scholarly journals Monitoring of Lutzomyia longipalpis Lutz & Neiva, 1912 in an area of intense transmission of visceral leishmaniasis in Rio Grande do Norte, Northeast Brazil

2010 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sthenia Santos Albano Amóra ◽  
Claudia Maria Leal Bevilaqua ◽  
Edmilson de Castro Dias ◽  
Francisco Marlon Carneiro Feijó ◽  
Paula Gabriela Melo de Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Lutzomyia Longipalpis ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Chi Square Test

Urban increase of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in Brazil is associated with the adaptation of its vector, Lutzomyia longipalpis, to environments modified by humans. The present study reports the results of an entomological monitoring of L. longipalpis and the effect of environmental variables on its population density. Sandflies were captured in the municipality of Mossoró, State of Rio Grande do Norte, Northeastern Brazil, from January 2005 to December 2006. Two CDC light traps were placed monthly for four consecutive nights in the peridomicile of selected households. Data analysis was based on the chi-square test and linear regression. A total of 2,087 sandflies were captured, 99.86% of which were L. longipalpis. A higher proportion of females were captured (p < 0.05). Monthly analysis of the variables temperature, relative humidity and rainfall did not show a significant influence on population density. However, there were seasonal differences: approximately 70% of sand flies were captured during the rainy season (p < 0.05). The predominant species, L. longipalpis, is present in substantial number, representing a public health risk. Therefore, because of higher prevalence during the rainy season, we recommend intensified VL control measures before and during this season to reduce the risk of disease transmission.

scholarly journals Sandflies (Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) survey in an urban transmission area of visceral leishmaniasis, Northeastern Brazil

2010 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 233-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sthenia Santos Albano Amóra ◽  
Claudia Maria Leal Bevilaqua ◽  
Francisco Marlon Carneiro Feijó ◽  
Paula Gabriela Melo de Oliveira ◽  
Gislayne Christianne Xavier Peixoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Lutzomyia Longipalpis ◽  
Sand Flies

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a major public health challenge in Brazil, especially in states where it is endemic. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of sand fly population density with environmental variables (temperature, rainfall and relative humidity) in urban areas of the city of Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Northeastern Brazil. Sand flies were captured with Center Disease Control (CDC) traps installed monthly in the intra and peridomicile of three houses. Data analysis was based on the chi-square test and linear regression. A total of 7,347 sand flies were captured, being 93.85% Lutzomyia longipalpis and 6.15% Lutzomyia evandroi. Sand flies were more commonly found in the peridomicile and there was no difference between the number of males and females. The variables rainy season as well as relative humidity and rainfall, alone or together, did not have an effect on sand fly population density. However, high temperatures had a negative effect. The study of the behavior of sand flies in specific units of endemic areas can provide input to public health authorities for planning appropriate VL vector control measures.

scholarly journals Sandflies in an endemic area for Visceral Leishmaniasis in Northeastern Brazil

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 569-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonatas Abinadabe Oliveira Silva ◽  
Fernando José da Silva ◽  
Lucia Oliveira de Macedo ◽  
Cléber Vinícius Brito dos Santos ◽  
Leucio Câmara Alves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Leishmania Infantum ◽  
Endemic Area ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Lutzomyia Longipalpis ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Light Traps ◽  
Animal Populations

Abstract Phlebotomines of the genus Lutzomyia are important vector for species of Leishmania, the etiological agent of leishmaniasis. The aim of this study was to assess the diversity of sandflies in an endemic area for Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL). Sampling was performed in four localities on the coast of the municipality of Goiana, state of Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil. Specimens were collected monthly on three consecutive nights, from November 2017 to October 2018. CDC light traps were installed at a height of 1.5 m above the ground, in two ecotypes (i.e. tree and animal facility), both in peridomestic areas. A total of 5,205 sandflies were collected, among which the species Lutzomyia longipalpis (99.85%; 5,197/5,205) was the most common, followed by Lutzomyia evandroi (0.13%; 07/5,205) and Lutzomyia whitmani (0.02%; 01/5,205). Specimens of L. longipalpis were collected throughout the study period and most of them were found near to the animal facilities. The findings from this research indicate that vectors for Leishmania infantum are present in the study area throughout the year, along with occurrences of vectors relating to Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL). Preventive vector control measures need to be implemented in Goiana to reduce the risk of infection for the human and animal populations.

scholarly journals Association of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) population density with climate variables in Montes Claros, an area of American visceral leishmaniasis transmission in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil

2009 ◽  
Vol 104 (8) ◽  
pp. 1191-1193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Érika Monteiro Michalsky ◽  
Consuelo Latorre Fortes-Dias ◽  
João Carlos França-Silva ◽  
Marilia Fonseca Rocha ◽  
Ricardo Andrade Barata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
The State ◽  
Lutzomyia Longipalpis ◽  
Climate Variables

scholarly journals Prevalence of lip and perioral Ephelides in beach workers

2013 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-63
Author(s):  
Eudes Euler de Souza Lucena ◽  
Ana Claudia de Queiroz Castro ◽  
Danielle Bezerra de Farias ◽  
Pérola Teixeira de Lima ◽  
Éricka Janine Dantas da Silveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Health ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Clinical Tests ◽  
Melanin Production ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Sociodemographic Variables ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Study Population ◽  
The City

BACKGROUND: Ephelides are small hyperpigmented macules common in the skin, presenting as areas with increased melanin production. Ephelides are observed in genetically predisposed individuals, particularly fair-skinned people highly susceptible to sunburn. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of lip and perioral ephelides in 362 beach workers in the city of Natal (Rio Grande do Norte) and to investigate potential associations with sociodemographic, occupational and general health. METHODS: For this purpose clinical tests were performed by calibrated examiners in the epidemiological area around the lips and the area bounded laterally by the nasolabial groove and at the bottom by the chin. A questionnaire was completed and assessed. The possible associations between sociodemographic variables, occupational and general health with the presence of lip and perioral ephelides were evaluated by chi-square test for a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: Approximately one third of the workers were affected by perioral ephelides (33.7%) and around a quarter of them by lip ephelides (24.0%). Gender was the only variable significantly associated with the presence of perioral ephelides (p = 0.002), unlike lip ephelides which proved to be significantly associated with habits (p = 0.036) and alcoholism (0.030). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of ephelides in lip and perioral region was high in the study population, with gender and certain habits associated with its occurrence.

scholarly journals The Retreated Tendency of the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhengkang Zuo
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Discharge Rate ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
T Test ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Local Policy ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Complex Phenomena

Abstract Background: The novel virus (COVID-19) pandemic threats the global most since the World War II yet difficult to design effective policy to respond it because widely utilized models only support to predict the future tendency within a narrow time-window. Besides, existing pandemic metrics are sensitive to the detecting policy ( p <0.001), which make them hard to reveal the real infection phenomena, because the fluctuation of these metric values may be an outcome of a suddenly changed detecting policy instead of real infection increase or decrease. Methods: We developed a Benchmark, Amendment and Validation model (BAVM) to make the above complex phenomena clearer, and combined with the hypothesis of potential periodicity of COVID-19 to devote jointly the retreated prediction of pandemic within a broad time-window. Onward, we utilized 113 countries’ epidemic data from January 21, 2020 to August 31, 2020 and detecting policies to carry out our methodology, then validated the results through statistical tests involving chi -square test, one t-test and independent t test. Results: Results exhibit the 4-month of potential periodicity between two adjacent peaks of pandemic ( t =–1.56, p =12.4%). Besides, whether or not the peak emergence has no effect on COVID-19 dynamic trajectory, but the time to firstly peak affects. Meanwhile, uprising the quarantine rate exhibits the earlier expedition towards the first peak emergence (9.7% vs. 6.2%, p =4.1%). On the contrary, the delay of first peak increased the infection rate (0.6% vs. 0.3%, p =1.5%) but also the discharge rate (65% vs. 74%, p =3.8%). Moreover, the indication of the retreated tendency of COVID-19 pandemic is that the next peak should emerge but in fact vanished after one periodicity. Otherwise, the pandemic enters into the next worse phase, typical of high mortality (5% vs. 3.4%, p =5.3%) and low discharge rate (65.8% vs. 74.1%, p =4.2%). Conclusion: To recognize the retreated tendency of this pandemic is quite significant for either the global or the local policy-making, especially in the regular epidemic prevention, control measures and work resumption.

scholarly journals Studies on the Feeding Habits ofLutzomyia (Lutzomyia) longipalpis(Lutz & Neiva, 1912) (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) Populations from Endemic Areas of American Visceral Leishmaniasis in Northeastern Brazil

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margarete Martins dos Santos Afonso ◽  
Rosemere Duarte ◽  
José Carlos Miranda ◽  
Lindenbergh Caranha ◽  
Elizabeth Ferreira Rangel
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Lutzomyia Longipalpis ◽  
Elisa Technique ◽  
Endemic Areas ◽  
Feeding Sources

The aim of this study was to identify potential blood feeding sources ofL. (L.) longipalpisspecimens from populations in Northeastern Brazil, endemic areas of American Visceral Leishmaniasis (AVL) and its correlation with the transmission ofL. (L.) i. chagasi. The ELISA technique was applied using bird, dog, goat, opossum, equine, feline, human, sheep, and rodent antisera to analyze 609 females, resulting in an overall positivity of 60%. In all municipalities, females showed higher positivity for bird followed by dog antiserum and sand fly specimens were also positive for equine, feline, human, sheep, goat, opossum, and rodent antisera. The finding for 17 combinations of two or three types of blood in some females corroborates the opportunistic habit of this sand fly species. The results demonstrating the association betweenL. (L.) longipalpisand opossum suggest the need for further evaluation of the real role of this synanthropic mammal in the eco-epidemiology of AVL.

Visceral Leishmaniasis in Children: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (04) ◽  
pp. 214-221
Author(s):  
Anil Gupta ◽  
Amit Singh ◽  
Saumya Srivastava ◽  
Prem Shankar ◽  
Sarman Singh
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Drug Of Choice ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Current State

AbstractLeishmaniasis is a neglected tropical parasitic disease caused by an obligate intracellular protozoan of the genus Leishmania. The disease is transmitted by the bite of infected sand flies (Phlebotomus species) and affects all ages and both genders. Nearly half of the visceral leishmaniasis (VL) cases occur in children. The clinical manifestations of pediatric leishmaniasis may be different from the adults associated with host-related factors. In this review, only the visceral form is covered. Confirmation of diagnosis is made by the parasitological, immunological, or by molecular methods. Sodium antimony gluconate (stibogluconate) has been the drug of choice for more than 60 years. However, in last three decades, its efficacy against leishmaniasis has gone significantly down especially in the Indian subcontinent where most cases of VL are seen. Therefore, other drugs, such as pentamidine-isothionate, paromomycin, amphotericin B, and miltefosine, are being used as alternative drugs for VL treatment. In the absence of an effective vaccine for VL, control measures are based on the prevention of disease transmission via vector control and community awareness. The present review focuses on the current state of the leishmaniasis, its diagnosis, treatment, and prevention with emphasis on pediatric leishmaniasis.

scholarly journals Leishmania infantumGenetic Diversity andLutzomyia longipalpisMitochondrial Haplotypes in Brazil

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo Eduardo Martins Ribolla ◽  
Letícia Tsieme Gushi ◽  
Maria do Socorro Pires e Cruz ◽  
Carlos Henrique Nery Costa ◽  
Dorcas Lamounier Costa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Leishmania Infantum ◽  
Domestic Dogs ◽  
Etiological Agent ◽  
Lutzomyia Longipalpis ◽  
Geographic Structure ◽  
Reservoir Hosts

Leishmania infantumis the etiological agent of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the Americas with domestic dogs being its major reservoir hosts. The main VL vector is the sandflyLutzomyia longipalpis, while otherLutzomyiaspecies may play a role in disease transmission. Although the genetic structure ofL. infantumpopulations has been widely evaluated, only a few studies have addressed this subject coupled to the genetic structure of the respective sandfly vectors. In this study, we analyzed the population structure ofL. infantumin three major VL endemic areas in Brazil and associated it withLutzomyia longipalpisgeographic structure.

scholarly journals Implementation of International Health Regulations in India

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 5414-5418
Keyword(s):  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Graphical Representation ◽  
International Health ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
International Health Regulations ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
Cross Tabulation ◽  
Health Regulations ◽  
General Wellbeing

The International Health Regulations (IHR) is a worldwide legitimate instrument appropriate to all WHO part nations and came into power in 2007. The goal of the IHR is to forestall global spread of malady by empowering part nations experience limit working for early identification, revealing and taking control measures against any general wellbeing crises of worldwide concern. The advancement of general wellbeing framework for gathering IHR standards should enable India to build up its reconnaissance, reaction and readiness limits which would improve results of its general wellbeing projects and help contain flare-ups. The present analysis was made through random sampling method where the survey was taken from common public, professionals, etc. The sample size in the present analysis is 1895 samples, the independent variable is in the analysis is gender and the dependent variables is reliable on the statement.The research tools used in the present paper such as cross tabulation, chi-square and case summary and graphical representation was also used to analyse the study. The study found that India faces difficulties in gathering its developing requirements for prepared disease transmission experts of a restorative foundation, entomologists, nourishment investigators and other pro staff occupied with general wellbeing observation exercises. It can be concluded that India ought to likewise not be content with gathering fundamental IHR standards but rather ought to endeavor to accomplish propelled abilities allowing it to help its neighboring nations with restricted general wellbeing foundation in gathering their IHR objectives.

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