Effect of soil management on the white grub population and damage in soybean

To evaluate the effect of soil management systems on population of white grubs, (Phyllophaga cuyabana Moser), and on its damage in soybean, experiments were set up under no-tillage and conventional tillage (one disk plow, and a leveling disk harrow) areas. Primary tillage equipment, used in other soil management systems, such as moldboard plow, disk plow, chisel plow and heavy duty disk harrow were also tested. Fluctuation of P. cuyabana population and the extent of its damage to soybean was similar under no-tillage and conventional tillage systems. Results comparing a range of primary tillage equipment showed that it affected soil insect populations differently, depending on the time during the season in which tillage was executed. Larval mortality could mostly be attributed to their exposure to adverse factors, soon after tillage, than to changes in soil conditions. Reduction of white grub population was more evident in plots managed by heavier equipment, such as the moldboard plow. Soil tillage could be one component within the soil pest management system in soybean, however, its use can not be generalized.

Download Full-text

Water erosion under simulated rainfall in different soil management systems during soybean growth

Scientia Agricola ◽

10.1590/s0103-90162007000200013 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 64 (2) ◽

pp. 187-193 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Fernando Luis Engel ◽

Ildegardis Bertol ◽

Álvaro Luiz Mafra ◽

Neroli Pedro Cogo

Keyword(s):

Crop Residue ◽

Soil Management ◽

Conventional Tillage ◽

Water Erosion ◽

Soil Tillage ◽

Management Systems ◽

No Tillage ◽

Simulated Rainfall ◽

Cultivated Soil ◽

Soil Losses

Soil management influences soil cover by crop residues and plant canopy, affecting water erosion. The objective of this research was to quantify water and soil losses by water erosion under different soil tillage systems applied on a typical aluminic Hapludox soil, in an experiment carried out from April 2003 to May 2004, in the Santa Catarina highland region, Lages, southern Brazil. Simulated rainfall was applied during five soybean cropstages, at the constant intensity of 64.0 mm h-1. Treatments were replicated twice and consisted of: i) conventional tillage on bare soil - control treatment (CTBS), ii) conventional tillage on cultivated soil (CTCS), iii) no-tillage on non tilled soil with burned crop residue (NTRB), iv) no-tillage in non tilled soil with crop residue desiccated (NTRD), and v) no-tillage on four-years interrupted soil tillage with crop residue desiccated - "traditional no tillage" (NTRT). Regardless of soybean cropstages, water losses were the highest for the CTCS than for the untilled soils, while soil losses were considerably higher in the CTCS treatment only until cropstage 3, in cultivated soil treatments. The NTRT was most effective treatment in terms of both water and soil loss reduction. Water infiltration should also be considered, when considering the soil erosion process caused by rainfall and its associated runoff, due to the management systems usually adopted in cultivated fields.

Download Full-text

Nutrient losses by water erosion

Scientia Agricola ◽

10.1590/s0103-90162003000300025 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 60 (3) ◽

pp. 581-586 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

Ildegardis Bertol ◽

Eloy Lemos Mello ◽

Jean Cláudio Guadagnin ◽

Almir Luis Vedana Zaparolli ◽

Marcos Roberto Carrafa

Keyword(s):

Soil Management ◽

Conventional Tillage ◽

Water Erosion ◽

Management Systems ◽

Soluble Form ◽

No Tillage ◽

Nutrient Losses ◽

Natural Pasture ◽

Calcium And Magnesium ◽

Nitrogen Phosphorus

Water erosion causes soil degradation, which is closely related to nutrient losses either in, the soluble form or adsorbed to soil particles, depending mainly on the adopted soil management system. This study was carried out in São José do Cerrito, SC, Brazil, between March 2000 and June 2001. The objective was to quantify available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium losses in water erosion obtained with simulated rainfall in the following soil management systems: conventional tillage with no-crop (bare soil) (BS), conventional tillage with soybean (CT), reduced tillage with soybean (RT), no tillage with soybean on a desiccated and burned natural pasture (DBNP), and no tillage with soybean on a desiccated natural pasture (DNP). A rotating boom rainfall simulator was used to perform three rainfall tests with constant intensity of 64 mm h-1 and sufficient duration to reach constant runoff rate, on a clayey-loam, well-structured Typic Hapludox, with an average slope of 0.18 m m-1. The first test was carried out five days before soybean emergence and the second and third at 30 and 60 days, respectively. The nutrient concentration in water and total losses of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium were higher under CT than in the other soil management systems.

Download Full-text

Evaluation of soil tillage systems in maize production

Acta Agronomica Hungarica ◽

10.1556/aagr.53.2005.1.7 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 53 (1) ◽

pp. 53-57 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

T. Rátonyi ◽

L. Huzsvai ◽

J. Nagy ◽

A. Megyes

Keyword(s):

Agricultural Land ◽

Conservation Tillage ◽

Soil Layer ◽

Farming Systems ◽

Conventional Tillage ◽

Soil Tillage ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Tillage Systems ◽

Primary Tillage ◽

Direct Drilling

The cultivation technologies for the dominant crops in Hungary need to be improved both in the interests of environmental protection and to reduce cultivation costs. A long-term research project was initiated in order to determine the feasibility of conservation tillage systems. The aim of the experiments was to evaluate conservation farming systems in Hungary in order to achieve more economical and more environment-friendly agricultural land use. Four tillage systems, namely conventional tillage (mouldboard plough), conservation tillage I (primary tillage with a J.D. Disk Ripper), conservation tillage II (primary tillage with a J.D. Mulch Finisher) and no tillage (direct drilling), were compared on a clay loam meadow soil (Vertisol). The physical condition of the experimental soils was evaluated using a hand-operated static cone penetrometer. Parallel with the measurement of penetration resistance, the moisture content of the soil was also determined. The grain yield of maize hybrids (Kincs SC [1999], Occitán SC [2000], Pr 37M34 SC [2001], DeKalb 471 SC [2002]) was measured using a plot combine-harvester. The analysis of soil conditions confirmed that if the cultivation depth and intensity are reduced the compaction of soil layers close to the surface can be expected. The decrease in yields (8-33%) in direct drilling (NT) and shallow, spring cultivated (MF) treatments, despite the higher available water content, can be explained partly by the compacted status of the 15-25 cm soil layer.

Download Full-text

Nitrogen dynamics in soil management systems. I - flux of inorganic nitrogen (NH4+ and NO3-)

Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo ◽

10.1590/s0100-06832011000500018 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 35 (5) ◽

pp. 1641-1649

Author(s):

João Carlos de Moraes Sá ◽

Eduardo Garcia Cardoso ◽

Clever Briedis ◽

Ademir de Oliveira Ferreira ◽

Paulo Rogério Borszowskei ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Inorganic Nitrogen ◽

Block Design ◽

Soil Management ◽

Conventional Tillage ◽

Management Systems ◽

No Tillage ◽

Organic C ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Ct System ◽

Red Latosol

In agricultural systems the N-NH4+ and N-NO3- contents is significantly affected by soil management. This study investigated the dynamics of inorganic nitrogen (N; NH4+ and NO3-) in an experimental evaluation of soil management systems (SMSs) adopted in 1988 at the experimental station of the ABC Foundation in Ponta Grossa, in the Central South region of the State of Paraná. The objective of this study was to evaluate the changes in N-NH4+ and N-NO3- flux in the surface layer of a Red Latosol arising from SMSs over a 12-month period. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized block design in split plots, in three replications. The plots consisted of the following SMSs: 1) conventional tillage (CT); 2) minimum tillage (MT); 3) no-tillage with chisel plow every three years (NT CH); and 4) continuous no-tillage (CNT). To evaluate the dynamics of inorganic N, the subplots represented samplings (11 sampling times, T1 - T11). The ammonium N (N-NH4+) and nitric N (N-NO3-) contents were higher in systems with reduced tillage (MT and NT CH) and without tillage (CNT) than in the CT system. In the period from October 2003 to February 2004, the N-NH4+ was higher than the N-NO3- soil content. Conversely, in the period from May 2004 to July 2004, the N-NO3- was higher than the N-NH4+ content. The greatest fluctuation in the N-NH4+ and N-NO3- contents occurred in the 0-2.5 cm layer, and the highest peak in the N-NH4+ and N-NO3- concentrations occurred after the surface application of N. Both N-NH4+ and N-NO3- were strongly correlated with the soil organic C content, which indicated that these properties vary together in the system.

Download Full-text

Influence of different soil management practices on ground-flora vegetation in an almond orchard

Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems ◽

10.1017/s1742170515000241 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 31 (4) ◽

pp. 300-308 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

M. Fracchiolla ◽

M. Terzi ◽

L. Frabboni ◽

D. Caramia ◽

C. Lasorella ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Seed Bank ◽

Management Practices ◽

Soil Management ◽

Conventional Tillage ◽

Soil Tillage ◽

No Tillage ◽

Ground Flora ◽

Weed Flora ◽

Natural Flora ◽

Almond Orchard

AbstractThis paper reports a survey on the weed flora and seed bank in an almond orchard sited in Apulia region (Southern Italy), where the following soil management practices have been compared for over 30 yrs: no-tillage, keeping the soil totally weed-free throughout the year by using pre-emergence herbicides to prevent plant emergence or post-emergence herbicides in case of weeds already emerged; no-tillage, with post-emergence herbicides; no-tillage, with mowing of natural weed flora in spring; cover cropping, with faba bean sown in November and green manured in springtime; conventional soil tillage. The different management techniques influenced significantly the weed flora in experimental plots, both in terms of quantity and quality. The seed bank was clearly impoverished after the long-term applications of pre-emergence herbicides, both in terms of richness and of diversity. During the fall period, the plots of conventional tillage or pre-emergence herbicides had less natural ground-flora than the others. During springtime, prior to the sward control practices, the plots treated by foliar herbicides or mowing had the highest total weed cover. We conclude that post-emergence weed control by mowing or using chemical herbicides or the green manure of the cover crop may be proposed to reduce impact to the soil and to promote the growth of abundant and sufficiently diversified and balanced flora. If appropriately managed, this flora can provide potential ecological services, without competing with the orchard, as suggested by the literature. During the autumn, natural flora can uptake soil nitrogen thus preventing leaching in the rainy season. In springtime, after the sward has been destroyed, natural flora can supply a substantial amount of biomass to the soil. Indicator species analysis was also used to find the species characterizing each treatment and some of their combinations. Weeds belonging to thePoaceaebotanical family were significantly associated with post-emergence herbicides and mowing treatments. These species produce a substantial amount of biomass and have bunched roots; consequently, they supply beneficial effects by improving porosity and structure of the soil and reducing erosion hazard.

Download Full-text

Carbon stocks in organic matter fractions as affected by land use and soil management, with emphasis on no-tillage effect

Ciência Rural ◽

10.1590/s0103-84782002000300006 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 32 (3) ◽

pp. 401-406 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Cimélio Bayer ◽

Deborah Pinheiro Dick ◽

Genicelli Mafra Ribeiro ◽

Klaus Konrad Scheuermann

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Organic Matter ◽

Soil Management ◽

Conventional Tillage ◽

Management Systems ◽

Forest Site ◽

No Tillage ◽

C Stocks ◽

Tillage System ◽

Organic Matter Fractions

Land use and soil management may affect both labile and humified soil organic matter (SOM) fractions, but the magnitude of these changes is poorly known in subtropical environments. This study investigated effects of four land use and soil management systems (forest, native pasture, and conventional tillage and no-tillage in a wheat/soybean succession) on (i) total soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks (0 to 250mm depth) and on (ii) carbon (C) stocks in labile (coarse, light) and humified (mineral-associated, humic substances) SOM fractions (0 to 25mm depth), in a Hapludox soil from southern Brazil. In comparison to the adjacent forest site, conventionally tilled soil presented 36% (46.2Mg ha-1) less SOC in the 0 to 250mm depth and a widespread decrease in C stocks in all SOM fractions in the 0 to 25mm depth. The coarse (>53 mum) and light (<1kg dm-3) SOM fractions were the most affected under no-tillage, showing 393% (1.22Mg C ha-1) and 289% (0.55Mg C ha-1) increases, respectively, in relation to conventional tillage. Similar results were observed for mineral-associated SOM and humic substance C pools (34% and 38% increases, respectively) under no-tillage. Compared with labile SOM fraction results, the percentual increments on C stocks in humified fractions were smaller; but in absolute terms this C pool yielded the highest increases (3.06 and 2.95Mg C ha-1, respectively). These results showed that both labile and humified organic matter are better protected under the no-tillage system, and consequently less vulnerable to mineralization. Humified SOM stabilization process involving interactions with variable charge minerals is probably important in maintaining and restoring soil and environmental quality in tropical and subtropical regions.

Download Full-text

Aluminum hydroxy-interlayered minerals and chemical properties of a subtropical Brazilian Oxisol under no-tillage and conventional tillage

Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo ◽

10.1590/s0100-06832010000100004 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 34 (1) ◽

pp. 33-41 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Alberto Vasconcellos Inda ◽

José Torrent ◽

Vidal Barrón ◽

Cimélio Bayer

Keyword(s):

Clay Minerals ◽

Soil Solution ◽

Clay Fraction ◽

Soil Management ◽

Conventional Tillage ◽

Management Systems ◽

No Tillage ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Soil System ◽

Organic C

No tillage systems significantly influence the soil system, but knowledge about the effects on the mineralogy of tropical and subtropical soils is limited. This study evaluated the long-term effects (26 years) of no-tillage (NT) on aluminum hydroxy-interlayered minerals of a subtropical Oxisol in Southern Brazil (Guarapuava, PR), compared to the same soil under conventional tillage (CT). The clay fraction (< 2 µm) in soil samples of the surface horizons of a field experiment under both management systems was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) to identify and characterize Al hydroxy-interlayered minerals before and after treatment with sodium citrate to remove intra-layer material. Soil liquid (solution) and solid phases were also characterized. The contents of total organic C, exchangeable cations, P, and the values of extractable acidity and cation exchange capacity as well as electrical conductivity and levels of dissolved organic C, basic cations, aluminum, Si, and sulfur in the soil solution were higher in the NT soil. Under both soil management systems, more than 90 % of the total soluble Al was complexed with organic compounds, with similar Al activity. No significant changes were detected by 2:1 clay mineral XRD analyses in terms of extension or intercalation of Al-hydroxy-polymers in the no-tilled in comparison to the conventionally tilled soil. In both soil management systems, Al and Si activities in the soil solution indicated thermodynamic stability of 2:1 clay minerals with partially occupied by hydroxy-Al, suggesting deceleration in the intercalation process and a tendency of transforming clay minerals from extensive into partial intercalation.

Download Full-text

Soil Physical Attributes in Long-Term Soil Management Systems (Tillage and No-till)

Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.5539/jas.v12n4p194 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 194

Author(s):

Venâncio Rodrigues e Silva ◽

José Luiz Rodrigues Torres ◽

Danyllo Denner de Almeida Costa ◽

Bruna de Souza Silveira ◽

Dinamar Márcia da Silva Vieira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soil Management ◽

Total Porosity ◽

Conventional Tillage ◽

Management Systems ◽

Root Penetration ◽

Mechanical Resistance ◽

No Tillage ◽

Tillage System ◽

Physical Attributes

The period of implantation of the no-tillage system (NTS) is a fundamental factor to the dimension of the changes that occur to the soil's physical, chemical and biological attributes. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the soil changes to the physical attributes and correlate the results to the soil organic matter in areas of different long-term soil management. The study was set as a completely randomised design, in a 4 × 4 factorial scheme, with four management systems [5 years NTS (NTS5); 17 years NTS (NTS17); conventional tillage system for 20 years (CTS20); native area (NA)], and four soil depths (0-0.05, 0.05-0.1, 0.1-0.2, 0.2-0.4 m), with five repetitions. Soil mechanical resistance to root penetration (RP), bulk density (SD), volumetric moisture (VM), macro (Ma), microporosity (Mi) and total porosity (TP), and the aggregation parameters were evaluated. The CTS20, NTS5 and NTS17 presented superior SD in the most superficial soil layers, which was not yet causing resistance to root development. The SD was the only physical attribute that correlated significantly with all the other soil attributes evaluated, indicating the importance of such attribute to evaluate soil quality to crops. The soil physical attributes found in the Cerrado native area followed the sequence of similarities: no-tillage system with 17 years (most similar), with five years and the conventional tillage system (less similar). The changes caused by the anthropic activity in the soil's physical attributes are more pronounced and perceptible in soil depths up to 0.2 m.

Download Full-text

Soil organic matter as affected by management systems, phosphate fertilization, and cover crops

Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0100-204x2016000900067 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 51 (9) ◽

pp. 1668-1676 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Géssica Pereira de Souza ◽

Cícero Célio de Figueiredo ◽

Djalma Martinhão Gomes de Sousa

Keyword(s):

Pearl Millet ◽

Cover Crops ◽

Cover Crop ◽

Soil Management ◽

Conventional Tillage ◽

Management Systems ◽

No Tillage ◽

Phosphate Fertilization ◽

Humic Fractions

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of soil management systems, cover crops, and phosphate fertilization on soil humic fractions in a long-term experiment. The treatments consisted of conventional tillage and no-tillage with pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) or velvet bean (Mucuna aterrima) as cover crops, at two doses of phosphorous: 0 and 100 kg ha-1 P2O5 per year. Soil samples were taken 11 years after the establishment of the experiment and analyzed for soil total organic carbon and carbon content of humic fractions at 0.00-0.05, 0.05-0.10, and 0.10-0.20-m depths. The humic fractions are sensitive to soil management, except free fulvic acid, which was the only one that did not reduce its carbon contents on the surface layer (0.00-0.05 m) with conventional tillage. The main changes occurred on the soil surface layer, in which the no-tillage system with pearl millet as a cover crop provided the highest carbon levels in humic fractions. Long-term phosphate fertilization under no-tillage, with pearl millet as a cover crop, promotes the accumulation of organic carbon in soil humic fractions.

Download Full-text

Application of x-ray computed tomography in the evaluation of soil porosity in soil management systems

Engenharia Agrícola ◽

10.1590/s0100-69162014000600012 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 34 (6) ◽

pp. 1162-1174 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

José M. G. Beraldo ◽

Francisco de A. Scannavino Junior ◽

Paulo E. Cruvinel

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

Soil Management ◽

Conventional Tillage ◽

Management Systems ◽

Soil Porosity ◽

Native Forest ◽

No Tillage ◽

Undisturbed Soil ◽

X Ray ◽

Percentile Method

The study aimed to evaluate a methodology to quantify the porosity of the soil using computed tomography in areas under no-tillage, conventional tillage and native forest. Three soil management systems were selected for the study: forest, conventional tillage and no-tillage. In each soil management system, undisturbed soil samples were collected in the surface layer (0.0 to 0.10 m). The tomographic images were obtained using a X-ray microtomography. After obtaining the images, they were processed, and a methodology was evaluated for image conversion into numerical values. The statistical method which provided the greatest accuracy was the percentile method. The methodology used to analyze the tomographic image allowed quantifying the porosity of the soil under different soil management. The method enabled the characterization of soil porosity in a non-evasive and non-destructive way.

Download Full-text