Emergence and pupal mortality factors of Anastrepha obliqua (Macq.) (Diptera: Tephritidae) along the fruiting season of the host Spondias dulcis L.

AbstractSeasonal population fluctuation of the coffee leafminer, Leucoptera coffeella (Guérin-Méneville & Perrottet) (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae), led to an investigation of its natural mortality factors during the rainy season when the population level is low and during the dry season when population peaks occur. Life-table data were colleted from insecticide-free plots within a 3 ha coffee plantation on the upper, medium and lower canopy. Leafminer mortality was similar among the canopy parts but varied in the two seasons studied. During the rainy season, the generational mortality averaged 94.3%, with 50.2, 33.7 and 10.4% occurring during egg, larval and pupal stages, respectively. During the dry season, total mortality was 89%, with 13.2, 61.0 and 14.8% occurring during egg, larval and pupal stages, respectively. Marginal mortality rates during the rainy season were highest for physiological disturbances, rainfall and egg inviability; but, in the dry season, they were highest for predaceous wasps, physiological disturbances and parasitoids. Egg and larval stages accounted for most of the mortality variation in the rainy season, while the combination of larval and pupal mortality better described the generational mortality in the dry season. Variation in mortality during the rainy season was primarily associated with egg inviability, rainfall and parasitoids. In contrast, predatory wasps and physiological disturbances were the main factors associated with mortality variation during the dry season. These results suggest that weather conditions, natural enemies and plant quality attributes are the main determinants of the population dynamics of L. coffeella.

Download Full-text

Effectiveness of Entomopathogenic Nematodes Against Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) Pupae and Nematode Compatibility with Chemical Insecticides

Journal of Economic Entomology ◽

10.1093/jee/toaa301 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Maguintontz Cedney Jean-Baptiste ◽

Andressa Lima de Brida ◽

Daniel Bernardi ◽

Sérgio da Costa Dias ◽

Juliano de Bastos Pazini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽

Ceratitis Capitata ◽

Integrated Management ◽

Fruit Fly ◽

Steinernema Carpocapsae ◽

Mediterranean Fruit Fly ◽

Fruit Crops ◽

Class 1 ◽

Pupal Mortality

Abstract The Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is among the main pests of fruit crops worldwide. Biological control using entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) may be an alternative to suppress populations of this pest. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the pathogenicity and virulence of six EPN isolates (Heterorhabditis bacteriophora HB, H. amazonensis IBCB-n24, Steinernema carpocapsae IBCB-n02, S. rarum PAM-25, S. glaseri IBCB-n47, and S. brazilense IBCB-n06) against C. capitata pupae. The compatibility of EPNs with different chemical insecticides that are registered for management of C. capitata was also assessed. Isolates of H. bacteriophora HB and S. brazilense IBCB-n06 at a concentration of 1,000 infective juveniles (IJ)/ml proved to be most pathogenic to C. capitata (70 and 80% mortality, respectively). In contrast, the isolates H. amazonensis IBCB-n24, Steinernema carpocapsae IBCB-n02, S. rarum PAM-25, S. glaseri IBCB-n47 provided pupal mortality of less than 60%. Bioassays to determine lethal concentrations indicated that concentrations of 600 IJ/ml (H. bacteriophora HB) and 1,000 IJ/ml (S. brazilense IBCB-n06) showed the highest virulence against C. capitata pupae. In contrast, the highest numbers of IJs emerged at concentrations of 1,200 and 200 IJ/ml. In compatibility bioassays, malathion, spinetoram, phosmet, acetamiprid, and novaluron were considered compatible with and harmless (Class 1) to H. bacteriophora HB and S. brazilense IBCB-n06, according to IOBC/WPRS. This information is important for implementing integrated management programs for C. capitata, using biological control with EPNs, whether alone or in combination with chemical insecticides.

Download Full-text

Growth, Development and Innate Capacity for Increase in Aphytis Chrysomphali Mercet and A. Melinus Debach, Parasites of California Red Scale, Aonidiella Aurantii (Mask.), In Relation to Temperature.

Australian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1071/zo9740213 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 213 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

I Abdelrahman

Keyword(s):

Negative Relationship ◽

Differential Mortality ◽

Female Progeny ◽

Annual Fluctuation ◽

Adaptation To Cold ◽

Rate Of Increase ◽

Total Progeny ◽

Searching Ability ◽

Pupal Mortality ◽

Threshold Of Development

A, melinus produced more female progeny and more than twice as many total progeny as A. chrysomphali; it also destroyed almost twice as many hosts through oviposition and mutiliation. A. chrysomphali had a longer post-oviposition period than A. melinus, especially at 30�C. The proportion of single progeny in a host was higher for A, chrysomphali than for A. melinus at all temperatures, and was related to temperature positively in A. chrysomphali and inversely in A. melinus. Large old female A. melinus produced only males at the end of their lives; they did not mate at that stage when offered males, not because they were aged but because they mate only once in their lives. As temperature decreased, female A. melznus ceased producing females earlier, probably because temperature affected either longevity of sperms or the mechanism controlling their release. Differential mortality, temperature, and age of mothers all influenced sex ratio. Pupal mortality was inversely related to temperature within the observed range 20-30�C; in female pupae of A. chrysomphali it was lower than that in either female or male pupae of A. melinus; it was higher in male than female pupae in A. melinus. A. melinus lived longer than A. chrysomphali at all temperatures. Duration of development was longer for A. chrysomphali than for A. melinus at 30�C, but shorter at 20 and 25�C. The threshold of development was 8.5C for A. chrysomphali and 11C for A. melinus. A. chrysomphali had a higher rm at 20 and 25�C than A. melinus, but much lower at 30�C. The highest rate of increase was at > 30�C for A. melinus, and at about 25�C for A. chrysomphali. The rm of the parasites was 3.1-5.0 times that of red scale, depending on parasite species and temperature. A. chrysomphali is smaller than A. melinus, and from the positive relationship between adaptation to cold and speed of development, and the negative relationship between speed of development and size, a negative relationship between size and adaptation to cold within Aphytis spp. may be postulated. A. chrysomphali is more adapted to cold and less to heat than A. melinus. This explains the seasonal and annual fluctuation in their relative abundance in southern Australia. The species would complement each other in controlling red scale; from the data presented here it is possible that Aphytis spp. in Australia may have evolved into more efficient control agents of red scale than elsewhere. Knowledge on the searching ability of Aphytis at different host densities is wanting.

Download Full-text

FACTORS AFFECTING THE MORTALITY OF LEAFMINERS ARGYRESTHIA THUIELLA AND PULICALVARIA THUJAELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: YPONOMEUTIDAE AND GELECHIIDAE) ON EASTERN WHITE CEDAR, IN ONTARIO

The Canadian Entomologist ◽

10.4039/ent1111299-11 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 111 (11) ◽

pp. 1299-1306 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

N. L. Bazinet ◽

M. K. Sears

Keyword(s):

Host Species ◽

Life Tables ◽

Mortality Factors ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

White Cedar ◽

Eastern White Cedar ◽

Overwintering Mortality

AbstractMortality factors affecting populations of the leafminers Argyresthia thuiella (Pack.) and Pulicalvaria thujaella (Kft.), on eastern white cedar in the area of Guelph, Ontario were identified and summarized in life tables. During the two annual generations studied from 1975 to 1977, overwintering mortality varied widely. Winterkill increased from 6.8% to 62.9% for A. thuiella and from 8.1% to 54.6% for P. thujaella, from 1976 to 1977. Several parasitoids produced substantial mortality of each host species, but their effect may have been superseded by winterkill in 1977. Data indicate that both populations of leafminers increased from 1975 to 1976 but decreased substantially from 1976 to 1977.

Download Full-text

Germination, Establishment, and Mortality of Naturally Seeded Southwestern Ponderosa Pine

Western Journal of Applied Forestry ◽

10.1093/wjaf/18.2.109 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 109-114 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Steven J. Stein ◽

Diana N. Kimberling

Keyword(s):

Pinus Ponderosa ◽

Ponderosa Pine ◽

Mineral Soil ◽

Mortality Data ◽

Mortality Factors ◽

Seedling Mortality ◽

Prescribed Burns ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Northern Arizona ◽

Lepidopteran Larvae

Abstract Information on the mortality factors affecting naturally seeded conifer seedlings is becoming increasingly important to forest managers for both economic and ecological reasons. Mortality factors affecting ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) seedlings immediately following natural germination and through the following year were monitored in Northern Arizona. The four major mortality factors in temporal order included the failure of roots to establish in the soil (27%), herbivory by lepidopteran larvae (28%), desiccation (30%), and winterkill (10%). These mortality factors were compared among seedlings germinating in three different overstory densities and an experimental water treatment. Seedlings that were experimentally watered experienced greater mortality than natural seedlings due to herbivory (40%), nearly as much mortality due to the failure of roots to establish in the soil (20%), less mortality due to winterkill (5%), and no mortality due to desiccation. The seedling mortality data through time were summarized using survivorship curves and life tables. Our results suggest that managers should consider using prescribed burns to decrease the percentage of seedlings that die from failure of their roots to reach mineral soil and from attack by lepidopteran larvae. West. J. Appl. For. 18(2):109–114.

Download Full-text

Two methods of assessing the mortality factors affecting the larvae and pupae of Cameraria ohridella in the leaves of Aesculus hippocastanum in Switzerland and Bulgaria

Bulletin of Entomological Research ◽

10.1017/s0007485307005111 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 97 (5) ◽

pp. 445-453 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

S. Girardoz ◽

R. Tomov ◽

R. Eschen ◽

D.L.J. Quicke ◽

M. Kenis

Keyword(s):

Leaf Senescence ◽

Sampling Method ◽

Plant Defence ◽

Leaf Miner ◽

Mortality Factor ◽

Horse Chestnut ◽

Mortality Factors ◽

Grab Sampling ◽

Defence Reaction ◽

Factors Affecting

AbstractThe horse-chestnut leaf miner, Cameraria ohridella, is an invasive alien species defoliating horse-chestnut, a popular ornamental tree in Europe. This paper presents quantitative data on mortality factors affecting larvae and pupae of the leaf miner in Switzerland and Bulgaria, both in urban and forest environments. Two sampling methods were used and compared: a cohort method, consisting of the surveying of pre-selected mines throughout their development, and a grab sampling method, consisting of single sets of leaves collected and dissected at regular intervals. The total mortality per generation varied between 14 and 99%. Mortality was caused by a variety of factors, including parasitism, host feeding, predation by birds and arthropods, plant defence reaction, leaf senescence, intra-specific competition and inter-specific competition with a fungal disease. Significant interactions were found between mortality factors and sampling methods, countries, environments and generation. No mortality factor was dominant throughout the sites, generations and methods tested. Plant defence reactions constituted the main mortality factor for the first two larval stages, whereas predation by birds and arthropods and parasitism were more important in older larvae and pupae. Mortality caused by leaf senescence was often the dominant mortality factor in the last annual generation. The cohort method detected higher mortality rates than the grab sampling method. In particular, mortality by plant defence reaction and leaf senescence were better assessed using the cohort method, which is, therefore, recommended for life table studies on leaf miners.

Download Full-text

Effect of aqueous neem seed extract via irrigation on larvae of Liriomyza sativae in melon crop

Horticultura Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0102-053620180311 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 36 (3) ◽

pp. 353-356 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ewerton M Costa ◽

Francisco EL Silva ◽

Elton L Araujo

Keyword(s):

Larval Mortality ◽

Total Mortality ◽

Seed Extract ◽

Neem Seed ◽

Liriomyza Sativae ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Soil Irrigation ◽

Completely Randomized Design ◽

Pupal Mortality ◽

Neem Seed Extract

ABSTRACT The leafminer [Liriomyza sativae (Diptera: Agromyzidae)] is one of the main pests of melon crop (Cucumis melo) in the states of Rio Grande do Norte and Ceará. Thus, adopting strategies to control this destructive insect is essential. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of aqueous neem seed extract, applied to soil via irrigation, on leafminer larvae, in the melon crop. An experiment was conducted in greenhouse, in completely randomized design, consisting of five treatments (four doses of aqueous neem seed extract: 1; 3; 5 and 10 g/100 mL) and the control consisting only of distilled water and 10 replicates (melon plants). The treatments were applied in a single dose, via soil irrigation. In the first stage of the evaluation, 24 hours after application, the number of dead larvae per plant was counted. In the second step, pupal mortality was recorded. The total mortality was also calculated considering the number of larvae and the number of emerged adults. We verified that, increasing the concentration of aqueous neem seed extract, an increase in the larval and pupal mortality of the leafminer in melon crop was noticed. The concentration 10 g/100 mL presented the best results, resulting in 36.4% of larval mortality, 96.5% of pupal mortality and 96.8% of total mortality.

Download Full-text

Virulence of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) for the control of Diabrotica speciosa germar (coleoptera: chrysomelidae)

Ciência e Agrotecnologia ◽

10.1590/s1413-70542011000600015 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 35 (6) ◽

pp. 1149-1156 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Viviane Santos ◽

Alcides Moino Junior ◽

Vanessa Andaló ◽

Camila Costa Moreira ◽

Ricardo Alves de Olinda

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽

Entomopathogenic Nematode ◽

Larval Mortality ◽

Steinernema Glaseri ◽

Soil Insects ◽

Diabrotica Speciosa ◽

Pupal Mortality

Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are used in biological control of soil insects and show promise in the control of D. speciosa. The objective of this work was to evaluate the potential of native and exotic entomopathogenic nematode isolates in the control of D. speciosa under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Results showed that all of EPNs caused larval mortality. The most virulent were Heterorhabditis sp. RSC01 (94%), Steinernema glaseri (84%), Heterorhabditis sp. JPM04 (82%) and Heterorhabditis amazonensis RSC05 (78%). There was no effect of the Heterorhabditis sp. RSC01 and S. glaseri isolates on eggs. The maximum mortality of D. speciosa larvae by Heterorhabditis sp. RSC01 was observed at a concentration of 300 IJ/ insect, while by S. glaseri observed the highest mortality at the concentration of 200 IJ/ insect. The Heterorhabditis sp. RSC01 isolate caused over 80% pupal mortality at a concentration of 250 IJ/insect. The virulence of Heterorhabditis sp. RSC01 and S. glaseri was affected by temperature. The Heterorhabditis sp. RSC01 isolate caused reduction in larva survival under greenhouse conditions at all of the tested concentrations and there was no difference in mortality among different concentrations of infectid juveniles.

Download Full-text