective of this study was to evaluate the changes in N-NH4+ and N-NO3- flux in the surface layer of a Red Latosol arising from SMSs over a 12-month period. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized block design in split plots, in three replications. The plots consisted of the following SMSs: 1) conventional tillage (CT); 2) minimum tillage (MT); 3) no-tillage with chisel plow every three years (NT CH); and 4) continuous no-tillage (CNT). To evaluate the dynamics of inorganic N, the subplots represented samplings (11 sampling times, T1 - T11). The ammonium N (N-NH4+) and nitric N (N-NO3-) contents were higher in systems with reduced tillage (MT and NT CH) and without tillage (CNT) than in the CT system. In the period from October 2003 to February 2004, the N-NH4+ was higher than the N-NO3- soil content. Conversely, in the period from May 2004 to July 2004, the N-NO3- was higher than the N-NH4+ content. The greatest fluctuation in the N-NH4+ and N-NO3- contents occurred in the 0-2.5 cm layer, and the highest peak in the N-NH4+ and N-NO3- concentrations occurred after the surface application of N. Both N-NH4+ and N-NO3- were strongly correlated with the soil organic C content, which indicated that these properties vary together in the system.

scholarly journals Structural changes and degradation of Red Latosols under different management systems for 20 years

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 1293-1303 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Tavares Filho ◽  
Thadeu Rodrigues de Melo ◽  
Wesley Machado ◽  
Bruno Vieira Maciel
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Reference Area ◽  
Perennial Crop ◽  
Structural Units

Soils are the foundation of terrestrial ecosystems and their role in food production is fundamental, although physical degradation has been observed in recent years, caused by different cultural practices that modify structures and consequently the functioning of soils. The objective of this study was to evaluate possible structural changes and degradation in an Oxisol under different managements for 20 years: no-tillage cultivation with and without crop rotation, perennial crop and conventional tillage, plus a forested area (reference). Initially, the crop profile was described and subsequently, 10 samples per management system and forest soil were collected to quantify soil organic matter, flocculation degree, bulk density, and macroporosity. The results indicated structural changes down to a soil depth of 50 cm, with predominance of structural units ∆μ (intermediate compaction level) under perennial crop and no-tillage crop rotation, and of structural units ∆ (compacted) under conventional tillage and no-tillage. The soil was increasingly degraded in the increasing order: forest => no-tillage crop rotation => perennial crop => no-tillage without crop rotation => conventional tillage. In all managements, the values of organic matter and macroporosity were always below and bulk density always above those of the reference area (forest) and, under no-tillage crop rotation and perennial crop, the flocculation degree was proportionally equal to that of the reference area.

scholarly journals Structural quality of a no-tillage red latosol 50 months after gypsum aplication

2012 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 1005-1014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo Marques Lopes Müller ◽  
Cassio Antônio Tormena ◽  
Aline Marques Genú ◽  
Luiz Fernando Machado Kramer ◽  
Leandro Michalovicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Quality ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Structural Quality ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Visual Evaluation ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance ◽  
Red Latosol ◽  
Gypsum Application

Gypsum application may enhance the soil quality for plants in terms of soil chemical and physical properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of gypsum application on the structural quality of a no-tillage Red Latosol. The experiment was initiated in September 2005 in Guarapuava-PR, with gypsum applications of 0; 4; 8; and 12 Mg ha-1 on the soil surface. In November 2009, two soil blocks were sampled from the 0-0.3 m layer for visual evaluation of the soil structure quality (Sq) and to determine the aggregate-tensile strength (ATS). Soil penetration resistance (PR) and gravimetric moisture (H%) of the 0-0.300 m layer were evaluated, and soil cores were collected (layers 0.000-0.075 and 0.075-0.150 m), to determine soil bulk density (BD), total soil porosity (TP), microporosity (Mi), and macroporosity (Ma). Data were subjected to analysis of regression at 5 %. No significant effects of gypsum application on ATS and H % of aggregates were observed, but for Sq, a quadratic effect (0.000-0.075 m) and linear increase (0.075-0.150 and 0.150-0.300 m) were stated, indicating soil quality decrease, although Sq remained mostly below 3.0, with good to intermediate soil quality. Soil PR increased with gypsum, but also remained below critical levels. No effect was observed for soil H % at the moment of PR determination on the field. The gypsum applications decreased BD in the 0.075-0.150 m layer, and increased PT and Ma, while in 0.000-0.075 m some Ma was converted to Mi, without affecting PT and BD. These last results indicate a gain in soil structural quality by gypsum applications, but the higher scores of soil structure and values of soil penetration resistance, though still below thresholds, should be monitored to prevent limitations to soil use in the future.

scholarly journals Physical attributes of a Dystroferric Red Latosol (Oxisol) under different management systems

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leandro Campos Pinto ◽  
Wantuir Filipe Teixeira Chagas ◽  
Francisco Hélcio Canuto Amaral
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Particle Density ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Total Porosity ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Native Vegetation ◽  
Red Latosol

The relationship of management and soil quality may be evaluated by the behavior of soil physical, chemical and biological properties. In the assessment of soil structure, it is sought attributes in the view of measuring the porosity and the distribution of pores by size and its implication to permeability and rigidity of the pores, as well as the stability of the units that composes soil structure. The aim of this research was to assess the structure of a Dystroferric Red Latosol (Oxisol) under conventional corn crop, conventional coffee crop, eucalyptus crop and an equilibrium reference (native vegetation), by the determination of the particle density, bulk density, calculated total porosity, microporosity, macroporosity, moisture saturation, determined total porosity, blocked pores and aggregated stability. Soil under native vegetation presented the lowest values of particle density, probably due to the greatest soil organic matter content in this environment. It was verified a tendency of increasing blocked pores and decreasing bulk density. As expected, bulk density varied from 0.87 to 1.03 g cm-3, showing an inversely proportional distribution related to total porosity. The largest values of geometric mean diameter presented by the soil under native vegetation are due to thegreater structuration degree of this soil, which contributes to the stabilization of the aggregates in this environment. The native vegetation environment presented a better soil physical quality in relation to other land uses.

scholarly journals Plant response to mechanical resistance and air-filled porosity of soils under conventional and no-tillage system

2004 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 451-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvaro Pires da Silva ◽  
Silvia Imhoff ◽  
Beverley Kay
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Plant Response ◽  
Mechanical Resistance ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Physical Conditions ◽  
Tillage System

Roots may respond to restrictive soil physical conditions and send signals to shoots to control plant growth. Soil mechanical resistance and aeration can be managed to improve the soil physical conditions for plant growth by using different tillage systems. The objective of this study was to quantify the influence of no-tillage and conventional-tillage systems on plant response to soil mechanical resistance and aeration. The study was carried out on a farm, cultivated with corn, with a side-by-side comparison of no-tillage and conventional-tillage systems. Thirty-two paired sampling sites were located along two transects, located one in each treatment. Soil water content, bulk density, and plant growth were measured in each treatment. Based on the soil water and bulk density measurements, the air-filled porosity values were computed for each treatment. Soil water contents and bulk density values were converted to soil mechanical resistance by using the soil resistance curve. Plant growth varied positively with soil air-filled porosity, and negatively with soil mechanical resistance in both tillage systems. However, the decrease rates/increase rates were dependent on the tillage system. The no-tillage system somehow improved the soil physical conditions for the plants, especially when they were more restrictive, allowing them to attain greater values of growth.

Effect of the ridge tillage system on some selected soil physical properties in a maize monoculture

2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. László ◽  
C. Gyuricza
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Ridge Tillage

Within the framework of cooperation between Szent István University and the Vienna University of Agricultural Sciences, a soil cultivation experiment in a maize (Zea mays L.) monoculture was set up for the first time in Austria near Pyhra (Lower Austria) in 1996. A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of ridge tillage (RT) in comparison with conventional mouldboard ploughing in autumn (CT) and no-tillage (NT) on the penetration resistance (PR), soil bulk density (BD) and porosity (P) of sandy loam soil (Typic Agriudoll). Analyses were made for each treatment and for different parts of the ridge (top and side of the ridge, and interrow) in 1998, 2000 and 2002. The average PR and BD values were greatest in the no-tillage plot, being 3.42 MPa and 1.56 g·cm-3, respectively. After six years, ridge tillage resulted in lower penetration resistance and bulk density values in the upper 20 cm than conventional tillage and no-tillage. Ridge tillage appears capable of reducing compaction in this soil. It can be concluded from the results that ridge tillage is capable of maintaining and improving favourable physical conditions in the soil.

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