Aflatoxin M1 in milk and milk products: a short review

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.D. Womack ◽  
D.L. Sparks ◽  
A.E. Brown
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Official Method ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Fluorescence Detector ◽  
Analytical Methodology ◽  
Milk Products ◽  
Analytical Technique

Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is associated with carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, mutagenicity, and teratogenicity and as a result, represents a human health problem worldwide. This review will detail the toxicity, analytical methodology, occurrence, and prevention and control of AFM1 in milk and milk products. The probable daily intakes (PDI) per bodyweight (bw) worldwide ranged from 0.002 to 0.26 ng/kg bw/day for AFM1. Nevertheless, the high occurrence of AFM1 demonstrated in this review establishes the need for monitoring to reduce the risk of toxicity to humans. The recommended extraction method of AFM1 from milk is liquid-liquid with acetonitrile because of the acceptable recoveries (85-97%), compatibility with the environment, and cleanest extracts. The recommended analytical technique for the determination of AFM1 in milk is the high performance-liquid chromatography-fluorescence detector (HPLC-FLD), achieving a 0.001 µg/kg detection limit. The HPLC-FLD is the most common internationally recognised official method for the analysis of AFM1 in milk. The suggested extraction and analytical method for cheese is dichloromethane (81-108% recoveries) and ELISA, respectively. This review reports the projected worldwide occurrence of AFM1 in milk of 2010-2015. Of the 7,841 samples, 5,873 (75%) were positive for AFM1, 26% (2,042) exceeded the maximum residue levels (MRL) of 0.05 µg/kg defined by the European Union and 1.53% (120) exceeded the MRL of 0.5 µg/kg defined by the US Food and Drug Administration. The most effective way of preventing AFM1 occurrences is to reduce contamination of AFB1 in animal feed using biological control with atoxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus, proper storage of crops, and the addition of binders to AFB1-contaminated feed. Controllable measures include the addition of binders and use of biological transforming agents such as lactic acid bacteria applied directly to milk. Though the one accepted method for the control of AFM1 in milk and milk products is the enforcement of governmental MRL.

scholarly journals Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in parmesan cheese consumed in Minas Gerais, Brazil

2008 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 1906-1911 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guilherme Prado ◽  
Marize Silva de Oliveira ◽  
Adriana Souza Lima ◽  
Ana Paula Aprigio Moreira
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Tolerance Limit ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Fluorescence Detector ◽  
Milk Products ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Minas Gerais State ◽  
Maximum Tolerance ◽  
Parmesan Cheese

Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) may occur in milk and milk products, resulting from the ingestion of aflatoxin B1 in feedstuffs by dairy cow. A total of 88 samples of Parmesan cheese marketed in Minas Gerais state, Brazil, from March 2004 to December 2004, were analyzed for AFM1 by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a fluorescence detector following sample clean-up using immunoaffinity columns. AFM1 was detected in 40 of the 88 samples (46.4%). However, only two samples among these were contaminated at a level above the maximum permissible limit (250 ng kg-1) accepted by European Union for AFM1. No AFM1 maximum tolerance limit in cheese has been established in Brazil.

scholarly journals Evaluation and Assessment of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk and Milk Products in Yemen Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Safwan Murshed
Keyword(s):  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Dairy Product ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Fluorescence Detector ◽  
Milk Products ◽  
Acceptable Range ◽  
Liquid Milk

Aflatoxin M1 is one of the major fungal contaminants found in dairy products around the globe. The objective of this study was to investigate the incidence and occurrence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in samples of milk and milk products in Yemen. The tested dairy product samples were collected from different sources for aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in Yemen. A total of 250 local and imported samples consisting of 38 liquid milk, 60 powder milk, 62 yogurt, and 90 cheese samples which are marketed throughout Yemen were tested by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) along with a fluorescence detector and immunoaffinity column purification for detection of AFM1. High levels of AFM1 were detected in preserved milk (77.24%), ranging from 0.021 μg/L to 5.95 μg/L. On the other hand, AFM1 was detected in 66.66% and 68.42% in powdered milk and liquid milk samples, respectively. Among dairy products, 87.09% of yogurt and 81.39% of cheese samples were found contaminated with AFM1. The AMF1 values were higher than the acceptable range for humans set by the European Union. So, we concluded that dairy products used in Yemen showed an AFM1 content beyond the acceptable range, and this is a major factor for causing health-related complications including cancer. In the present study, we reported for the first time the presence of mycotoxins especially AFM1 in dairy products used in Yemen.

scholarly journals Aflatoxin M1 Determination in Traditional Küp Cheese Samples of Turkey Using Immunoaffinity Column and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (12) ◽  
pp. 916 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akın Koluaçık ◽  
Göksel Tırpancı Sivri ◽  
Binnur Kaptan
Keyword(s):  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Continuous Monitoring ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Immunoaffinity Column ◽  
Traditional Foods ◽  
Fluorescence Detector ◽  
The Public ◽  
Maximum Tolerance

Mycotoxin occurrence in foods, especially in uncontrolled produced traditional foods causes serious health problems. In this study, traditional Küp cheese samples were collected from different part of Anatolian region in Turkey (Ankara, Nevşehir and Yozgat) and analyzed to determine Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) level. AFM1 analysis was carried out by, immunoaffinity column (IAC) clean-up and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) attached with fluorescence detector (FL) The level of AFM1 in all samples was in the range of 16 and 136 ng/kg which is lower than the maximum tolerance limit of the Turkish Codex Regulations (250 ng/kg). The levels of contamination indicated that more detailed and continuous monitoring is required to increase the public health conscious and reduce consumers’ exposure to AFM1.

Free and hidden fumonisins in Argentinean raw maize samples

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-116
Author(s):  
P.S. Pok ◽  
V.A. García Londoño ◽  
S.P. Aransibia ◽  
S. Vicente ◽  
A.M. Pacín ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
European Commission ◽  
Alkaline Hydrolysis ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Fluorescence Detector ◽  
Analytical Methodology ◽  
Limits Of Detection

The concentrations of free fumonisins (FBs) and hydrolysed fumonisins (HFBs) were determined in 72 maize samples collected in 2017 from five Argentine provinces. The methodology for HFBs analysis consisted of alkaline hydrolysis followed by high performance liquid chromatography with a fluorescence detector (HPLC-FLD). The developed analytical methodology presented percentages of recovery greater than 74%. Limits of detection were 4.5, 13.0 and 12.9 μg/kg for HFB1, HFB2 and HFB3, respectively. Presence of FBs was found in 86% of the samples. In all cases, the concentration of total HFBs (after the hydrolysis treatment) was superior to the free FBs content (HFBs to FBs median ratio of 2.5), which indicates the presence of hidden fumonisins in Argentinean maize. 8% of the traditionally analysed samples exceeded the limit established by the European Commission for FB1 + FB2. When applying alkaline hydrolysis to the samples, 24% of them exceed this limit.

CONTROL PROBLEMS AND METHODS FOR DETECTING RESIDUAL AMOUNTS OF ANTIBACTERIAL SUBSTANCES IN MILK AND DAIRY PRODUCTS

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-169
Author(s):  
G.M. Goryainova ◽  
◽  
E.A. Denisova ◽  
L.V. Arsen`eva ◽  
V.S. Babunova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Products ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Assay Method ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Official Method ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Residual Amount ◽  
Milk And Dairy Products

The article is devoted to the study of control issues and methods for detecting residual amounts of antibacterial substances in milk and dairy products. The presence of a large number of antibacterial drugs on the Russian market and their use in dairy farming makes it an urgent problem to detect their residual amount, both in raw milk and in dairy products. The lack of standardized detection methods, sufficiently equipped and accredited laboratories, and the high cost and duration of research are obstacles to monitoringthe content of the residual amount of antibiotics., including state control. Currently, the state monitoring system for screening antibiotics uses the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method (ELISA), which is the official method for monitoring animal products adopted in the European Union. To confirm the quantitative content of antibiotics, a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with various types of detectors is used, which is reliable but very time-consuming for screening a large number of samples. Using the patented Randox Biochip technology as a method for detecting the residual amount of antibiotics in milk and dairy products, it would be possible to determine up to 25 antibacterial substances in one sample, including those that are not often used in veterinary practice.

Aflatoxin: Toxicity to Dairy Cattle and Occurrence in Milk and Milk Products - A Review

1982 ◽  
Vol 45 (8) ◽  
pp. 752-777 ◽  
Author(s):  
RHONA S. APPLEBAUM ◽  
ROBERT E. BRACKETT ◽  
DANA W. WISEMAN ◽  
ELMER H. MARTH
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Milk Products ◽  
Blood Constituents ◽  
Dry Milk ◽  
Norsolorinic Acid ◽  
Mixed Function Oxidase System ◽  
Process Cheese

Aflatoxins are toxic and carcinogenic secondary metabolites produced by some common aspergilli during growth on feeds, foods or laboratory media. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a decaketide (C20-polyketide) which is synthesized by the mold from acetate units via the polyketide pathway. Methionine contributes the methoxy-methyl group. Six known intermediate compounds in the biosynthesis of AFB1 include norsolorinic acid, averantin, averufin, versiconal hemiacetal acetate, versicolorin A and sterigmatocystin. Other aflatoxins (B2, B2a, G1, G2 and G2a) appear to be conversion products of AFB1. When aflatoxins, and in particular AFB1, occur in feed and are consumed by dairy cattle, a variety of symptoms can occur, which includes unthriftiness, anorexia and decreased milk production. Changes in amounts of enzymes and other blood constituents also result from ingestion of AFB1. The hepatic microsomal mixed-function oxidase system of the cow converts some of the ingested AFB1 into aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), which is excreted in milk. AFM1 retains the toxicity of, but is less carcinogenic than AFB1. Certain heat treatments associated with milk processing appear to inactivate a portion of the AFM1 in milk. If raw milk contains AFM1, products (fluid products, nonfat dried milk, cultured milks, natural cheese, process cheese, butter) made from such milk also will contain AFM1. AFM1 appears to be associated with the casein fraction of milk, hence concentrating the casein in the manufacture of products (e.g. cheese, nonfat dry milk) is accompanied by concentrating of the AFM1. Methods involving thin-layer or high-performance liquid chromatography are commonly used to detect and quantify AFM1 in milk and milk products.

scholarly journals Detection Methods for Aflatoxin M1 in Dairy Products

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreia Vaz ◽  
Ana C. Cabral Silva ◽  
Paula Rodrigues ◽  
Armando Venâncio
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Products ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Proteolytic Enzymes ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Toxic Compounds ◽  
Screening Strategies ◽  
Carcinogenic Effects

Mycotoxins are toxic compounds produced mainly by fungi of the genera Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium. In the food chain, the original mycotoxin may be transformed in other toxic compounds, reaching the consumer. A good example is the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in dairy products, which is due to the presence of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in the animal feed. Thus, milk-based foods, such as cheese and yogurts, may be contaminated with this toxin, which, although less toxic than AFB1, also exhibits hepatotoxic and carcinogenic effects and is relatively stable during pasteurization, storage and processing. For this reason, the establishment of allowed maximum limits in dairy products and the development of methodologies for its detection and quantification are of extreme importance. There are several methods for the detection of AFM1 in dairy products. Usually, the analytical procedures go through the following stages: sampling, extraction, clean-up, determination and quantification. For the extraction stage, the use of organic solvents (as acetonitrile and methanol) is still the most common, but recent advances include the use of the Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe method (QuEChERS) and proteolytic enzymes, which have been demonstrated to be good alternatives. For the clean-up stage, the high selectivity of immunoaffinity columns is still a good option, but alternative and cheaper techniques are becoming more competitive. Regarding quantification of the toxin, screening strategies include the use of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to select presumptive positive samples from a wider range of samples, and more reliable methods—high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection or mass spectroscopy—for the separation, identification and quantification of the toxin.

scholarly journals Occurrence and Exposure Assessment of Aflatoxin B1 and Ochra-toxin A in Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) from Tunisia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Lasram ◽  
Z. Hamdi ◽  
A. Ghorbel
Keyword(s):  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Pennisetum Glaucum ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Dietary Exposure ◽  
Contamination Rate ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Fluorescence Detector

Background: Ochratoxin A (OTA) and Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) are toxic secondary  metabolites produced by certain mold species. In this primarily survey, we examined the OTA and AFB1 contamination of pearl millet grains distributed in Tunisia. Methods: Twenty-five pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) samples from different regions of Tunisia were analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with fluorescence detector in order to evaluate the contamination with of AFB1 and OTA. Statistical tests were performed with XLSTAT 2018. Results: AFB1 and OTA were detected in 32 and 28% millet samples, respectively. Mean amounts of these mycotoxins in the contaminated samples were of 24.54±17.54 µg/kg for OTA and 22.72±23.09 µg/kg for AFB1. Approximately, 28 and 24% of analyzed samples were found above the European Union limits for AFB1 and OTA, respectively. The estimated daily intake of OTA and AFB1 were 3.76 and 3.89 ng/kg b.w. per day, respectively. No significantly (p>0.05) difference in OTA and AFB1 contamination rate was found between samples taken from different regions. Conclusion: Consumption of millet in Tunisia might be an important contributing factor to the risk of dietary exposure to OTA and AFB1

scholarly journals Detoxification of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk by Lactic Acid Bacteria

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanaz Seyedjafarri
Keyword(s):  
Animal Feed ◽  
Starter Culture ◽  
Streptococcus Thermophilus ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lactobacillus Delbrueckii ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Milk Products ◽  
University Department ◽  
Dairy Animal ◽  
Positive Effect

Background: Aflatoxin M1 is a highly toxic and carcinogenic compound which is found in milk and milk products and it is a hydorxylated metabolite of Aflatoxin B1. When the dairy animal digested AFB1 contaminated feed, it is changed to aflatoxin M1 and transferred to tissues and milk. Aflatoxin M1 is less carcinogenic than AFB1, but it is acutely hepatotoxic as AFB1. Liver is their main target organ in the body. It has been calculated approximately that 0.3- 6.2% of presented AFB1 in animal feed transferred as aflatoxin M1 in milk. Occurrence of AFM1 in milk and milk products is a big concern. Therefore, several countries have standardized the maximum levels of AFM1 in milk and milk products. Methods: In this experiment, the ability of yoghurt bacteria to degrade AFM1 levels in milk and yoghurt were analysed. The starter culture of yoghurt contains Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. Bulgaricus (1:1). The experiment is carried out in Glasgow Caledonian University, department of life science in 2010. Result: These bacteria showed the higher binding ability between 90- 100% in milk samples whereas no considerable reduction was observed in yoghurt samples. In some yoghurt samples, an increase of AFM1 level was detected but in overall, concentration of AFM1 was stable in yoghurt. Also, the fat content of milk and yoghurt did not have any negative or positive effect on the concentration of AFM1 in milk and yoghurt.

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