scholarly journals Causes of death among crack cocaine users

2006 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 196-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo Ribeiro ◽  
John Dunn ◽  
Ricardo Sesso ◽  
Andréa Costa Dias ◽  
Ronaldo Laranjeira
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Mortality Risk ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Crack Cocaine ◽  
Study Endpoint ◽  
Intravenous Drug Use ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cocaine Users

OBJECTIVE: The study accompanied 131 crack-cocaine users over a 5-year period, and examined mortality patterns, as well as the causes of death among them. METHOD: All patients admitted to a detoxification unit in Sao Paulo between 1992 and 1994 were interviewed during two follow-up periods: 1995-1996 and 1998-1999. RESULTS: After 5 years, 124 patients were localized (95%). By the study endpoint (1999), 23 patients (17.6%) had died. Homicide was the most prevalent cause of death (n = 13). Almost one third of the deaths were due to the HIV infection, especially among those with a history of intravenous drug use. Less than 10% died from overdose. CONCLUSIONS: The study suggests that the mortality risk among crack cocaine users is greater than that seen in the general population, being homicide and AIDS the most common causes of death among such individuals.

Causes of death among patients with multiple sclerosis

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. 1437-1442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marja-Liisa Sumelahti ◽  
Matti Hakama ◽  
Irina Elovaara ◽  
Eero Pukkala
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
General Population ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Mortality Risk ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
High Mortality Risk ◽  
Disease Mortality ◽  
Underlying Causes ◽  
Standardized Mortality Ratios

Background: Several studies show a high mortality risk among patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Objectives: In this study, mortality and underlying causes of death were analysed among patients with MS diagnosed between 1964—1993 in Finland ( n = 1595). Methods: Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated for both genders. The follow-up was based on linkage to the national computerized Cause-of-Death Register of Statistics Finland. Results: Altogether, 464 deaths were recorded by the end of 2006. The SMR as compared with the general population among females was 3.4 (95% confidence interval 3.0—3.9) and among males 2.2 (1.9—2.6). In total, 270 patients (58%) died from MS; only one of these deaths occurred during the first 2 years after the MS diagnosis. Mortality was also increased for other natural causes of death ( n = 160) in patients followed for more than 10 years (SMR 1.4, 1.2—1.7), with a significant increase in deaths from influenza (29, 6.0—85), pneumonia (4.7, 2.5—8.0) and gastrointestinal causes (4.4, 2.3—7.7). The SMR for violent causes was 1.2 (0.7—1.9) and for alcohol-related deaths 0.2 (0.02—0.7). The SMR for suicides was 1.7 (0.9—2.7). Conclusions: The MS population has an increased disease mortality, while the increase in the risk of accidents and suicides is not significantly increased among patients with MS in Finland.

scholarly journals Causes of Death in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients: A SEER-Based Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peri Harish Kumar ◽  
Sai Sharan Dwarka ◽  
Talal Zahid ◽  
Habib Ur Rehman ◽  
Tajbinder Singh Bains ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
General Population ◽  
Mortality Risk ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Tumor Stage ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Parasitic Diseases ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
Standardized Mortality Ratios

Abstract Objective: To identify cancer and non-cancer causes of death in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients over different time periods after diagnosis and to compare the mortality risk of each cause in HCC patients with the general population.Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, data of 67,637 HCC patients from 1975 to 2016 were collected from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. We investigated the association between different causes of death and the following variables: age, race, tumor stage at diagnosis, and treatment (surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy); each according to the periods of < 1 year, 1–5 years, 5–10 years, and > 10 years following the diagnosis. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for cancer and non-cancer deaths in each of the mentioned periods following diagnosis.Results: Data of 67,637 patients, of whom 50,571 patients died during the follow-up period, were analyzed. Most deaths were due to HCC itself (35,535, 70.3%), followed by other cancers (3,983, 7.9%). Common causes of non-cancer mortality included infectious and parasitic diseases including HIV (2,823 patients, SMR = 105.68, 95% CI: 101.82-109.65), chronic liver disease (2,719 patients, SMR = 76.56, 95% CI: 73.71,79.5), and heart diseases (1,265 patients, SMR = 2.26, 95% CI: 2.14–2.39), with higher mortality risk in HCC patients than in the general population.Conclusion: Cancers stand for most deaths in patients with HCC. Besides, infectious, and parasitic diseases including HIV represent the commonest non-cancer cause of mortality.

Mortality in idiopathic inflammatory myopathy: results from a Swedish nationwide population-based cohort study

2017 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerd Cecilie Dobloug ◽  
John Svensson ◽  
Ingrid E Lundberg ◽  
Marie Holmqvist
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Inflammatory Myopathy ◽  
Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathy ◽  
Population Based ◽  
First Year ◽  
Inflammatory Myopathies ◽  
Cumulative Mortality ◽  
Common Causes

Patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs) suffer an increased burden of comorbidities, but data on mortality in recently diagnosed IIM are conflicting. Also, little is known when, if ever, in relation to IIM diagnosis, mortality is increased.MethodsA population-based IIM cohort of patients diagnosed between 2002 and 2011 and general population comparators were identified using healthcare registers. They were linked to the cause of death register for follow-up.Results224 (31%) of the 716 patients with IIM and 870 (12%) of the 7100 general population died during follow-up. This corresponded to a mortality rate of 60/1000 person-years in IIM and 20/1000 person-years in the general population. The cumulative mortality at 1 year after diagnosis was 9% in IIM and 1% in the general population, and increased in both IIM and the general population with time. The overall hazard ratio (HR) 95%CI of death comparing IIM with the general population was 3.7 (3.2 to 4.4). When we stratified on time since diagnosis, we noted an increase in mortality already within the first year of diagnosis compared with the general population, HR 9.6 (95% CI 6.9 to 13.5). This HR then plateaued around 2 after >10 years with the disease, although the estimates were not statistically significant. Malignancies, diseases of the circulatory and respiratory system were common causes of death.ConclusionMortality is increased in patients with contemporary IIM. The increased mortality was noted within a year of diagnosis, which calls for extra vigilance during the first year of IIM diagnosis.

scholarly journals Lymphoproliferative malignancies in patients with neurofibromatosis 1

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Bergqvist ◽  
François Hemery ◽  
Arnaud Jannic ◽  
Salah Ferkal ◽  
Pierre Wolkenstein
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Medical History ◽  
Hodgkin Lymphoma ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Neurofibromatosis 1 ◽  
Population Based Study ◽  
Non Hodgkin Lymphoma ◽  
History Of

AbstractNeurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) is an inherited, autosomal-dominant, tumor predisposition syndrome with a birth incidence as high as 1:2000. A patient with NF1 is four to five times more likely to develop a malignancy as compared to the general population. The number of epidemiologic studies on lymphoproliferative malignancies in patients with NF1 is limited. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence rate of lymphoproliferative malignancies (lymphoma and leukemia) in NF1 patients followed in our referral center for neurofibromatoses. We used the Informatics for Integrated Biology and the Bedside (i2b2) platform to extract information from the hospital’s electronic health records. We performed a keyword search on clinical notes generated between Jan/01/2014 and May/11/2020 for patients aged 18 years or older. A total of 1507 patients with confirmed NF1 patients aged 18 years and above were identified (mean age 39.2 years; 57% women). The total number of person-years in follow-up was 57,736 (men, 24,327 years; women, 33,409 years). Mean length of follow-up was 38.3 years (median, 36 years). A total of 13 patients had a medical history of either lymphoma or leukemia, yielding an overall incidence rate of 22.5 per 100,000 (0.000225, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.000223–0.000227). This incidence is similar to that of the general population in France (standardized incidence ratio 1.07, 95% CI 0.60–1.79). Four patients had a medical history leukemia and 9 patients had a medical history of lymphoma of which 7 had non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and 2 had Hodgkin lymphoma. Our results show that adults with NF1 do not have an increased tendency to develop lymphoproliferative malignancies, in contrast to the general increased risk of malignancy. While our results are consistent with the recent population-based study in Finland, they are in contrast with the larger population-based study in England whereby NF1 individuals were found to be 3 times more likely to develop both non-Hodgkin lymphoma and lymphocytic leukemia. Large-scale epidemiological studies based on nationwide data sets are thus needed to confirm our findings.

scholarly journals Age-dependency in mortality of Finnish family caregivers: a nationwide register-based study

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
T M Mikkola ◽  
H Kautiainen ◽  
M Mänty ◽  
M B von Bonsdorff ◽  
T Kröger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Family Caregivers ◽  
Family Caregiver ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Lower Mortality ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Caregiver Role ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract Purpose Mortality appears to be lower in family caregivers than in the general population. However, there is lack of knowledge whether the difference in mortality between family caregivers and the general population is dependent on age. The purpose of this study was to analyze all-cause mortality in relation to age in family caregivers and to study their cause-specific mortality using data from multiple Finnish national registers. Methods The data included all individuals, who received family caregiver's allowance in Finland in 2012 (n = 42 256, mean age 67 years, 71% women) and a control population matched for age, sex, and municipality of residence (n = 83 618). Information on dates and causes of death between 2012 and 2017 were obtained from the Finnish Causes of Death Register. Flexible parametric survival modeling and competing risk regression adjusted for socioeconomic status were used. Results The total follow-up time was 717 877 person-years. Family caregivers had lower all-cause mortality than the controls over the follow-up (8.1% vs. 11.6%) both among women (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.64, 95% CI: 0.61-0.68) and men (HR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.70-0.77). Younger adult caregivers had equal or only slightly lower mortality than their controls, but after age 60, the difference increased markedly resulting in over 10% lower mortality in favor of the caregivers in the oldest age groups. Caregivers had lower mortality for all the causes of death studied, namely cardiovascular, cancer, neurological, external, respiratory, gastrointestinal and dementia than the controls. Of these, the lowest was the risk for dementia (subhazard ratio=0.29, 95%CI: 0.25-0.34). Conclusions Older family caregivers have lower mortality than the age-matched controls from the general population while younger caregivers have similar mortality to their peers. This age-dependent advantage in mortality is likely to reflect selection of healthier individuals into the family caregiver role. Key messages The difference in mortality between family caregivers and the age-matched general population varies considerably with age. Advantage in mortality observed in family caregiver studies is likely to reflect the selection of healthier individuals into the caregiver role, which underestimates the adverse effects of caregiving.

scholarly journals Differential cerebrovascular risks in glioblastoma and meningioma patients: a population-based matched cohort study in Wales (United Kingdom)

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. iv12-iv12
Author(s):  
Michael T C Poon ◽  
Kai Jin ◽  
Paul M Brennan ◽  
Jonine Figueroa ◽  
Cathie Sudlow
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
General Population ◽  
Ischaemic Stroke ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Parametric Models ◽  
Matched Cohort ◽  
Matched Cohort Study ◽  
Hazard Ratios ◽  
History Of

Abstract Aims There is limited evidence on cerebrovascular risks in glioblastoma and meningioma patients. We aimed to compare cerebrovascular risks of these patients with the general population. Method We used population-based routine healthcare and administrative data linkage in this matched cohort study. Cases were adult glioblastoma and meningioma patients diagnosed in Wales 2000-2014 identified in the cancer registry. Controls from cancer-free general population were matched to cases (5:1 ratio) on age (±5 years), sex and GP practice. Factors included in multivariable models were age, sex, index of multiple deprivation, hypertension, diabetes, high cholesterol, history of cardiovascular disease, and medications for cardiovascular diseases. Outcomes were fatal and non-fatal haemorrhagic and ischaemic stroke. We used flexible parametric models adjusting for confounders to calculate the hazard ratios (HR). Results Final analytic population was 16,921 participants, of which 1,340 had glioblastoma and 1,498 had meningioma. The median follow-up time was 0.5 year for glioblastoma patients, 4.9 years for meningioma patients, and 6.6 years for controls. The number of haemorrhage and ischaemic stroke was 154 and 374 in the glioblastoma matched cohort, respectively, and 180 and 569 in the meningioma matched cohort, respectively. The adjusted HRs for haemorrhagic and ischaemic stroke were 3.74 (95%CI 1.87-6.57) and 5.62 (95%CI 2.56-10.42) in glioblastoma patients, respectively, and were 2.42 (95%CI 1.58-3.52) and 1.86 (95%CI 1.54-2.23) in meningioma patients compared with their controls. Conclusion Glioblastoma and meningioma patients had higher cerebrovascular risks; these risks were even higher for glioblastoma patients. Further assessment of these potentially modifiable risks may improve survivorship.

scholarly journals Cause of Death After Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement: SWEDEHEART Observational Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie Glaser ◽  
Michael Persson ◽  
Anders Franco‐Cereceda ◽  
Ulrik Sartipy
Keyword(s):  
Aortic Valve ◽  
General Population ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Aortic Valve Replacement ◽  
Valve Replacement ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Study Cohort ◽  
Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement ◽  
Standardized Mortality Ratios

Background Prior studies showed that life expectancy in patients who underwent surgical aortic valve replacement (AVR) was lower than in the general population. Explanations for this shorter life expectancy are unknown. The aim of this nationwide, observational cohort study was to investigate the cause‐specific death following surgical AVR. Methods and Results We included 33 018 patients who underwent primary surgical AVR in Sweden between 1997 and 2018, with or without coronary artery bypass grafting. The SWEDEHEART (Swedish Web‐System for Enhancement and Development of Evidence‐Based Care in Heart Disease Evaluated According to Recommended Therapies) register and other national health‐data registers were used to obtain and characterize the study cohort and to identify causes of death, categorized as cardiovascular mortality, cancer mortality, or other causes of death. The relative risks for cause‐specific mortality in patients who underwent AVR compared with the general population are presented as standardized mortality ratios. During a mean follow‐up period of 7.3 years (maximum 22.0 years), 14 237 (43%) patients died. The cumulative incidence of death from cardiovascular, cancer‐related, or other causes was 23.5%, 8.3%, and 11.6%, respectively, at 10 years, and 42.8%, 12.8%, and 23.8%, respectively, at 20 years. Standardized mortality ratios for cardiovascular, cancer‐related, and other causes of death were 1.79 (95% CI, 1.75–1.83), 1.00 (95% CI, 0.97–1.04), and 1.08 (95% CI, 1.05–1.12), respectively. Conclusions We found that life expectancy following AVR was lower than in the general population. Lower survival after AVR was explained by an increased relative risk of cardiovascular death. Future studies should focus on the role of earlier surgery in patients with asymptomatic aortic stenosis and on optimizing treatment and follow‐up after AVR. Registration URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov ; Unique identifier: NCT02276950.

Abstract WP226: The Association of Green Tea and Coffee Consumption With Mortality From Cardiovascular Disease and All Causes Among Persons With and Without History of Stroke or Myocardial Infarction: The JACC Study

Stroke ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Masayuki Teramoto ◽  
Isao Muraki ◽  
Kokoro Shirai ◽  
Akiko Tamakoshi ◽  
Hiroyasu Iso
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
General Population ◽  
Green Tea ◽  
Coffee Consumption ◽  
Tea Consumption ◽  
Food Frequency ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
History Of

Background: Both green tea and coffee consumption have been associated with lower risks of mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all causes in general population, but little is known about those impact on persons with history of CVD. We examined the association of those consumption with these mortalities among persons with and without history of stroke or myocardial infarction in general population. Methods: The study subjects were 60,664 participants (896 stroke and 1751 myocardial infarction survivors and 58,017 persons with no history of stroke or myocardial infarction), aged 40-79 years at the baseline (1988-1990), who completed a lifestyle and medical history questionnaire including self-administered food frequency under the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study for Evaluation of Cancer Risk (JACC Study). Results: During the median follow-up of 18.5 years, a total of 12,745 (7,458 men and 5,287 women) deaths including 3,737 CVD deaths were documented. Green tea and coffee consumption were inversely associated with CVD and all-cause mortality among myocardial infarction survivors as well as persons without history of stroke or myocardial infarction. After adjustment for known cardiovascular risk factors, the lower risks of mortality from CVD and all-causes associated with frequent green tea consumption (5-6 and ≥7 cups/day) or coffee consumption (≥2 cups/day) remained statistical. Conclusions: Both green tea and coffee consumption were inversely associated with risks of CVD and all-cause mortality among myocardial infarction survivors and persons without history of stroke or myocardial infarction.

Suicide in prisons and remand centres

2021 ◽  
pp. 227-232
Author(s):  
Marco Sarchiapone ◽  
Miriam Iosue
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Suicide Risk ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Individual Vulnerability ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
Prevention Programmes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Self Harm ◽  
High Level

Suicide is one of the most common causes of death in custodial settings worldwide, accounting for around 10% of prisoners’ deaths. Suicide attempts and suicidal ideation are also more common among prisoners compared to the general population. The high prevalence of suicidal behaviours among prisoners is likely the result of a complex interaction between individual vulnerability and the high level of stress and deprivation caused by the condition of confinement. Among prisoners and inmates, the prevalence of well-established suicide risk factors, such as a history of self-harm, psychopathological conditions, aggressive personality traits, and childhood trauma, is higher than in the general population. Moreover, the loss of freedom and autonomy, social isolation, lack of purposeful activity, and victimization are prison-specific stressors that showed to increase the suicide risk among inmates. Given this complexity, comprehensive multifactored prevention programmes involving the administrative, custodial, and clinical staff are the most effective in preventing suicide.

Republished: Intracranial vessel occlusion preceding the development of mycotic aneurysms in patients with endocarditis

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. e1-e1
Author(s):  
Ezequiel Goldschmidt ◽  
Amir H Faraji ◽  
David Salvetti ◽  
Benjamin M Zussman ◽  
Ashutosh Jadhav
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Endocarditis ◽  
Intravenous Drug Use ◽  
Vessel Occlusion ◽  
Cerebral Angiogram ◽  
Septic Emboli ◽  
Intracranial Vessel ◽  
History Of ◽  
Mycotic Aneurysms ◽  
Vascular Occlusions

Mycotic aneurysms (MA) are an uncommon complication of infectious endocarditis. Septic emboli are thought to be the precipitating event in their development, but the evidence for this is sparse. We present three cases in which septic embolic occlusion preceded MA development at the occlusion site, suggesting that documented angiographic emboli in patients with infectious endocarditis and bacteremia constitute a risk factor for MA formation. Two adult patients with a history of intravenous drug use and one child with congenital heart disease are described. They were all diagnosed with infectious endocarditis and developed neurological symptoms during their hospital course. Initial catheter-based cerebral angiograms demonstrated vascular occlusions, which were followed by the development of MA at the same sites within 1 month. Septic emboli, documented on cerebral angiogram, in patients with infectious endocarditis may precede the appearance of MA. Patients with angiographic occlusions in the setting of endocarditis warrant close follow-up.

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