scholarly journals Histopathological and immunohistochemical findings of swine with spontaneous influenza A infection in Brazil, 2009-2010

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (11) ◽  
pp. 1148-1154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiane T.N. Watanabe ◽  
Laura L. de Almeida ◽  
Flademir Wouters ◽  
Angelica T.B. Wouters ◽  
Priscila Zlotowski ◽  
...  

Swine influenza (SI) is caused by the type A swine influenza virus (SIV). It is a highly contagious disease with a rapid course and recovery. The major clinical signs and symptoms are cough, fever, anorexia and poor performance. The disease has been associated with other co-infections in many countries, but not in Brazil, where, however, the first outbreak has been reported in 2011. The main aim of this study was to characterize the histological features in association with the immunohistochemical (IHC) results for influenza A (IA), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in lung samples from 60 pigs submitted to Setor de Patologia Veterinária at the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (SPV-UFRGS), Brazil, during 2009-2010. All of these lung samples had changes characterized by interstitial pneumonia with necrotizing bronchiolitis, never observed previously in the evaluation of swine lungs in our laboratory routine. Pigs in this study had showed clinical signs of a respiratory infection. Swine samples originated from Rio Grande do Sul 31 (52%), Santa Catarina 14 (23%), Paraná 11 (18%), and Mato Grosso do Sul 4 (7%). Positive anti-IA IHC labelling was observed in 45% of the cases, which were associated with necrotizing bronchiolitis, atelectasis, purulent bronchopneumonia and hyperemia. Moreover, type II pneumocyte hyperplasia, alveolar and bronchiolar polyp-like structures, bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) hyperplasia and pleuritis were the significant features in negative anti-IA IHC, which were also associated with chronic lesions. There were only two cases with positive anti-PCV2 IHC and none to PRRSV. Therefore, SIV was the predominant infectious agent in the lung samples studied. The viral antigen is often absent due to the rapid progress of SI, which may explain the negative IHC results for IA (55%); therefore, IHC should be performed at the beginning of the disease. This study has shown how important a careful histological evaluation is for the diagnosis. Since 2009, a new histological feature of swine pneumonia in animals with respiratory clinical signs has been observed in samples from pigs with clinical respiratory disease submitted to SPV-UFRGS. In addition, the results proved the importance of histological evaluation for swine herd health management.

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2169
Author(s):  
Juliette Bougon ◽  
Céline Deblanc ◽  
Patricia Renson ◽  
Stéphane Quéguiner ◽  
Stéphane Gorin ◽  
...  

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and swine influenza A virus (swIAV) are major pathogens of the porcine respiratory disease complex, but little is known on their interaction in super-infected pigs. In this study, we investigated clinical, virological and immunological outcomes of successive infections with PRRSV-1 and H1N2 swIAV. Twenty-four specific pathogen-free piglets were distributed into four groups and inoculated either with PRRSV at study day (SD) 0, or with swIAV at SD8, or with PRRSV and swIAV one week apart at SD0 and SD8, respectively, or mock-inoculated. In PRRSV/swIAV group, the clinical signs usually observed after swIAV infection were attenuated while higher levels of anti-swIAV antibodies were measured in lungs. Concurrently, PRRSV multiplication in lungs was significantly affected by swIAV infection, whereas the cell-mediated immune response specific to PRRSV was detected earlier in blood, as compared to PRRSV group. Moreover, levels of interferon (IFN)-α measured from SD9 in the blood of super-infected pigs were lower than those measured in the swIAV group, but higher than in the PRRSV group at the same time. Correlation analyses suggested an important role of IFN-α in the two-way interference highlighted between both viral infections.


2002 ◽  
Vol 83 (8) ◽  
pp. 1851-1859 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul P. Heinen ◽  
Frans A. Rijsewijk ◽  
Els A. de Boer-Luijtze ◽  
André T. J. Bianchi

In mice, vaccines inducing antibodies to the extracellular domain of the M2 protein (M2e) can confer protection to influenza A virus infection. Unlike the surface glycoproteins, haemagglutinin and neuraminidase, this domain of M2 is highly conserved and is therefore a potential broad-spectrum immunogen. In this study, the protection conferred by vaccines inducing antibodies to M2e was evaluated in a challenge model for swine influenza in pigs. A protein resulting from the fusion between M2e and the hepatitis B virus core protein (M2eHBc), with or without adjuvant, was evaluated. In addition, a DNA construct expressing a fusion protein between M2e and influenza virus nucleoprotein (M2eNP) was evaluated to see if the broad-spectrum protection conferred by antibodies could be further enhanced by T helper cells and cytotoxic T cells. All vaccines induced an antibody response against M2e, and the M2eNP DNA vaccine additionally induced an influenza virus-specific lymphoproliferation response. However, after challenge with a swine influenza virus (H1N1), no protection was observed in the vaccinated groups compared with the non-vaccinated control group. On the contrary, vaccinated pigs showed more severe clinical signs than the control pigs. The M2eNP DNA-vaccinated pigs showed the most severe clinical signs and three out of six pigs died on days 1 and 2 post-challenge. These results indicate that antibodies to M2e, especially in combination with cell-mediated immune responses, exacerbate disease. Thus, clinical signs after infection should be observed closely in further studies using M2e as an immunogen and caution should be exercised in using M2e in humans.


2007 ◽  
Vol 27 (7) ◽  
pp. 301-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elaine S.P. Melo ◽  
Flábio R. Araújo ◽  
Carlos A.N. Ramos ◽  
Cleber O. Soares ◽  
Grácia M.S. Rosinha ◽  
...  

Os objetivos deste estudo foram produzir e solubilizar a proteína MSP5 recombinante truncada de Anaplasma marginale, e avaliar seu desempenho em um ensaio de imunoadsorção enzimática indireto (ELISA) para detecção de anticorpos contra a riquétsia. O gene msp5, exceto a região N-terminal hidrofóbica, foi amplificado por PCR, clonado em plasmídeo pTrcHis-TOPO e expresso em Escherichia coli. A solubilização da proteína recombinante foi avaliada em diferentes pHs e concentrações de uréia. A sensibilidade e a especificidade do ensaio foram avaliados testando-se 66 soros de animais infectados experimentalmente com A. marginale e 96 soros negativos, com o estado de infecção destes animais confirmado por PCR. Um total de 1.666 amostras de soros bovino, provenientes do Brasil - Rio Grande do Sul (73), Mato Grosso do Sul (91), Pernambuco (86), Bahia (314) e Minas Gerais (267)-, Uruguai (32) e Costa Rica (803) foram testadas nos ELISAs com MSP5 truncada e com MSP1a recombinantes e a concordância entre os dois testes foi avaliada. O ELISA indireto com MSP5 truncada foi capaz de detectar animais infectados com 96,97% de sensibilidade e 100% de especificidade. Nos animais infectados experimentalmente, o ELISA detectou anticorpos do 12º até o último dia de observação (37º dia). Os ELISAs para MSP5 e MSP1a apresentaram concordância de 95,67%, com índice kappa de 0,81. Os resultados discordantes apresentaram uma diferença significativa (p <0,001). Anticorpos contra A. marginale foram detectados em animais de todas as regiões estudadas. O ELISA com MSP5 recombinante truncada apresentou bom desempenho na detecção de anticorpos contra A. marginale, com alta sensibilidade e especificidade, representando uma importante ferramenta para o diagnóstico da anaplasmose bovina em estudos epidemiológicos.


2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 851-854
Author(s):  
James R. Welch

O presente Fórum sobre Saúde e Povos Indígenas no Brasil explora os desafios contemporâneos para a saúde indígena e políticas de saúde no Brasil. O pequeno conjunto de artigos que se seguem são baseados em palestras, originalmente realizadas em painel do Grupo de Trabalho em Saúde Indígena, por ocasião do 10o Congresso Brasileiro de Saúde Coletiva no Rio Grande do Sul, pelos professores Carlos E. A. Coimbra Jr. (Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz), Marina Denise Cardoso (Universidade Federal de São Carlos) e Eliana E. Diehl (Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina), com Marcos A. Pellegrini (Universidade Federal de Roraima). Nesta breve Introdução apresento as contribuições ao Fórum, tomando como ponto de referência um exemplo local de iniquidade nos cuidados à saúde derivado da apresentação realizada no mesmo painel por Paulo F. Supretaprã, liderança comunitária indígena da aldeia Etênhiritipá no Mato Grosso.


2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (12) ◽  
pp. 1443-1452
Author(s):  
Ronaldo M. Bianchi ◽  
Welden Panziera ◽  
Tatiane C. Faccin ◽  
Gisane L. de Almeida ◽  
Juliana F. Cargnelutti ◽  
...  

ABSTRACT: This article describes the clinical, pathological and epidemiological aspects of 17 outbreaks of bluetongue (BT) disease in sheep occurring between December 2014 and July 2015 in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul state (RS), southern Brazil. Affected farms were visited for clinical examination, necropsy, sample collection and epidemiological investigation. The outbreaks were seasonal and occurred during the summer and autumn. A total of 180 sheep (20.4%) out of 884 in 17 small herds were affected. All ages of Texel and mixed breed sheep were affected. However, lambs (younger than one year) had higher morbidity than adult sheep. The most frequent clinical signs were anorexia, lethargy, loss of body condition, facial swelling mainly involving the lips, and greenish seromucous or mucous nasal discharge. Pulmonary lesions characterized by edema were the most prevalent findings; however, erosive and ulcerative lesions in the upper gastrointestinal tract, as well as cardiac, skeletal muscle and esophageal striated muscle necrosis, and hemorrhage in the pulmonary artery were also frequent. The bluetongue virus (BTV) genome was detected by RT-PCR in blood and tissue samples (spleen and lungs) of 21 animals from 17 outbreaks. The virus involved in the outbreak 3 was subsequently isolated and shown to belong to serotype 17, for the first time reported in Brazil. In summary, our data support the BTV genotype 17 as the etiological agent of the outbreaks and indicate that the central region of RS is an area at risk for BT in sheep, a disease previously not recognized in the region.


2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Rebekah Rank Araújo ◽  
Rayane Chitolina Pupin ◽  
Renata Cunha Madureira ◽  
Luiz Gustavo de Morais ◽  
Lucas De Souza Quevedo ◽  
...  

Background: Brachiaria spp. is the main pasture for ruminant productions in Brazil, but the limiting factor for its use is the toxicity due to the presence of steroidal saponins. Chronic ingestion of Brachiaria spp. by cattle may cause liver changes such as fibrosis, bile duct proliferation and clusters of foamy macrophages in the hepatic parenchyma. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the most frequent histological changes and their frequencies in livers collected in abattoirs in Brazil from beef cattle raised exclusively on Brachiaria spp. and compare them with those observed in animals kept in Andropogon spp. grass and native pastures in Rio Grande do Sul.Materials, Methods & Results: Liver samples without macroscopic changes were collected in abattoirs from 561 healthy Nelore and Nelore crossbred cattle raised in Brachiaria spp. pastures from Mato Grosso (MT), Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), Minas Gerais (MG) and Pará (PA) States. Liver samples from 84 Angus cattle (Bos taurus) kept on native pastures in Rio Grande do Sul (RS) and from 60 Nelore and Nelore crossbreed cattle raised in Andropogon spp. pastures in Tocantins State (TO) were collected as control. Semi-quantitative analysis of the histopathological changes were proceeded: (-) = no change; (+) = slight or discreet change; (++) = moderate change and (+++) = marked change. The main histopathological changes evaluted in the liver samples were the presence of foamy macrophages and its location, parenchymal fibrosis and its location, proliferation of bile ducts, periportal mononuclear infiltrate, presence of crystals in macrophages and within the bile ducts. Foamy macrophages clusters in the liver parenchyma were the most frequent histological changes exclusively observed in samples of animals kept in Brachiaria spp. and it was more frequent in cattle from MS State (P < 0.0001). The periportal hepatic fibrosis was another relevant finding in cattle kept in Brachiaria spp. and was also more frequent in MS animals (P ≤ 0.0001), and was not present in control groups. Proliferation of the bile ducts rate was similar between animals raised in Brachiaria spp. (P > 0.05), though it was higher in cattle kept on native pasture in RS (P < 0.0001). The mononuclear periportal inflammatory infiltrate was more frequent in MS and MG samples than in MT and PA (P < 0.0002).Discussion: The most significant histopathological changes observed in liver samples of cattle from the states of MT, MS, PA and MG kept in Brachiaria spp. pastures from the birth to slaughter, was the presence of foamy macrophages in quantities and variables distribution showing the strengthen association between clusters of foamy macrophages in the liver parenchyma and grazing on this grass. These macrophages could be found in healthy animals kept in Brachiaria spp. pastures and in intoxicated animals. This change was considered frequent and characteristic in animals kept in pastures containing steroidal lithogenic saponins in its composition, and it was frequently observed in ruminants that growed in Brachiaria spp. pastures. Beef cattle kept in Andropogon spp. grass pastures in the state of Tocantins and native pastures in Rio Grande do Sul did not showed foamy macrophages in liver samples. On the other hand, in susceptible sheep kept in Andropogon spp. grass pastures that  contains low amount of lithogenic steroidal saponins, are insufficient to induce toxicity and morphological changes in the liver, including aggregates of foamy macrophages.


2019 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stéfano Leite Dau ◽  
Tanise Policarpo Machado ◽  
Ezequiel Davi Dos Santos ◽  
Diorges Henrique Setim ◽  
Eduardo Rebelato Sakis ◽  
...  

Background: In various regions of Brazil, horses and cattle are considered the most susceptible animals to plant poisoning. The plants of the genus Senecio are the most important in Rio Grande do Sul because they have the active principle known as the pyrrolizidine alkaloid. Its diagnosis is made through epidemiology, clinical signs and histopathological analysis, either of the tissues obtained by biopsy or necropsy. The objective of this study was to report and characterize the epidemiological, clinical and anatomopathological findings of three cases of natural poisoning by Senecio brasiliensis in horses assisted at the Hospital Veterinário (HV) of the Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF).Cases: Three traction horses, two males and one female, were admitted at the HV-UPF for clinical care. The animals were presenting anorexia, weight loss, dysmetria, proprioceptive deficit and signs suggestive of colic. The epidemiological study revealed that the sites where these animals were located were infested by Senecio brasiliensis. The support therapy used for equine colic in all three cases was unsuccessful. One of the animals died and the other two were euthanized, all three of them being reffered for necropsy. The post-mortem findings were mainly found in the liver, which showed accentuation of the lobular pattern and the appearance of nutmeg. During necropsy, fragments of organs from thoracic and abdominal cavities and central nervous system were collected and fixed in 10% buffered formalin. Subsequently, the samples were processed chemically, submitted to cuts of five micrometers of thickness and stained with hematoxylin and eosin for microscopic analysis. Microscopically, the liver of all three horses presented megalocytosis, fibrosis and bile ducts hyperplasia. In the central nervous system, spongiosis and the presence of Alzheimer type II astrocytes were observed. Thus, through the association of information, the diagnosis of poisoning by Senecio brasiliensis was achieved.Discussion: The diagnosis of natural poisoning by Senecio brasiliensis was obtained through the epidemiological survey that showed S. brasiliensis in pastures where all three horses were allocated.  Cases of intoxication by S. brasieliensis in cattle are more frequent than in equines, although both species are considered the most susceptible. In horses, the main clinical manifestations observed include neurological disorders, apathy, anorexia, dysphagia, weight loss, subcutaneous edema and icterus. The clinical signs presented by the equines suggested initial signs of colic syndrome, although anorexia, weight loss, dysmetria and proprioceptive deficit are commonly observed in pyrrolizidine alkaloid poisoning in the liver, both in cattle and horses. The pyrrolizidine alkaloids present in the genus Senecio that become toxic when biotransformed in the liver into a pyrrholic form highly reactive that inhibits cell mitosis and leads to the onset of megalocytosis, cell death and liver fibrosis. The necropsy findings and histopathology were characteristic of poisoning in equines, since the predominant macroscopic lesions in the liver were hepatomegaly and accentuation of lobular pattern, whereas microscopically, there was a predominance of hepatic fibrosis, megalocytosis, spongiosis and the incidence of Alzheimer's type II astrocytes in the brain. These lesions are observed both in natural and in experimental cases of poisoning in horses. Thus, through the ante-mortem and complete post-mortem evaluation of the three equines, it was possible to establish the occurrence of natural poisoning by Senecio brasiliensis in Northern Rio Grande do Sul, as well as to characterize the epidemiological, clinical and anatomopathological findings of poisoning in this species.


Author(s):  
Luiz Filipe Santos Lima

O presente artigo tem como objetivo verificar a efetividade dos princípios constitucionais na defesa dos interesses trabalhistas do imigrante estrangeiro no Brasil. Inicialmente foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica para um melhor entendimento acerca dos princípios constitucionais e, posteriormente, foi realizada uma análise de decisões referentes a 10 casos judiciais, oriundos dos Tribunais Regionais do Trabalho dos Estados do Mato Grosso do Sul, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Sul e do Pará, todos relacionados a trabalhadores estrangeiros que laboraram de forma irregular no Brasil e resolveram buscar na justiça pela contemplação dos direitos trabalhistas garantidos aos brasileiros. Espera-se que esta pesquisa possa contribuir para os estudos relacionados à tutela jurídica do imigrante estrangeiro no Brasil, notadamente no que se refere à proteção de sua mão-de-obra.


2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Marcos Marques Formigosa ◽  
Sinara München

As pesquisas em Ensino de Ciências têm contribuído, entre outros aspectos, para pensar novos e diferentes cenários e processos de ensino e de aprendizagem em múltiplos contextos, dentre eles a escola do campo, o que requer um olhar a partir de diversas perspectivas, que perpassam, por exemplo, pela formação inicial e/ou continuada dos professores, pela prática docente, pelos recursos didáticos e pedagógicos. A Educação do Campo, por sua vez, também tem demarcado seu espaço nas pesquisas, ajudando a pensar e a problematizar várias dimensões (históricas, políticas e sociais) que influenciam diretamente no contexto educacional e, consequentemente, na cultura escolar, em determinados espaços e tempos, com desdobramentos, inclusive, sobre o ensino de ciências. Este Dossiê foi idealizado a partir das experiências vivenciadas nos cursos de Licenciatura em Educação do Campo, com habilitação em Ciências da Natureza, instalados em várias universidades Brasil afora, especialmente nos campi situados no interior dos estados, tendo indígenas, ribeirinhos, quilombolas, assentados de reforma agrária, extrativistas, pescadores e outros agentes sociais locais como sujeitos partícipes desse projeto, com vistas a uma formação específica e diferenciada, para atuação nos anos finais do ensino fundamental e no ensino médio. Essas experiências têm contribuído, por meio de pesquisas empíricas e de reflexões, para o avanço da compreensão dos diferentes processos de escolarização, que acontecem da educação básica à pós-graduação, no campo e/ou com os sujeitos que constituem esse espaço. Tais pesquisas têm seguido diferentes caminhos teóricos e metodológicos que apontam enlaces entre a Educação do Campo e o Ensino de Ciências, materializados em algumas frentes, tais como a consolidação das Licenciaturas em Educação do Campo – enquanto campo de pesquisa e as práticas docentes diferenciadas desenvolvidas nas e com as escolas do campo ou em outros espaços não formais de educação. Foram 63 resumos submetidos inicialmente ao Dossiê, os quais passaram por uma seleção que resultou na escolha de 28 trabalhos designados para apresentação de sua versão completa. O Dossiê mobilizou 74 autores, de diferentes formações acadêmicas e com atuação nos diversos níveis de ensino, desde a educação infantil, a educação básica, o ensino superior, até a pós-graduação. Os autores dos trabalhos publicados estão vinculados a 25 diferentes instituições brasileiras. A publicação do Dossiê contempla propostas, práticas e pesquisas das cinco regiões do Brasil, abarcando experiências de doze estados: Amapá, Pará, Piauí, Bahia, Goiás, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio Grande do Sul, Paraná e Santa Catarina. Os vinte artigos oriundos de resultados de pesquisa abordam diversas temáticas e contextos de investigação. Um dos focos apresentados pelos artigos são os cursos de Licenciatura em Educação do Campo com habilitação em Ciências da Natureza, nos quais as investigações estão relacionadas aos desafios e possibilidades vivenciados nos estágios curriculares e na formação por área de conhecimento para atuação na educação básica. Há trabalhos que trazem apontamentos sobre a Pedagogia da Alternância, a relação entre a formação universitária, os conhecimentos tradicionais e a Educação Ambiental. Outros artigos contemplam discussões acerca de Políticas Públicas vinculadas à Educação do Campo e à organização curricular na área das Ciências da Natureza. As pesquisas em contexto escolar integram investigações sobre a educação infantil, a contextualização, as relações com os povos do campo, o racismo, entre outras temáticas. A produção científica publicada no Brasil sobre Educação do Campo e Ensino de Ciências também aparece em artigos do Dossiê. Além dos artigos, o Dossiê apresenta oito relatos de experiência, os quais integram abordagens de variados contextos do campo brasileiro tratando de temáticas como estufa, agricultura familiar, poesia, agrobiodiversidade, facilitação gráfica, interdisciplinaridade, outubro rosa, ensino por investigação, plantas medicinais, saúde, etnopedologia e insetos. Estes trabalhos, desenvolvidos em diferentes níveis e modalidades de ensino, mostram práticas exitosas que foram implementadas e podem subsidiar outras experiências de ensino de Ciências em escolas do campo. Esse Dossiê é uma oportunidade para a divulgação dos avanços e possibilidades que pesquisadores e pesquisadoras têm promovido, mobilizando discussões de múltiplas formas, tendo o Ensino de Ciências e a Educação do Campo como questões orientadoras. Espera-se, portanto, que essa iniciativa seja capaz de subsidiar tanto as formações como as práticas docentes, bem como desencadear outras produções, com vistas ao fortalecimento de ambas as áreas, pois, a partir daquilo que se apresenta tanto nos artigos quanto nos relatos de experiência, são perceptíveis as diferentes interfaces entre a Educação do Campo e o Ensino de Ciências. Agradecemos aos editores da Revista Insignare Scientia (RIS), Dr. Roque Ismael da Costa Güllich e Dra. Rosangela Ines Matos Uhmann, por possibilitarem através deste Dossiê a divulgação de trabalhos que articulam a Educação do Campo e o Ensino de Ciências.   Prof. Marcos Formigosa (UFPA) Profa. Sinara München (UFFS) Organizadores do Dossiê


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinhwa Lee ◽  
Yonghai Li ◽  
Yuhao Li ◽  
A. Giselle Cino-Ozuna ◽  
Michael Duff ◽  
...  

AbstractSwine influenza is an important disease for the swine industry. Currently used whole inactivated virus (WIV) vaccines can induce vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease (VAERD) in pigs when the vaccine strains mismatch with the infected viruses. Live attenuated influenza virus vaccine (LAIV) is effective to protect pigs against homologous and heterologous swine influenza virus infections without inducing VAERD, but has safety concerns due to potential reassortment with circulating viruses. Herein, we used a chimeric bat influenza Bat09:mH3mN2 virus, which contains both surface HA and NA gene open reading frames of the A/swine/Texas/4199-2/1998 (H3N2) and six internal genes from the novel bat H17N10 virus, to develop modified live-attenuated viruses (MLVs) as vaccine candidates which cannot reassort with canonical influenza A viruses by co-infection. Two attenuated MLV vaccine candidates including the virus that expresses a truncated NS1 (Bat09:mH3mN2-NS1-128, MLV1) or expresses both a truncated NS1 and the swine IL-18 (Bat09:mH3mN2-NS1-128-IL-18, MLV2) were generated and evaluated in pigs against a heterologous H3N2 virus using the WIV vaccineb as a control. Compared to the WIV vaccine, both MLV vaccines were able to reduce lesions and virus replication in lungs and limit nasal virus shedding without VAERD, also induced significantly higher levels of mucosal IgA response in lungs and significantly increased numbers of antigen-specific IFN-γ secreting cells against the challenge virus. However, no significant difference was observed in efficacy between the MLV1 and MLV2. These results indicate that bat influenza vectored MLV vaccines can be used as a safe live vaccine to prevent swine influenza.


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