scholarly journals Carbon stocks in organic matter fractions as affected by land use and soil management, with emphasis on no-tillage effect

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 401-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cimélio Bayer ◽  
Deborah Pinheiro Dick ◽  
Genicelli Mafra Ribeiro ◽  
Klaus Konrad Scheuermann
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Forest Site ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
C Stocks ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
Organic Matter Fractions

Land use and soil management may affect both labile and humified soil organic matter (SOM) fractions, but the magnitude of these changes is poorly known in subtropical environments. This study investigated effects of four land use and soil management systems (forest, native pasture, and conventional tillage and no-tillage in a wheat/soybean succession) on (i) total soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks (0 to 250mm depth) and on (ii) carbon (C) stocks in labile (coarse, light) and humified (mineral-associated, humic substances) SOM fractions (0 to 25mm depth), in a Hapludox soil from southern Brazil. In comparison to the adjacent forest site, conventionally tilled soil presented 36% (46.2Mg ha-1) less SOC in the 0 to 250mm depth and a widespread decrease in C stocks in all SOM fractions in the 0 to 25mm depth. The coarse (>53 mum) and light (<1kg dm-3) SOM fractions were the most affected under no-tillage, showing 393% (1.22Mg C ha-1) and 289% (0.55Mg C ha-1) increases, respectively, in relation to conventional tillage. Similar results were observed for mineral-associated SOM and humic substance C pools (34% and 38% increases, respectively) under no-tillage. Compared with labile SOM fraction results, the percentual increments on C stocks in humified fractions were smaller; but in absolute terms this C pool yielded the highest increases (3.06 and 2.95Mg C ha-1, respectively). These results showed that both labile and humified organic matter are better protected under the no-tillage system, and consequently less vulnerable to mineralization. Humified SOM stabilization process involving interactions with variable charge minerals is probably important in maintaining and restoring soil and environmental quality in tropical and subtropical regions.

scholarly journals Soil Physical Attributes in Long-Term Soil Management Systems (Tillage and No-till)

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 194
Author(s):  
Venâncio Rodrigues e Silva ◽  
José Luiz Rodrigues Torres ◽  
Danyllo Denner de Almeida Costa ◽  
Bruna de Souza Silveira ◽  
Dinamar Márcia da Silva Vieira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Management ◽  
Total Porosity ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Root Penetration ◽  
Mechanical Resistance ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
Physical Attributes

The period of implantation of the no-tillage system (NTS) is a fundamental factor to the dimension of the changes that occur to the soil&#39;s physical, chemical and biological attributes. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the soil changes to the physical attributes and correlate the results to the soil organic matter in areas of different long-term soil management. The study was set as a completely randomised design, in a 4 &times; 4 factorial scheme, with four management systems [5 years NTS (NTS5); 17 years NTS (NTS17); conventional tillage system for 20 years (CTS20); native area (NA)], and four soil depths (0-0.05, 0.05-0.1, 0.1-0.2, 0.2-0.4 m), with five repetitions. Soil mechanical resistance to root penetration (RP), bulk density (SD), volumetric moisture (VM), macro (Ma), microporosity (Mi) and total porosity (TP), and the aggregation parameters were evaluated. The CTS20, NTS5 and NTS17 presented superior SD in the most superficial soil layers, which was not yet causing resistance to root development. The SD was the only physical attribute that correlated significantly with all the other soil attributes evaluated, indicating the importance of such attribute to evaluate soil quality to crops. The soil physical attributes found in the Cerrado native area followed the sequence of similarities: no-tillage system with 17 years (most similar), with five years and the conventional tillage system (less similar). The changes caused by the anthropic activity in the soil&#39;s physical attributes are more pronounced and perceptible in soil depths up to 0.2 m.

scholarly journals ORGANIC MATTER FRACTIONS OF AN IRRIGATED OXISOL UNDER NO-TILL AND CONVENTIONAL TILLAGE IN THE BRAZILIAN SEMI-ARID REGION

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
RAFAEL PEREIRA SALES ◽  
RODINEI FACCO PEGORARO ◽  
ARLEY FIGUEIREDO PORTUGAL ◽  
JOSÉ ALOÍSIO ALVES MOREIRA ◽  
MARCOS KOITI KONDO
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Semiarid Region ◽  
No Till ◽  
Brazilian Semiarid ◽  
Organic Matter Fractions

ABSTRACT The replacement of natural vegetation by crop systems directly impacts the soil organic matter fractions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the total organic carbon (TOC) and nitrogen (TN) contents in different fractions of the soil organic matter (SOM) of an Oxisol of the Brazilian semiarid region under different irrigated crops and different soil management systems. Seven treatments were evaluated, which consisted of two soil management systems (no-till and conventional tillage) and three crops (maize, sunflower and sorghum), using as reference the soil under a native forest (NF). The summer crops preceded common bean crops in the autumn-winter. The total organic carbon content, total nitrogen, carbon content in humic substances and their constituents (fulvic acids, humic acids and humin) and labile, non-labile and water-soluble carbon contents were evaluated two years and three months after the experiment implementation to determine the carbon lability (L) lability index (LI), partitioning index (CPI) and management index (CMI). The greatest carbon, nitrogen and organic matter contents in the soil surface layer (0.00-0.05 m) were found in crops under no-till system (NTS), especially maize. The crops under NTS presented greater carbon content in humic substances than the conventional tillage system (CTS) ones in the layer 0.05-0.10 m. The crops under NTS presented greater sustainability in the Brazilian semiarid region compared with those under CTS, as shown by their higher CMI in the soil surface layer.

scholarly journals Nutrient losses by water erosion

2003 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 581-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ildegardis Bertol ◽  
Eloy Lemos Mello ◽  
Jean Cláudio Guadagnin ◽  
Almir Luis Vedana Zaparolli ◽  
Marcos Roberto Carrafa
Keyword(s):  
Soil Management ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Water Erosion ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Soluble Form ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Nutrient Losses ◽  
Natural Pasture ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

Water erosion causes soil degradation, which is closely related to nutrient losses either in, the soluble form or adsorbed to soil particles, depending mainly on the adopted soil management system. This study was carried out in São José do Cerrito, SC, Brazil, between March 2000 and June 2001. The objective was to quantify available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium losses in water erosion obtained with simulated rainfall in the following soil management systems: conventional tillage with no-crop (bare soil) (BS), conventional tillage with soybean (CT), reduced tillage with soybean (RT), no tillage with soybean on a desiccated and burned natural pasture (DBNP), and no tillage with soybean on a desiccated natural pasture (DNP). A rotating boom rainfall simulator was used to perform three rainfall tests with constant intensity of 64 mm h-1 and sufficient duration to reach constant runoff rate, on a clayey-loam, well-structured Typic Hapludox, with an average slope of 0.18 m m-1. The first test was carried out five days before soybean emergence and the second and third at 30 and 60 days, respectively. The nutrient concentration in water and total losses of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium were higher under CT than in the other soil management systems.

scholarly journals Effects of soil management systems on soil microbial activity, bulk density and chemical properties

2001 ◽  
Vol 36 (12) ◽  
pp. 1539-1545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Alexandra Reis Valpassos ◽  
Eloiza Gomes Silva Cavalcante ◽  
Ana Maria Rodrigues Cassiolato ◽  
Marlene Cristina Alves
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Soil Microbial Activity ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
Crop Sequence ◽  
And Chemical Properties

The objective of this experiment was to study the effects of soil management systems on the bulk density, chemical soil properties, and on the soil microbial activity on a Latossolo Vermelho distrófico (Oxisol). Soil samples were collected from plots under the following management conditions: a) natural dense "cerrado" vegetation (savanna); b) degraded Brachiaria decumbens pasture, 20 years old; c) no-tillage treatment with annual crop sequence (bean, corn, soybean and dark-oat in continuous rotation), 8 years old; d) conventional tillage treatment with crop residues added to the soil, and annual crop sequence, 10 years old. The continuous use of no-tillage system resulted in an increase in microbial biomass and decrease in soil basal respiration, therefore displaying evident long-term effects on the increase of soil C content. The no-tillage system also provided an improvement in bulk density and chemical properties of the soil. Hence, the no-tillage management system could be an alternative for the conservation and maintenance of physical and chemical conditions and the productive potential of "cerrado" soils.

scholarly journals Nitrogen dynamics in soil management systems. I - flux of inorganic nitrogen (NH4+ and NO3-)

2011 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 1641-1649
Author(s):  
João Carlos de Moraes Sá ◽  
Eduardo Garcia Cardoso ◽  
Clever Briedis ◽  
Ademir de Oliveira Ferreira ◽  
Paulo Rogério Borszowskei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Ct System ◽  
Red Latosol

In agricultural systems the N-NH4+ and N-NO3- contents is significantly affected by soil management. This study investigated the dynamics of inorganic nitrogen (N; NH4+ and NO3-) in an experimental evaluation of soil management systems (SMSs) adopted in 1988 at the experimental station of the ABC Foundation in Ponta Grossa, in the Central South region of the State of Paraná. The objective of this study was to evaluate the changes in N-NH4+ and N-NO3- flux in the surface layer of a Red Latosol arising from SMSs over a 12-month period. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized block design in split plots, in three replications. The plots consisted of the following SMSs: 1) conventional tillage (CT); 2) minimum tillage (MT); 3) no-tillage with chisel plow every three years (NT CH); and 4) continuous no-tillage (CNT). To evaluate the dynamics of inorganic N, the subplots represented samplings (11 sampling times, T1 - T11). The ammonium N (N-NH4+) and nitric N (N-NO3-) contents were higher in systems with reduced tillage (MT and NT CH) and without tillage (CNT) than in the CT system. In the period from October 2003 to February 2004, the N-NH4+ was higher than the N-NO3- soil content. Conversely, in the period from May 2004 to July 2004, the N-NO3- was higher than the N-NH4+ content. The greatest fluctuation in the N-NH4+ and N-NO3- contents occurred in the 0-2.5 cm layer, and the highest peak in the N-NH4+ and N-NO3- concentrations occurred after the surface application of N. Both N-NH4+ and N-NO3- were strongly correlated with the soil organic C content, which indicated that these properties vary together in the system.

scholarly journals Soil macrofauna associated with cover crops in an Oxisol from the southwest of Piauí state, Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Djavan Pinheiro Santos ◽  
Robélio Leandro Marchão ◽  
Ronny Sobreira Barbosa ◽  
Juvenal Pereira da Silva Junior ◽  
Everaldo Moreira da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Soil Classification ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Soil Macrofauna ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
Sole Cropping

ABSTRACT: The soil macrofauna is fundamental for the maintenance of soil quality. The aim of this study was to characterize the soil macrofauna under different species of cover crops, including monoculture or intercropping associated to two types of soil management in the southwest region of Piauí state. The study was carried out in an Oxisol (Latossolo Amarelo, according to Brazilian Soil Classification System) in the municipality of Bom Jesus, Piauí, distributed in 30 m2 plots. Testing and evaluation of the soil macrofauna were conducted in a 9 × 2 strip factorial design, with combinations between cover crops/consortia and soil management (with or without tillage), with four replications. Soil monoliths (0.25 × 0.25 m) were randomly sampled in each plot for macrofauna at 0‒0.1, 0.1‒0.2, and 0.2‒0.3 m depth, including surface litter. After identification and counting of soil organims, the relative density of each taxon in each depth was determined. The total abundance of soil macrofauna quantified under cover crops in the conventional and no-tillage system was 2,408 ind. m-2, distributed in 6 classes, 16 orders, and 31 families. The results of multivariate analysis show that grass species in sole cropping systems and no-tillage presents higher macrofauna density, in particular the taxonomic group Isoptera. No-tillage also provided higher richness of families, where Coleoptera adult were the second more abundant group in no-tillage and Hemiptera in conventional tillage.

scholarly journals Effect of soil management on the white grub population and damage in soybean

2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 887-894 ◽  
Author(s):  
LENITA JACOB OLIVEIRA ◽  
CLARA BEATRIZ HOFFMANN-CAMPO ◽  
MARIA ALICE GARCIA
Keyword(s):  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
White Grub ◽  
Primary Tillage ◽  
Moldboard Plow

To evaluate the effect of soil management systems on population of white grubs, (Phyllophaga cuyabana Moser), and on its damage in soybean, experiments were set up under no-tillage and conventional tillage (one disk plow, and a leveling disk harrow) areas. Primary tillage equipment, used in other soil management systems, such as moldboard plow, disk plow, chisel plow and heavy duty disk harrow were also tested. Fluctuation of P. cuyabana population and the extent of its damage to soybean was similar under no-tillage and conventional tillage systems. Results comparing a range of primary tillage equipment showed that it affected soil insect populations differently, depending on the time during the season in which tillage was executed. Larval mortality could mostly be attributed to their exposure to adverse factors, soon after tillage, than to changes in soil conditions. Reduction of white grub population was more evident in plots managed by heavier equipment, such as the moldboard plow. Soil tillage could be one component within the soil pest management system in soybean, however, its use can not be generalized.

scholarly journals Soil seed bank of plant species as a function of long-term soil management and sampled depth

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 725-736 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Concenço ◽  
J.C Salton ◽  
R.C Brevilieri ◽  
P.B Mendes ◽  
M.L Secretti
Keyword(s):  
Seed Bank ◽  
Soil Seed Bank ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Tillage System

This study aimed at assessing the level of weed infestation indifferent areas that were submitted to different soil management for 16 years. Four management systems were studied: (1) agriculture only under conventional tillage system; (2) agriculture only under no-till system; (3) crop-livestock integrationcrop-livestock integration; (4) livestock only. These areas were sampled at three soil depths (0-5, 5-10 and 10-15 cm), and soil was stored in plastic pots and taken to a greenhouse, where soil moisture and weight were standardized. Soil was kept near 70% moisture field capacity, being revolved every 20 days when all seedling emerged from soil were counted, identified and collected for dry mass assessment. The soil coverage by weeds, number of weed seedlings and dry mass of the weedy community were assessed. A phytoecological analysis was conducted. Weed composition is differentdifferent among management systems after 16 years. Areas with livestock showed much smaller number of weed species in comparison to systems where only grain crops are grown. The presence of livestock affects the potential of germination of soil seed bank. Agriculture systems are similar in terms of weed composition along soil profile, while systems involving livestock show little relation in what regards such sampled depths. Conservationist models of land exploration contribute to reduce severity of weed species occurrence in the long term.

scholarly journals Aluminum hydroxy-interlayered minerals and chemical properties of a subtropical Brazilian Oxisol under no-tillage and conventional tillage

2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Vasconcellos Inda ◽  
José Torrent ◽  
Vidal Barrón ◽  
Cimélio Bayer
Keyword(s):  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Soil System ◽  
Organic C

No tillage systems significantly influence the soil system, but knowledge about the effects on the mineralogy of tropical and subtropical soils is limited. This study evaluated the long-term effects (26 years) of no-tillage (NT) on aluminum hydroxy-interlayered minerals of a subtropical Oxisol in Southern Brazil (Guarapuava, PR), compared to the same soil under conventional tillage (CT). The clay fraction (< 2 µm) in soil samples of the surface horizons of a field experiment under both management systems was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) to identify and characterize Al hydroxy-interlayered minerals before and after treatment with sodium citrate to remove intra-layer material. Soil liquid (solution) and solid phases were also characterized. The contents of total organic C, exchangeable cations, P, and the values of extractable acidity and cation exchange capacity as well as electrical conductivity and levels of dissolved organic C, basic cations, aluminum, Si, and sulfur in the soil solution were higher in the NT soil. Under both soil management systems, more than 90 % of the total soluble Al was complexed with organic compounds, with similar Al activity. No significant changes were detected by 2:1 clay mineral XRD analyses in terms of extension or intercalation of Al-hydroxy-polymers in the no-tilled in comparison to the conventionally tilled soil. In both soil management systems, Al and Si activities in the soil solution indicated thermodynamic stability of 2:1 clay minerals with partially occupied by hydroxy-Al, suggesting deceleration in the intercalation process and a tendency of transforming clay minerals from extensive into partial intercalation.

scholarly journals Quality index of an Oxisol under different management systems in the Brazilian Cerrado

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 319-324
Author(s):  
Marla O. Fagundes ◽  
Diony A. Reis ◽  
Roberto B. Portella ◽  
Fabiano J. Perina ◽  
Julio C. Bogiani
Keyword(s):  
Soil Quality ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Brazilian Cerrado ◽  
Soil Quality Index ◽  
Tillage System

ABSTRACT Assessing soil quality under different cover crops or different management systems is essential to its conservation. This study aimed to evaluate an Oxisol cultivated with corn and cotton, after different crop successions and under no-tillage system (NTS) and conventional tillage system (CT), through the soil quality index (SQI), using an area of native Cerrado as reference. The study was carried out in the municipality of Luís Eduardo Magalhães, Western Bahia, Brazil. Soil samples with the preserved and non-preserved structure were collected in the layers of 0-0.05 m, 0.05-0.10 m, and 0.10-0.20 m to determine the macroporosity, the soil bulk density, the available water, the levels of total organic carbon, the clay dispersed in water, and the degree of flocculation. The averages of the attributes measured in the treatments and the soil quality index, which was elaborated by the method of deviations of the values of the attributes measured in the treatments concerning the reference area, followed by normalization, were compared by the Duncan test (p ≤ 0.05). The soil under CT, in all treatments, had its quality reduced when compared to the NTS. Also, the SQI used was sensitive to detect the changes caused by the management systems and assign consistent scores to the evaluated soil quality.

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