HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis B and C prevalence among patients with mental illness: a review of the literature

A limited number of studies worldwide have investigated the prevalence of HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis B and C infection among psychiatric patients. However, prevalence of these infections in the population with chronic mental illness has not been clearly established. Most of the published papers are from developed countries and have derived from relatively small and non-representative samples. We performed a systematic review of the published literature to identify studies on these infectious diseases within psychiatric populations in Brazil and other developing countries. Overall, prevalence rates varied from 0% to 29% for HIV; 1.6% to 66% for HBV; 0.4% to 38% for HCV; and 1.1% to 7.6% for syphilis. Several risk factors were identified and discussed, although sampling limitations restrict the generalization of study findings. This review highlights the lack of information on the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases and their associated factors among persons with chronic mental illness and identifies gaps in the knowledge base in both developing and developed countries.

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Reliability and validity of a questionnaire on vulnerability to sexually transmitted infections among adults with chronic mental illness: PESSOAS Project

Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1590/s1516-44462008005000005 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 55-59 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Mark Drew Crosland Guimarães ◽

Helian Nunes de Oliveira ◽

Lorenza Nogueira Campos ◽

Carolina Ali Santos ◽

Carlos Eduardo Resende Gomes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Illness ◽

Construct Validity ◽

Risk Behavior ◽

Demographic Data ◽

Structured Interview ◽

Chronic Mental Illness ◽

Kappa Statistics ◽

Sexually Transmitted ◽

Validity Assessment ◽

Grade Of Membership

OBJECTIVE: To describe reliability/validity of a semi-structured questionnaire designed to assess risk behavior to sexually transmitted diseases among adults with chronic mental illness. METHOD: A cross-sectional pilot study was conducted in one psychiatric hospital and one mental health outpatient clinic. Clinical, behavioral and demographic data were collected from semi-structured interviews and medical charts. One-hundred and twenty patients were randomly selected from pre-defined lists in both centers while 89 (74%) were interviewed, indicating 26% nonparticipation rate. Protocol, participation rates, consent form and feasibility issues were assessed. The semi-structured interview was evaluated with regard to reliability (intra- and inter-rater) and construct validity by randomly repeating the interviews in a 1:1 ratio up to one-week interval. Reliability was estimated by percent agreement and Kappa statistics (95% confidence interval). Construct validity was assessed by Grade of Membership model. RESULTS: Kappa statistics ranged from 0.40 to 1.00 for most variables. Grade of Membership analysis generated three profiles. Profile one was represented by mostly women with no condom use in stable relationships; profile two revealed mostly men in stable relationship but with multiple risk behaviors; while profile three indicated a higher proportion of licit or illicit substance use. CONCLUSIONS: Reliability and construct validity assessment using Grade of Membership analysis indicated that the semi-structured interview was suitable for capturing risk behavior among patients with chronic mental illness.

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Penelitian-Penelitian Tentang Timbulan Limbah B3 Medis dan Rumah Tangga Selama Bencana Pandemic Covid-19

Jurnal Alami : Jurnal Teknologi Reduksi Risiko Bencana ◽

10.29122/alami.v4i2.4512 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 135-142

Author(s):

Prihartanto Prihartanto

Keyword(s):

Literature Review ◽

Hazardous Waste ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Medical Waste ◽

Municipal Waste ◽

Waste Generation ◽

Lack Of Information ◽

Infectious Waste ◽

Developing And Developed Countries

Abstract The generation of medical and municipal waste during the COVID-19 pandemic has the potential to become a medium for spreading the virus if it is not handled properly. The lack of information regarding the generation of medical and the effectiveness of handling infectious waste is one of the factors that influence the handling of Covid-19 hazardous waste. In this study, a literature review will be presented regarding several studies on the generation of Covid-19 medical hazardous waste that have been carried out in several developing and developed countries from December 2019 to mid-2020. In addition, a comparison of the handling of infectious municipal waste in developing and developed countries will be presented in this paper during a pandemic. It is hoped that this research can be used as a reference for further research on the generation of hazardous medical waste and handling municipal-scale infectious waste due to the Covid-19 pandemic. Keywords: Covid-19, hazardous waste, waste generation, medical waste, municipal waste Abstrak Timbulan limbah medis dan rumah tangga pada masa pandemi COVID-19, berpotensi menjadi media penyebaran virus bila tidak ditangani dengan benar. Minimnya infomasi mengenai timbulan limbah medis dan efektivitas penanganan limbah infeksius menjadi salah satu faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap penanganan limbah B3 Covid-19 ini. Dalam kajian ini akan disampaikan tinjauan pustaka mengenai beberapa penelitian tentang timbulan limbah medis B3 Covid-19 yang pernah dilakukan dibeberapa negara berkembang dan negara maju sejak Desember 2019 hingga pertengahan 2020. Disamping itu dalam makalah ini akan dipaparkan perbandingan penanganan limbah infeksius rumah tangga di negara berkembang dan negara maju selama terjadi pandemik. Diharapkan penelitian ini dapat digunakan sebagai salah satu rujukan bagi penelitian lanjutan tentang timbulan limbah medis B3 serta penanganan limbah infeksius skala rumah tangga akibat pandemik Covid-19. Kata kunci: Covid-19, limbah beracun dan berbahaya, timbulan limbah, limbah medis, limbah rumah tangga

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Modern learning approaches in higher education: A review of the literature

Zbornik Instituta za pedagoska istrazivanja ◽

10.2298/zipi2002418s ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 52 (2) ◽

pp. 418-478

Author(s):

Ulkar Sattarova ◽

Wim Groot ◽

Jelena Arsenijevic

Keyword(s):

Higher Education ◽

Initial Conditions ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Medical Engineering ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Learning Approaches ◽

Review Of The Literature ◽

University Policy ◽

Student Centred Learning ◽

Developing And Developed Countries

This paper provides a review of the literature on the evaluation of two learning approaches in higher education: problem-based learning (PBL) and student-centred learning (SCL). We were interested in dissemination of these learning approaches in higher education in both developing and developed countries. We identified 47 experimental and quasi-experimental studies published before March 2020, from medical, engineering and other fields of higher education. Historically PBL has been mostly applied in medical, health and related disciplines. Over the years, PBL and SCL have been successfully applied in other disciplines as well. Articles on university policy-making and historical-analytical ones are included too. Around 70% of the articles have an experimental design. Sample sizes range from 15 to 1404 persons, including both students and tutors. Most of the studies report positive outcomes. We aimed to show whether PBL and SCL can be effectively applied in engineering and other fields worldwide (in both developing and developed countries), as many polytechnic and engineering universities are debating concerning new learning approaches. It is evident from the articles in the review that these approaches need to be adapted depending on the field of education and the initial conditions (evaluation rules, level of familiarisation with these approaches of students) in the university. Besides, most authors are interested in the modernisation of these approaches.

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HIV risk behavior of psychiatric patients with mental illness: a sample of Brazilian patients

Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1590/s1516-44462010000400007 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 32 (4) ◽

pp. 351-360 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Mark Drew Crosland Guimarães ◽

Karen McKinnon ◽

Lorenza Nogueira Campos ◽

Ana Paula Souto Melo ◽

Milton Wainberg

Keyword(s):

Mental Illness ◽

Risk Behavior ◽

Psychiatric Patients ◽

Public Mental Health ◽

Developed Countries ◽

National Sample ◽

Unprotected Sex ◽

Hiv Risk Behavior ◽

Unsafe Sex ◽

Multiple Partners

OBJECTIVE: The prevalence of HIV among psychiatric patients is higher than general population rates worldwide. Many risk behaviors have been identified in studies from both developing and developed countries, though sampling limitations restrict the generalizability of their results. The objective of this study was to report findings from the first national sample of psychiatric patients about lifetime practice of unsafe sex and associated factors. METHOD: A national multicenter sample of adults with mental illness was randomly selected from 26 public mental health institutions throughout Brazil. Sociodemographic, sexual behavior and clinical data were obtained from person-to-person interviews and blood was collected for serology testing. Logistic regression was used for analysis. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of lifetime unprotected sex was 80.3%. Married, older, female patients, those with multiple partners and living with children or partners only and those with less severe psychiatric diagnosis more often practised unsafe sex. DISCUSSION: Risk behavior assessment is a critical tool for clinicians to be able to determine needed HIV-related services for their clients and ensure appropriate follow-through with care and prevention. Interventions that address situational risks in psychiatric patients' lives-institutional and individual- and increase their ability to make informed decisions about their sexual health are urgently needed.

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The Point-of-Care Laboratory in Clinical Microbiology

Clinical Microbiology Reviews ◽

10.1128/cmr.00090-15 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 29 (3) ◽

pp. 429-447 ◽

Cited By ~ 90

Author(s):

Michel Drancourt ◽

Audrey Michel-Lepage ◽

Sylvie Boyer ◽

Didier Raoult

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Clinical Microbiology ◽

Point Of Care ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Rapid Diagnosis ◽

Sexually Transmitted ◽

Internet Connections ◽

The Cost ◽

Test Operations ◽

Developing And Developed Countries

SUMMARYPoint-of-care (POC) laboratories that deliver rapid diagnoses of infectious diseases were invented to balance the centralization of core laboratories. POC laboratories operate 24 h a day and 7 days a week to provide diagnoses within 2 h, largely based on immunochromatography and real-time PCR tests. In our experience, these tests are conveniently combined into syndrome-based kits that facilitate sampling, including self-sampling and test operations, as POC laboratories can be operated by trained operators who are not necessarily biologists. POC laboratories are a way of easily providing clinical microbiology testing for populations distant from laboratories in developing and developed countries and on ships. Modern Internet connections enable support from core laboratories. The cost-effectiveness of POC laboratories has been established for the rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis and sexually transmitted infections in both developed and developing countries.

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Mental health literacy among undergraduate students of a Saudi tertiary institution: a cross-sectional study

Mental Illness ◽

10.4081/mi.2016.6806 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mohamed S. Mahfouz ◽

Abdulwahab Aqeeli ◽

Anwar M. Makeen ◽

Ramzi M. Hakami ◽

Hatim H. Najmi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Mental Illness ◽

Health Literacy ◽

Undergraduate Students ◽

Mentally Ill ◽

Mental Health Literacy ◽

Psychiatric Patients ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Arab Countries ◽

Tertiary Institution

The issue of mental health literacy has been widely studied in developed countries, with few studies conducted in Arab countries. In this study we aimed to investigate mental health literacy and attitudes towards psychiatric patients among students of Jazan University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. A crosssectional study was conducted among undergraduate students using a validated Arabicversion questionnaire. A total of 557 students were recruited from different Jazan university colleges. The majority of students (90.3%) have intermediate mental health literacy. Regarding the etiology of mental illness, students agreed that genetic inheritance (45.8%), poor quality of life (65%) and social relationship weakness (73.1%) are the main causes of mental illness. The majority thought that mentally ill people are not capable of true friendships (52.5%) and that anyone can suffer from a mental illness (49.4%). Students’ attitudes towards psychiatric patients were mixed, with 68.7% reporting that they could maintain a friendship with a mentally ill person and that people with mental illness should have the same rights as anyone else (82.5%). Mental health literacy among university students was intermediate. There is an urgent need for health educational programs to change the attitudes of students regarding this important health issue.

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Prevalence of HIV, syphilis, hepatitis B and C among adults with mental illness: a multicenter study in Brazil

Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1590/s1516-44462009000100011 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

pp. 43-47 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Mark Drew Crosland Guimarães ◽

Lorenza Nogueira Campos ◽

Ana Paula Souto Melo ◽

Ricardo Andrade Carmo ◽

Carla Jorge Machado ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Illness ◽

Sexually Transmitted Infections ◽

Psychiatric Patients ◽

Health Concern ◽

Sexually Transmitted ◽

Health Authorities ◽

The Mean ◽

Health Institutions ◽

Serology Testing ◽

Adults With Mental Illness

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: There is evidence that patients with mental illness have increased prevalence of sexually transmitted infections, but data in Brazil are scarce. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of HIV, hepatitis C and B, and syphilis among patients with mental illness in Brazil. METHOD: A multicenter representative sample of adults with mental illness was randomly selected from 26 mental health institutions throughout Brazil. Sociodemographic, sexual behavior and clinical data were obtained from person-to-person interviews and blood was collected for serology testing. Seroprevalence with 95% confidence limits were obtained correcting for sampling scheme. RESULTS: Of the 2,475 patients interviewed, 2,238 had blood collected. Most participants were sexually active ever (88.8%) or in the last 6 months (61.6%), female (51.9%), and single (66.6%). Half of the sample had less than 5 years of schooling and the mean monthly individual income was low (US$ 210.00). Condom use was very low either during lifetime (8%) or in the last 6 months (16%). Overall seroprevalence were 1.12%, 0.80%, 1.64%, 14.7% and 2.63% for, respectively, syphilis, HIV, HBsAg, anti-HBc and anti-HCV. CONCLUSIONS: Seroprevalences found were higher than other populations with representative studies in Brazil, with high rates of sexual risk behavior. This is of public health concern, and prevention and care strategies for sexually transmitted infections among psychiatric patients should urgently be implemented by health authorities.

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Sexual Transmission of Hepatitis B virus: Epidemiological Considerations and Implications for Control with Vaccine

Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1155/1991/836192 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 2 (suppl a) ◽

pp. 3-8

Author(s):

Franklyn N Judson

Keyword(s):

Hepatitis B Virus ◽

Hepatitis B ◽

Sexual Transmission ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Homosexual Men ◽

Virus Infections ◽

Men And Women ◽

Sexually Transmitted ◽

B Virus ◽

Hepatitis B Virus Infections

Prior to the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic, more than 50% of the new hepatitis B virus infections in the United States and Canada were sexually transmitted, approximately one-quarter by heterosexual men and women and one-third by homosexual men. The percentage of hepatitis B virus infections attributable to heterosexual transmission in developing and developed countries of Asia is unknown, but is probably proportionate to the percentage of the population which escapes perinatal and early childhood infection. In homosexual men of developed countries, fear of AIDS has led to dramatic reductions in high risk sexual behaviour and hence in the incidence of hepatitis B virus infection. Specific interventions designed to prevent sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (eg. testing for infection status and counselling, choosing partners carefully, avoiding prostitutes, use of condoms, and diagnostic and treatment services for other sexually transmitted diseases) should further reduce hepatitis B virus sexual transmission in men and women. Eventually, however, hepatitis B virus vaccination programs will need to be considered for all countries. They should take into account regional epidemiology, vaccination cost-benefit, and program goals such as prevention of perinatal infection, sexually transmitted acute hepatitis, and/or cirrhosis and hepatic cancer, as well as containment versus eradication of the virus. If eradication is the goal, the only valid strategy is universal vaccination of infants or young adolescents - or both.

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