scholarly journals Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in parmesan cheese consumed in Minas Gerais, Brazil

2008 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 1906-1911 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guilherme Prado ◽  
Marize Silva de Oliveira ◽  
Adriana Souza Lima ◽  
Ana Paula Aprigio Moreira
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Tolerance Limit ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Fluorescence Detector ◽  
Milk Products ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Minas Gerais State ◽  
Maximum Tolerance ◽  
Parmesan Cheese

Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) may occur in milk and milk products, resulting from the ingestion of aflatoxin B1 in feedstuffs by dairy cow. A total of 88 samples of Parmesan cheese marketed in Minas Gerais state, Brazil, from March 2004 to December 2004, were analyzed for AFM1 by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a fluorescence detector following sample clean-up using immunoaffinity columns. AFM1 was detected in 40 of the 88 samples (46.4%). However, only two samples among these were contaminated at a level above the maximum permissible limit (250 ng kg-1) accepted by European Union for AFM1. No AFM1 maximum tolerance limit in cheese has been established in Brazil.

scholarly journals Aflatoxin M1 Determination in Traditional Küp Cheese Samples of Turkey Using Immunoaffinity Column and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (12) ◽  
pp. 916 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akın Koluaçık ◽  
Göksel Tırpancı Sivri ◽  
Binnur Kaptan
Keyword(s):  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Continuous Monitoring ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Immunoaffinity Column ◽  
Traditional Foods ◽  
Fluorescence Detector ◽  
The Public ◽  
Maximum Tolerance

Mycotoxin occurrence in foods, especially in uncontrolled produced traditional foods causes serious health problems. In this study, traditional Küp cheese samples were collected from different part of Anatolian region in Turkey (Ankara, Nevşehir and Yozgat) and analyzed to determine Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) level. AFM1 analysis was carried out by, immunoaffinity column (IAC) clean-up and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) attached with fluorescence detector (FL) The level of AFM1 in all samples was in the range of 16 and 136 ng/kg which is lower than the maximum tolerance limit of the Turkish Codex Regulations (250 ng/kg). The levels of contamination indicated that more detailed and continuous monitoring is required to increase the public health conscious and reduce consumers’ exposure to AFM1.

Aflatoxin M1 in milk and milk products: a short review

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.D. Womack ◽  
D.L. Sparks ◽  
A.E. Brown
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Official Method ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Fluorescence Detector ◽  
Analytical Methodology ◽  
Milk Products ◽  
Analytical Technique

Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is associated with carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, mutagenicity, and teratogenicity and as a result, represents a human health problem worldwide. This review will detail the toxicity, analytical methodology, occurrence, and prevention and control of AFM1 in milk and milk products. The probable daily intakes (PDI) per bodyweight (bw) worldwide ranged from 0.002 to 0.26 ng/kg bw/day for AFM1. Nevertheless, the high occurrence of AFM1 demonstrated in this review establishes the need for monitoring to reduce the risk of toxicity to humans. The recommended extraction method of AFM1 from milk is liquid-liquid with acetonitrile because of the acceptable recoveries (85-97%), compatibility with the environment, and cleanest extracts. The recommended analytical technique for the determination of AFM1 in milk is the high performance-liquid chromatography-fluorescence detector (HPLC-FLD), achieving a 0.001 µg/kg detection limit. The HPLC-FLD is the most common internationally recognised official method for the analysis of AFM1 in milk. The suggested extraction and analytical method for cheese is dichloromethane (81-108% recoveries) and ELISA, respectively. This review reports the projected worldwide occurrence of AFM1 in milk of 2010-2015. Of the 7,841 samples, 5,873 (75%) were positive for AFM1, 26% (2,042) exceeded the maximum residue levels (MRL) of 0.05 µg/kg defined by the European Union and 1.53% (120) exceeded the MRL of 0.5 µg/kg defined by the US Food and Drug Administration. The most effective way of preventing AFM1 occurrences is to reduce contamination of AFB1 in animal feed using biological control with atoxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus, proper storage of crops, and the addition of binders to AFB1-contaminated feed. Controllable measures include the addition of binders and use of biological transforming agents such as lactic acid bacteria applied directly to milk. Though the one accepted method for the control of AFM1 in milk and milk products is the enforcement of governmental MRL.

scholarly journals Evaluation and Assessment of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk and Milk Products in Yemen Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Safwan Murshed
Keyword(s):  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Dairy Product ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Fluorescence Detector ◽  
Milk Products ◽  
Acceptable Range ◽  
Liquid Milk

Aflatoxin M1 is one of the major fungal contaminants found in dairy products around the globe. The objective of this study was to investigate the incidence and occurrence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in samples of milk and milk products in Yemen. The tested dairy product samples were collected from different sources for aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in Yemen. A total of 250 local and imported samples consisting of 38 liquid milk, 60 powder milk, 62 yogurt, and 90 cheese samples which are marketed throughout Yemen were tested by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) along with a fluorescence detector and immunoaffinity column purification for detection of AFM1. High levels of AFM1 were detected in preserved milk (77.24%), ranging from 0.021 μg/L to 5.95 μg/L. On the other hand, AFM1 was detected in 66.66% and 68.42% in powdered milk and liquid milk samples, respectively. Among dairy products, 87.09% of yogurt and 81.39% of cheese samples were found contaminated with AFM1. The AMF1 values were higher than the acceptable range for humans set by the European Union. So, we concluded that dairy products used in Yemen showed an AFM1 content beyond the acceptable range, and this is a major factor for causing health-related complications including cancer. In the present study, we reported for the first time the presence of mycotoxins especially AFM1 in dairy products used in Yemen.

Aflatoxin M1 in Pasteurized and Ultrapasteurized Milk with Different Fat Content in Mexico

2003 ◽  
Vol 66 (10) ◽  
pp. 1885-1892 ◽  
Author(s):  
MAGDA CARVAJAL ◽  
ADOLFO BOLAÑOS ◽  
FRANCISCO ROJO ◽  
IGNACIO MÉNDEZ
Keyword(s):  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Milk Consumption ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
Maximum Tolerance ◽  
Per Capita

High per capita milk consumption in Mexico indicated a strong need for documentation of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) levels in milk. A survey of 580, 2-liter samples (n = 290), was conducted to quantify AFM1 using high-performance liquid chromatography, considering two maximum tolerance levels (0.05 and 0.5 μg/liter). We relate aflatoxin levels in the seven most consumed brands from different regions, with two processes (pasteurized and ultrapasteurized), different expiration dates, and different fat content: whole fat (28, 30, and 33 g), half-skimmed (10, 16, and 20 g), light (1, 2, and 4 g), and with vegetable oil. Pasteurization and ultrapasteurization did not diminish AFM1 contamination present at levels of 0 to 8.35 μg/liter in 40% of the milk samples at concentrations ≥0.05 μg/liter and in 10% of the samples at ≥0.5 μg/liter. Statistically significant relationships were AFM1 contamination with brand (P = 0.002 at the ≥0.05 μg/liter level and P = 0.034 at the ≥0.5 μg/liter level) and higher AFM1 levels with mild or warm seasons of the year (P = 0.0003). Samples with greater fat content had slightly more probability (P = 0.067) of being contaminated by AFM1 at the ≥0.5 μg/liter level. The milk with the lowest contamination of AFM1 was a brand imported as powder and rehydrated in Mexico.

Aflatoxin: Toxicity to Dairy Cattle and Occurrence in Milk and Milk Products - A Review

1982 ◽  
Vol 45 (8) ◽  
pp. 752-777 ◽  
Author(s):  
RHONA S. APPLEBAUM ◽  
ROBERT E. BRACKETT ◽  
DANA W. WISEMAN ◽  
ELMER H. MARTH
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Milk Products ◽  
Blood Constituents ◽  
Dry Milk ◽  
Norsolorinic Acid ◽  
Mixed Function Oxidase System ◽  
Process Cheese

Aflatoxins are toxic and carcinogenic secondary metabolites produced by some common aspergilli during growth on feeds, foods or laboratory media. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a decaketide (C20-polyketide) which is synthesized by the mold from acetate units via the polyketide pathway. Methionine contributes the methoxy-methyl group. Six known intermediate compounds in the biosynthesis of AFB1 include norsolorinic acid, averantin, averufin, versiconal hemiacetal acetate, versicolorin A and sterigmatocystin. Other aflatoxins (B2, B2a, G1, G2 and G2a) appear to be conversion products of AFB1. When aflatoxins, and in particular AFB1, occur in feed and are consumed by dairy cattle, a variety of symptoms can occur, which includes unthriftiness, anorexia and decreased milk production. Changes in amounts of enzymes and other blood constituents also result from ingestion of AFB1. The hepatic microsomal mixed-function oxidase system of the cow converts some of the ingested AFB1 into aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), which is excreted in milk. AFM1 retains the toxicity of, but is less carcinogenic than AFB1. Certain heat treatments associated with milk processing appear to inactivate a portion of the AFM1 in milk. If raw milk contains AFM1, products (fluid products, nonfat dried milk, cultured milks, natural cheese, process cheese, butter) made from such milk also will contain AFM1. AFM1 appears to be associated with the casein fraction of milk, hence concentrating the casein in the manufacture of products (e.g. cheese, nonfat dry milk) is accompanied by concentrating of the AFM1. Methods involving thin-layer or high-performance liquid chromatography are commonly used to detect and quantify AFM1 in milk and milk products.

Influence of climate conditions on aflatoxin M1 contamination in raw milk from Minas Gerais State, Brazil

Food Control ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 419-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lídia Cristina Almeida Picinin ◽  
Mônica Maria Oliveira Pinho Cerqueira ◽  
Eugênia Azevedo Vargas ◽  
Ângela Maria Quintão Lana ◽  
Isabela Maia Toaldo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Milk ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Minas Gerais State

Incidence of Aflatoxin M1 in Thai Milk Products

1997 ◽  
Vol 60 (8) ◽  
pp. 1010-1012 ◽  
Author(s):  
KRIENGSAG SAITANU
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Powdered Milk ◽  
Milk Products ◽  
Pasteurized Milk ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Sterilized Milk

Two hundred seventy samples of raw milk and off-the-shelf milk products were examined for aflatoxin M1 content using a radioimmunoassay. Aflatoxin M1 was found in the majority of milk samples except 1 sample of raw milk and 11 samples of imported powdered milk. All cases of aflatoxin M1 content greater than 0.5 ppb were found in 18% (48) of the samples including raw milk (17/67), pasteurized milk (20/63), ultra high temperature milk (7/60), sterilized milk (3/60), and pelleted milk (1/7). All powdered milk samples were negative for aflatoxin M1 except two samples with less than 0.1 ppb. The positive aflatoxin M1 test results for five of the raw milk samples were confirmed by HPLC.

scholarly journals Ultra-high performance liquid chromatographic determination of aflatoxin M1 in urine

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 405-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Mohd Redzwan ◽  
R. Jamaluddin ◽  
A.M. Mohd Sokhini ◽  
A.R. Nurul Aqilah ◽  
A. Zuraini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Samples ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Fluorescence Detector ◽  
The Mean

The development of analytical methods to detect aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in foodstuffs and its metabolites in human biological samples is useful for risk assessment. The latter methodology, i.e. the measurement of AFB1 biomarkers, has become important to assess human aflatoxin exposure. AFB1-lysine adduct, AFB1-DNA adduct and urinary aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) are some of the AFB1 biomarkers that can be measured by several analytical methods, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, radioimmunoassay, and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). HPLC coupled to a fluorescence detector is useful and preferable due to its high degree of sensitivity, but the analysis may take time and consume large amount of solvents. Therefore, the present study extrapolated the HPLC method to ultra-HPLC for the determination of urinary AFM1. After the extraction procedure with an immunoaffinity column, chromatographic separation was done using a high performance 1.8 μm microparticulate C18 column. The mean recovery from urine samples spiked with 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 ng/ml AFM1 was 84.4±4.0%, with acceptable recovery values, interday (6.0±5.3%) and intraday (2.6±0.6%) coefficients of variation. The retention time was 5.7 min. This method was used to measure urinary AFM1 in 71 subjects, of which 13 had AFM1 levels above the limit of detection (0.018 ng/ml). The mean urinary AFM1 level of the positive samples was 18.8±28.6 pg/ml, ranging from 2.4 to 100.4 pg/ml. As this is one of the few studies investigating the occurrence of aflatoxin biomarkers in human biological samples in Malaysia, a study with a larger sample size is necessary to investigate the magnitude of aflatoxin exposure among the population.

Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Pasteurized Milk of the School Milk Project in Thailand

2009 ◽  
Vol 72 (8) ◽  
pp. 1761-1763 ◽  
Author(s):  
SUTHEP RUANGWISES ◽  
NONGLUCK RUANGWISES
Keyword(s):  
Rainy Season ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Milk Products ◽  
Pasteurized Milk ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Regulatory Limits ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Quality Of Milk

Concentrations of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) were determined in 150 pasteurized milk samples from the School Milk Project in Thailand. Milk samples were collected from 50 schools in the Central region of Thailand in three seasons: summer (May to June 2006), the rainy season (August to September 2006), and winter (December 2006 to January 2007). AFM1 was isolated by using an immunoaffinity column and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. All of the 150 pasteurized milk samples were contaminated with AFM1, and the concentrations were within the U.S. regulatory limit of 0.5 μg/liter. The highest concentration of AFM1 found in school milk samples was 0.114 μg/liter. The mean concentration of AFM1 in milk samples collected in winter was significantly higher than the mean concentrations found in the rainy season and summer. Further monitoring of school milk to evaluate the status of contamination of AFM1 is necessary, with a special emphasis on samples collected in the rainy season and winter. Thailand is one of several countries that have no regulatory limits for AFM1 in milk and milk products. The results of this study suggest that safety limits for AFM1 are needed for regulating and ensuring the quality of milk and milk products in Thailand.

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