scholarly journals The concept of health and the difference between prevention and promotion

1999 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 701-709 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dina Czeresnia
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Promotion ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Health Practices ◽  
Preventive Practices ◽  
Health And Illness ◽  
Disease Concepts ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
Gray Areas

In this article the author presents a point of view which she considers central to understanding the difference between prevention - associated with the traditional discourse of public health - and health promotion, an idea in connection with which proposals are now being presented for rethinking and redirecting public health practices. This perspective relates to the limits of the health and disease concepts in relation to the concrete experiences of health and illness. On the one hand, practical awareness of this limit implies far-reaching changes in the way scientific knowledge is related to (and used in) the formulation and organization of health practices; on the other, health promotion projects also avail themselves of the concepts guiding the discourse of prevention. This leads to certain difficulties that appear as inconsistencies or gray areas in the operationalization of promotion projects, which do not always succeed in asserting their nature as distinct from traditional preventive practices.

Defending the Difference

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
True Nature ◽  
Natural Entities ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Methodological Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One

Dreyfus argues that there is a basic methodological difference between the natural sciences and the social sciences, a difference that derives from the different goals and practices of each. He goes on to argue that being a realist about natural entities is compatible with pluralism or, as he calls it, “plural realism.” If intelligibility is always grounded in our practices, Dreyfus points out, then there is no point of view from which one can ask about or provide an answer to the one true nature of ultimate reality. But that is consistent with believing that the natural sciences can still reveal the way the world is independent of our theories and practices.

The Effect of Waking Suggestion on Post-Hypnotic Amnesia

1981 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.P. Fourie
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Hypnotic Susceptibility ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Female Subjects

It is increasingly realized that hypnosis may be seen from an interpersonal point of view, meaning that it forms part of the relationship between the hypnotist and the subject. From this premise it follows that what goes on in the relationship prior to hypnosis probably has an influence on the hypnosis. Certain of these prior occurences can then be seen as waking suggestionns (however implicitly given) that the subject should behave in a certain way with regard to the subsequent hypnosis. A study was conducted to test the hypothesis that waking suggestions regarding post-hypnotic amnesia are effective. Eighteen female subjects were randomly divided into two groups. The groups listened to a tape-recorded talk on hypnosis in which for the one group amnesia for the subsequent hypnotic experience and for the other group no such amnesia was suggested. Thereafter the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale was administered to all subjects. Only the interrogation part of the amnesia item of the scale was administered. The subjects to whom post-hypnotic amnesia was suggested tended to score lower on the amnesia item than the other subjects, as was expected, but the difference between the mean amnesia scores of the two groups was not significant.

scholarly journals Country Case Study. Who Owns a Video Game in Spain?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
LAURA CABALLERO TRENADO
Keyword(s):  
Video Game ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Country Case Study ◽  
Specific Regulation ◽  
Audiovisual Work ◽  
The One ◽  
Gray Areas ◽  
Program Software

<p>How is a video game legally protected? In Spain there is no specific regulation that shields the creation of a video game. This absence implies that we have to conceive a video game as a mosaic of separate pieces and treat them as different works, in order to grant it comprehensive protection. Thus, on the one hand, it is necessary to process and register the computer program (software) that supports the video game. On the other, the same must be done with the visual part (audiovisual work). This Article deals with the protection of the software and the graphic part, as well as the catalog of rights inherent to both. There are many “gray areas” presented by the abundant casuistry, which is a challenge from the legal point of view. Due to the above, given that the legislation on the subject is insufficient to answer all the questions, it is necessary to resort to the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), in order to clarify and delimit the scope of the different ways of protecting a video game, since, according to what has been pointed out, there is no glimpse of a proposal to standardize this matter on the near horizon.</p>

scholarly journals Country Case Study. Who Owns a Video Game in Spain?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
LAURA CABALLERO TRENADO
Keyword(s):  
Video Game ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Country Case Study ◽  
Specific Regulation ◽  
Audiovisual Work ◽  
The One ◽  
Gray Areas ◽  
Program Software

<p>How is a video game legally protected? In Spain there is no specific regulation that shields the creation of a video game. This absence implies that we have to conceive a video game as a mosaic of separate pieces and treat them as different works, in order to grant it comprehensive protection. Thus, on the one hand, it is necessary to process and register the computer program (software) that supports the video game. On the other, the same must be done with the visual part (audiovisual work). This Article deals with the protection of the software and the graphic part, as well as the catalog of rights inherent to both. There are many “gray areas” presented by the abundant casuistry, which is a challenge from the legal point of view. Due to the above, given that the legislation on the subject is insufficient to answer all the questions, it is necessary to resort to the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), in order to clarify and delimit the scope of the different ways of protecting a video game, since, according to what has been pointed out, there is no glimpse of a proposal to standardize this matter on the near horizon.</p>

scholarly journals Understanding health education, health promotion and public health

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (01) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Kitty R. Van Teijlingen ◽  
Bhimsen Devkota ◽  
Flora Douglas ◽  
Padam Simkhada ◽  
Edwin R. Van Teijlingen
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Promotion ◽  
Health Education ◽  
World Health ◽  
Education And Health ◽  
The World ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Theoretical Overview

Across the globe, there can be confusion about the difference between the concepts of health education, health promotion and, often also, public health. This confusion does not limit itself to the individual terms but also to how these terms relate to each other. Some use terms such as health education and health promotion interchangeably; others see them clearly as different concepts. In this theoretical overview paper, we have first of all outlined our understanding of these individual terms. We suggest how the five principles of health promotion as outlined by the World Health Organization (WHO, 1984) fit into Tannahill’s (2009) model of three overlapping areas: (a) health education; (b) prevention of ill health; and (c) health protection. Our schematic overview places health education within health promotion and health promotion itself in the center of the overarching disciplines of education and public health. We hope our representation helps reduce confusion among all those interested in our discipline, including students, educators, journalists, practitioners, policymakers, politicians, and researchers.

scholarly journals Re-imagining risky health behaviour as salutogenic practice

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
R Cross
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Promotion ◽  
Risk Communication ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Communication Strategies ◽  
Compulsory Education ◽  
Health Behaviours ◽  
Health Practices ◽  
Health Promotion Interventions ◽  
Risk Discourse

Abstract Background Much has been written about the problematic risky health practices that some young women in western cultures engage in defined as, for example, drinking alcohol to excess, smoking and taking drugs. Conversely the literature is more limited with regards to the meaning that young women attribute to such ’unhealthy’ practices. Exploring and understanding meaning is important in order to design more effective health promotion interventions. Methods This paper will present findings from 22 in-depth interviews with young women aged 18 - 14 years in post-compulsory education who were invited to talk about health and risk. Discourse analysis was used to explore the data drawing on feminist and governmentality perspectives. Results The data presented complex constructions of risk taking in health drawing on intertwined discourses of moralism, healthy citizenship, idealised femininity and health as a gendered pursuit. However, the young women also constructed their ’unhealthy’ practices in alternative, more agentic, resistant and philosophical ways. Conclusions Based on these latter findings it is proposed that some risky health behaviours should be interpreted as salutogenic rather than pathogenic in nature. Subjective constructions of risky health practices as salutogenic should be taken into account in risk communication strategies and interventions in public health. Key messages Exploring and understanding meaning is important in order to design more effective health promotion interventions. Subjective constructions of risky health practices as salutogenic should be taken into account in risk communication strategies and interventions in public health.

Ethical Values Reassessed: Rethinking the Covid19 Pandemic First Triage Guidelines

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (Special Issue) ◽  
pp. 89-89
Author(s):  
Sabine Hauser ◽  
◽  
Rouven Porz ◽  
Maria Aluaș ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Ethical Values ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Political Values ◽  
Meta Level ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Difference

"In March 2020, many countries in commissions and medical societies moved very quickly to draft fair and transparent triage guidelines; this in order to plan ahead for possible resource bottlenecks in the treatment of COVID-19 patients in intensive care units. There are a lot of consciously chosen (but also less reflected) ethical values in these guidelines. Our presentation compares the values of eight of such guidelines, but first shows how to read such values in the first place. Many health professionals are hardly aware of the explicit presentation of ethical-philosophical values. From a methodological point of view, this presentation is based on a hermeneutic-ethical approach. The guidelines are interpreted, an interpretation aid is developed, and the values of the guidelines are reconsidered in comparison. On a meta-level, we could identify different types of values, besides medical and ethical values, the guidelines were also filled with procedural, structural and legal-political values. On a content level, the unreflective handling of the value of autonomy, which often competes with the value of public health, is particularly evident. This competition is little reflected. Another point of divergence between the guidelines is the degree of precision or the difference between long-term and short-term medical prognosis. We believe that with our analysis we can contribute to making value discussions in health care more open and explicit. We would like to present these conclusions for discussion at this year’s EACME conference in Cluj. "

scholarly journals Religious Freedom in the Time of the Pandemic

Religions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 103
Author(s):  
Piotr Mazurkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Religious Freedom ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Religious Communities ◽  
Religious Perspectives ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Restrictive Policy

The subject of the paper is the issue of restrictions on religious freedom during the COVID-19 pandemic imposed by European countries. The period under examination covers the interval from March to December 2020. The issue is analyzed from the point of view of respecting human rights in a situation of conflict between the values of public health and religious freedom. In this context, the perception of importance and urgency regarding the values that should be protected and the concept of “essential goods”, which are understood differently in secular and religious perspectives, are of particular importance. Another essential issue is not only the scope but also the “depth” of state intervention in the life of religious communities. In Europe, there was a wide variety of national approaches to restricting religious freedom in order to ensure public health. Some of them pursued a very restrictive policy in this area, others moderate, and others very soft. One also could observe the difference in decisions made by most countries during the first and the second waves of the pandemic. A significant element enabling a possible evaluation of the applied solutions is the matter of their duration. Are the introduced limitations only temporary, implemented due to the extraordinary situation, or should they be view as a part of a “radical political experiment”, as a result of which the very understanding of religious freedom and its place in the hierarchy of human rights will change. The arguments of a philosophical, theological, legal and sociological nature are analyzed issuing methods appropriate to each of these disciplines.

scholarly journals Coagulation of waste water from the point of view of physic-chemical interactions

2021 ◽  
Vol 263 ◽  
pp. 04011
Author(s):  
Evgeny Alekseev ◽  
Svetlana Shambina
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Relationship ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Synthetic Dyes ◽  
Residual Content ◽  
Aluminum Salts ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Combined Action ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
Technological Indicator

The widespread use of reagent coagulation in the technology of purification of natural and waste waters is due to the complexity of the chemical composition and phase-dispersed state of the aqua systems of these waters, on the one hand, and the multifactorial action of coagulants on them, on the other. The mechanisms of interaction between coagulants and pollutants of wastewater which are in different phase-dispersed states include the physicochemical phenomena of coagulation, heterocoagulation, adagulation and sorption. The physicochemical concept “coagulation” reflects only one mechanism of coagulants’ action on pollutants. This leads to the appearing of the problem in terminological description of the physicochemical processes’ combined action when adding coagulants to the water being cleaned. The purpose of the study is to justify the use of universal indicators characterizing the multifactorial nature of the coagulation process, its formalization and quantitative assessment. The solution of the problem is to use the concept of “coasorption”, which determines the multifactorial nature of the interaction between coagulants and pollutants, and to use the technological indicator “specific coasorption”, which establishes a quantitative relationship between the pollutants’ indicators and the dose of coagulant. The test coagulation’s results of two different types of synthetic dyes’ solutions using aluminum salts reflect the difference in the mechanisms of their interaction with the coagulant. The formula for coasorption isotherm can be used to determine the required doses of reagents for coagulation of water basing on the initial and residual content of pollutants in the purified waters.

scholarly journals Force in Nature, Freedom in History. Hegel and the neo-spinozistic project of a Natural Human History

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edmundo Balsemao Pires
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Religion ◽  
Philosophy Of History ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Human History ◽  
Religious Traditions ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
El Sistema ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One

Resumen: En esta contribución se explican las conexiones entre las líneas alemanas de la recepción de la Ethica y del Tractatus Teológico-Políticus y la formación de las Filosofías de la Historia de Herder, Schelling y Hegel. En este estudio, se indica a la Filosofía de la Unidad como una corriente principal, pero se articulan las líneas de la recepción de la Ethica con las dificultades procedentes de las explicaciones en el Tractatus de Spinoza para la multiplicidad de las tradiciones religiosas, como formas históricas divergentes de percibir el Uno. Las  de Hegel sobre Filosofía de la Religión fueran examinadas desde la perspectiva de su significado metódico general y también desde el punto de vista descriptivo. Aquí se encuentran las claves fundamentales para la comprensión de la perspectiva del filósofo con respecto al valor de Spinoza para el método especulativo y en la caracterización de las épocas en la Historia de las Religiones Bíblicas. La crítica de Hegel a la Filosofía de la Unidad personificada en la apropiación en Schelling del conatus de Spinoza fue retratada con el intento de localizar el núcleo de la idea de una homogénea Historia Natural y Humana. El texto aboga que en la crítica por Hegel del Espinosismo de Schelling se admitirán las líneas alemanas de recepción de Spinoza como las responsables de un concepto vago de lo Absoluto. Tal indeterminación explica la ausencia de claridad sobre la diferencia entre la Naturaleza y el Espíritu (Historia), en particular en el Absoluto de Schelling, y exige una configuración distinta de las «Filosofías Reales» en el sistema filosófico.   Palabras Clave: Filosofía de la Historia - Filosofía de la Naturaleza - Filosofía de la Religión - Conatus - Ímpetu - Diversidad Religiosa - Naturaleza - Espíritu - Spinoza; -Herder - Schelling - Hegel.Abstract: This contribution explains the connections between the German lines of the reception of the Ethica and the Tractatus Theologico-Politicus and the formation of Herder’s, Schelling’s and Hegel’s Philosophies of History. It refers to the Philosophy of Unity as a main current but articulates the lines of the reception of the Ethica with the difficulties raised by Spinoza’s explanations for the multiplicity of the religious traditions, as divergent historical ways to the One, in the Tractatus. Hegel’s Lectures on Philosophy of Religion were scrutinized from the angle of their general methodical significance and also from the descriptive point of view. Here, one finds critical keys for the understanding of the philosopher’s perspective regarding Spinoza’s meaning to the speculative method and for the characterisation of the epochs in the History of the Biblical Religions. Hegel’s critique of the Philosophy of Unity personified in Schelling’s appropriation of Spinoza’s conatus was envisaged in order to locate the pivotal point of the idea of an unbroken Natural and Human History. The paper argues that in Hegel’s critique of Schelling’s Spinozism the German lines of Spinoza’s reception were taken as responsible for a vague concept of the Absolute. Such vagueness explains the absence of clarity about the difference between Nature and Spirit (History), particularly in Schelling’s Absolute, and demands a different configuration of the «Real Philosophies» in the philosophical system.Key words: Philosophy of History - Philosophy of Nature - Philosophy of Religion - Conatus - Force - Religious Diversity - Nature - Spirit - Spinoza; Herder - Schelling - Hegel. 

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