First-Year Establishment, Biomass and Seed Production of Early vs. Late Seral Natives in Two Medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae) Invaded Soils

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shauna M. Uselman ◽  
Keirith A. Snyder ◽  
Elizabeth A. Leger ◽  
Sara E. Duke
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Annual Grasses ◽  
Exotic Annual Grasses

AbstractRe-seeding efforts to restore or rehabilitate Great Basin rangelands invaded by exotic annual grasses are expensive and have generally achieved limited success. There is a need to identify new strategies to improve restoration outcomes. We tested the performance of a native early seral seed mix (annual forbs, early seral grasses and shrubs) with that of a native late seral mix representative of species commonly used in restoration when growing with medusahead in soils of contrasting texture (sandy loam and clay loam) through the first growing season after seeding. Natives were also seeded without medusahead. We found that the grasses and forbs in the early seral mix established significantly better than those in the late seral mix, and the early seral mix significantly reduced aboveground biomass and seed production of medusahead by 16 and 17% respectively, likely because of competition with the early seral native forb, bristly fiddleneck. Medusahead performance was reduced in both soil types, suggesting utility of bristly fiddleneck in restoration is not limited to only one soil type. In contrast, the late seral mix did not suppress medusahead establishment, aboveground biomass or seed production. Although the native perennial grasses, particularly early seral species, were able to establish with medusahead, these grasses did not appear to have a suppressive effect on medusahead during the first growing season. Medusahead was able to establish and produce seeds on both soil types, demonstrating an ability to expand its current range in the Intermountain West, though aboveground biomass and seed production was higher in the clay loam. Our results suggest that certain species may play a key role in restoration, and that targeting early seral species in particular to find additional native species with the ability to suppress exotic annual grasses is an important next step in improving restoration outcomes in desert ecosystems.

scholarly journals Timing Aminopyralid to Prevent Seed Production Controls Medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae) and Increases Forage Grasses

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Rinella ◽  
Josh S. Davy ◽  
Guy B. Kyser ◽  
Fadzayi E. Mashiri ◽  
Susan E. Bellows ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Forage Grasses ◽  
Downy Brome ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Annual Grasses ◽  
Exotic Annual Grasses

AbstractExotic annual grasses such as medusahead [Taeniatherum caput-medusae(L.) Nevski] and downy brome (Bromus tectorumL.) dominate millions of hectares of grasslands in the western United States. Applying picloram, aminopyralid, and other growth regulator herbicides at late growth stages reduces seed production of most exotic annual grasses. In this study, we applied aminopyralid toT. caput-medusaeto determine how reducing seed production in the current growing season influenced cover in the subsequent growing season. At eight annual grassland sites, we applied aminopyralid at 55, 123, and 245 g ae ha−1in spring just beforeT. caput-medusaeheading. The two higher rates were also applied pre-emergence (PRE) in fall to allow comparisons with this previously tested timing. When applied in spring during the roughly 10-d period between the flag leaf and inflorescence first becoming visible, just 55 g ae ha−1of aminopyralid greatly limited seed production and subsequently reducedT. caput-medusaecover to nearly zero. Fall aminopyralid applications were less effective againstT. caput-medusae, even at a rate of 245 g ae ha−1. The growing season of application, fall treatments, but not spring treatments, sometimes reduced cover of desirable winter annual forage grasses. The growing season after application, both spring and fall treatments tended to increase forage grasses, though spring treatments generally caused larger increases. Compared with other herbicide treatment options, preheading aminopyralid treatments are a relatively inexpensive, effective approach for controllingT. caput-medusaeand increasing forage production.

scholarly journals Modelling of Soil Respiration in Hungary

2006 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ferenc Ács ◽  
H. Breuer
Keyword(s):  
Soil Respiration ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Biogeochemical Model ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Water Balance Components ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Time Periods

The climatology of soil respiration in Hungary is presented. Soil respiration is estimated by a Thornthwaite-based biogeochemical model using soil hydrophysical data and climatological fields of precipitation and air temperature. Soil respiration fields are analyzed for different soil textures (sand, sandy loam, loam, clay loam and clay) and time periods (year, growing season and months).  Strong linear relationships were found between soil respiration and the actual evapotranspiration for annual and growing season time periods. In winter months soil respiration is well correlated with air temperature, while in summer months there is a quite variable relationship with water balance components. The strength of linear relationship between soil respiration and climatic variables is much better for coarser than for finer soil texture.

Correlations between environmental factors, the biomass of exotic annual grasses and the frequency of native perennial grasses

2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (7) ◽  
pp. 655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanja I. Lenz ◽  
José M. Facelli
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Soil Factors ◽  
Annual Grasses ◽  
Exotic Annual Grasses ◽  
Native Perennial Grass

The species composition of temperate grasslands in the mid-north of South Australia has been radically altered from a system dominated by native perennial grasses to a system dominated by Mediterranean annual grasses. This study investigated the importance of chemical and physical soil characteristics, topographical features and climatic variables on the abundance of native and exotic grass species in nine ungrazed grasslands. Overall, climatic and other abiotic factors were highly variable. In addition, past management practices and original species composition are generally unknown, leading to further unexplained variation in the data. On a large spatial scale (among sites), the abundance of exotic annual grasses was positively correlated with mean annual rainfall, and on any scale, with finer soil textures and higher soil organic carbon levels. The most abundant annual grass, Avena barbata (Pott ex Link), was generally associated with soil factors denoting higher soil fertility. The abundance of native perennial grass species was not correlated with any environmental variables at any scale. The various native perennial grass species did not show clear associations with soil factors, although they tended to be associated with factors denoting lower soil fertility. However, at small spatial scales (within some sites) and among sites, the abundances of exotic annual and native perennial grasses were strongly negatively correlated. The results suggest that at the present time, rainfall and soil properties are important variables determining the abundance of annual grasses. The driving variables for the abundance of perennial grasses are less clear. They may be controlled by other factors or extreme rainfall events, which were not surveyed. In addition, they are likely to be controlled by competitive interactions with the annual grasses.

Residual Effects of CGA-131036 and Chlorsulfuron on Spring-Sown Rotational Crops

Weed Science ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 280-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
George H. Friesen ◽  
David A. Wall
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Common Buckwheat ◽  
Fine Sandy Loam ◽  
Field Corn ◽  
Time Required

Response of flax, canola, field pea, sunflower, field corn, lentils, and common buckwheat to soil residues of CGA-131036 and chlorsulfuron applied at 22 g ai ha–1was determined on two soil types at Morden, Manitoba. on a fine sandy loam with a pH of 7.4 and 4.5% organic matter, the length of time required before crops showed no phytotoxicity from CGA-131036 residues was: sunflower 4 yr; canola and common buckwheat 3 yr; flax 2 yr; field pea and field corn 1 yr. on a clay loam with a pH of 6.5 and 5.3% organic matter, the corresponding duration was: lentil, canola, and sunflower 3 yr; flax and field pea 1 yr. Chlorsulfuron residues persisted somewhat longer than CGA-131036 residues on the sandy loam but not on the clay loam.

EFFICACY OF THREE DINITROANILINE HERBICIDES IN PROCESSING PEAS AND THEIR RESIDUES IN SOILS

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 687-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. I. N. JENSEN ◽  
E. R. KIMBALL ◽  
J. A. IVANY
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Crop Tolerance ◽  
Pisum Sativum L ◽  
Light Soil ◽  
One Year ◽  
Dinitroaniline Herbicides

The efficacy and relative persistence of dinitramine (N′,N′-diethyl-α,α,α-trifluoro-3,5-dinitrotoluene-2-4-diamine), ethalfluralin [N-ethyl-N-(2-methyl-2-propenyl)-2,6-dinitro-4(trifluoromethyl) benzenamine], and trifluralin (α,α,α -trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-diproply-p-toluidine) were studied in a series of field trials conducted on a Charlottetown fine sandy loam (P.E.I.) and on a Somerset loamy sand (N.S.). Phytotoxicity, as reflected by weed control and injury to the peas (Pisum sativum L.), was greater on the sandy soil and herbicide rates recommended for the region may reduce yields on light soil types. The margin of crop tolerance was also reduced in one year characterized by an extremely wet growing season. Under field conditions, there was little practical difference in weed control obtained with the three herbicides. Dinitramine and ethalfluralin were more persistent in the Somerset sand than in the Charlottetown sandy loam. The order of decreasing persistence was trifluralin>ethalfluralin>dinitramine, except in the Somerset sand where the persistence of ethalfluralin and trifluralin was similar. Significant detectable levels of all three herbicides remained 320 days after application.Key words: Processing peas, dinitramine, ethalfluralin, trifluralin, residue

scholarly journals Interactions Among Peanut Cultivars, Herbicide Sequences, and A Systemic Insecticide1

1976 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 56-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. W. Hauser ◽  
G. A. Buchanan ◽  
W. J. Ethredge ◽  
M. D. Jellum ◽  
S. R. Cecil
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Systemic Insecticide ◽  
Soil Series ◽  
Sandy Clay Loam ◽  
Sandy Clay ◽  
Peanut Cultivars ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors

Abstract Soil type and weather conditions influenced interactions among peanut cultivars (Florunner, GK 3, and Tifspan), herbicide sequences, and a systemic insecticide (disulfoton). Disulfoton interacted more frequently with cultivars than did herbicides. More interactions occurred in 1974 than in 1973. When peanut yields from the eight studies (on four soil series) were averaged, disulfoton significantly increased peanut yields, especially on Greenville sandy clay loam. On all soil types, except Dothan sandy loam, an insecticide x cultivar interaction occurred at least once accompanied by consistent and significant increases in the yield of Florunner treated with disulfoton. Disulfoton increased yields of Tifspan twice but did not change significantly the yields of GK 3. When compared to a hand-weeded check, herbicides did not decrease average yields significantly unless the sequence terminated with multiple postemergence treatments. Herbicides interacted with cultivars in two of eight experiments, once on Greenville sandy clay loam and once on Tifton sandy loam. In general, GK 3 reacted more to herbicide sequences than did Florunner. Least affected by herbicides was the cultivar Tifspan. An herbicide x insecticide interaction occurred only once (on Dothan sandy loam) when disulfoton increased yields with either the no herbicide treatment or when benefin-vernolate was applied. In general, genetic and environmental factors influenced organoleptic quality and the fatty acid composition of peanut oil much more than did the herbicide or insecticide treatments.

Effects of Incorporating or Burning Straw, and of Different Cultivation Systems, on Winter Wheat Grown on Two Soil Types, 1985–91

1995 ◽  
Vol 124 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Prew ◽  
J. E. Ashby ◽  
E. T. G. Bacon ◽  
D. G. Christian ◽  
R. J. Gutteridge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Silty Clay Loam ◽  
Cultivation Systems ◽  
Sharp Eyespot ◽  
Take All

SUMMARYDisposal methods for straw from continuous winter wheat were tested on two soil types, a flinty silty clay loam and a sandy loam, over 7 years (1985–91). The methods tested were burnt or chopped straw in full factorial combination with four cultivation methods (tined to 10 cm, tined to 10 cm then to 20 cm; ploughed to 20 cm; tined to 10 cm then ploughed to 20 cm). Measurements were taken to determine the effects on crop establishment and growth, pest and disease incidence, and the consequent effects on yield. Another experiment (1985–91) on the flinty silty clay loam site, investigated the interactions between straw treatments (burnt, baled or chopped in plots that were all shallow cultivated to 10 cm) and five other factors; namely, time of cultivation, insecticides, molluscicides, fungicides and autumn nitrogen. All the straw x cultivation systems allowed satisfactory crops to be established but repeated incorporation of straw using shallow, non-inversion cultivations resulted in very severe grass-weed problems. Early crop growth, as measured by above-ground dry matter production, was frequently decreased by straw residues, but the effect rarely persisted beyond anthesis. Pests were not a problem and their numbers were not greatly affected either by straw or cultivation treatments, apart from yellow cereal fly which, especially on the heavier soil, was decreased by treatments which left much straw debris on the soil surface. Incorporating straw also caused no serious increases in the incidence of diseases. Indeed, averaged over all sites and years, eyespot and sharp eyespot were both slightly but significantly less severe where straw was incorporated than where it was burnt. Eyespot, and even more consistently sharp eyespot, were often more severe after ploughing than after shallow, non-inversion cultivations. Effects on take-all were complex but straw residues had much smaller effects than cultivations. Initially the disease increased most rapidly in the shallow cultivated plots but these also tended to go into the decline phase more quickly so that in the fourth year (fifth cereal crop) take-all was greater in the ploughed than in the shallow cultivated plots. On average, yields did not differ greatly with straw or cultivation systems, although there were clear effects of take-all in those years when the disease was most severe. In the last 2 years, yields were limited by the presence of grass weeds in the plots testing chopped straw incorporated by tining to 10 cm.

GROWTH OF FOUR GRASS SPECIES AS AFFECTED BY RATE OF NITROGEN APPLICATION AND YEAR OF ESTABLISHMENT ON TWO SOIL TYPES

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 581-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. SIMONS ◽  
A. T. H. GROSS
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Clay Loam Soil ◽  
Crested Wheatgrass ◽  
Intermediate Wheatgrass ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Harvest Year

In an experiment to investigate the relationship between nitrogen fertilization and forage yield, four grass species, bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), intermediate wheatgrass (Agropyron intermedium (Host) Beauv.), crested wheatgrass (A. cristatum (L.) Gaertn.) and Russian wild ryegrass (Elymus junceus Fisch.), were sown in each of 3 yr on two soil types, a clay loam and a sandy loam. Five N treatments up to 252 kg N∙ha−1∙year−1 were imposed and data were collected for each of the 3 yr following the seeding year on each plot. There was considerable variation in the dry matter yields between seeding years and postseeding years. On the clay loam soil, the first year after seeding was generally the most productive whereas on the sandy loam the second harvest year produced the most. Intermediate wheatgrass was the most productive grass on the clay loam soil, crested wheatgrass on the sandy loam soil. Bromegrass produced well on both types while Russian wild ryegrass was the least productive on both soils. All species responded well to additional N. There was no advantage to split N application. The N content of forage was similar in all four species and on both soil types but was increased by fertilizer N.Key words: Bromegrass, wheatgrass, Russian wild ryegrass, nitrogen, forage yield, establishment year.

PERSISTENCE AND PHYTOTOXICITY OF DINITROANILINE HERBICIDES IN MANITOBA SOILS

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. PRITCHARD ◽  
E. H. STOBBE
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Crop Injury ◽  
Dinitroaniline Herbicides

The persistence and phytotoxicity of dinitramine (n4, N4-diethyl-α,α,α-trifluoro-3,5-dinitrotoluene-2,4-diamine), fluchloralin (N-(2-chloroethyl)-2, 6-dinitro- N-propyl-4- (trifluoromethyl)aniline), profluralin (N-(cyclopropylmethyl)α,α,α-trifluoro-2, 6-dinitro-N-propyl-p-toluidine), and trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N-N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) were compared in three Manitoba soils: sandy loam, clay loam and clay. The phytotoxicities of all chemicals decreased with increased organic matter. The phytotoxicities of the dinitroanilines were: dinitramine > trifluralin > profluralin = fluchloralin. Increased organic matter increased the persistence of trifluralin and fluchloralin. Profluralin and dinitramine persistence increased with increased clay and organic matter content. Profluralin was the most persistent chemical over all soil types. Under environmental conditions that retard dinitroaniline loss from Manitoba soils, residues of some of these herbicides may cause crop injury the year after application.

Effect of fertilizer on seed yield of alfalfa under irrigation in Saskatchewan

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 1105-1108 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. D. Gossen ◽  
H. Ukrainetz ◽  
J. J. Soroka
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Soil Testing ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Initial Soil ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Commercial Field

The impact of fertilizers containing macro- and micro-nutrients on seed production of alfalfa under irrigation in Saskatchewan was assessed. Trials were conducted on a Sutherland clay loam at Saskatoon, SK, from 1986 to 1991, and in a commercial field on Asquith sandy loam near Outlook, SK, from 1990 to 1993. Nutrients (primarily combinations of P, K, S) were applied at establishment (in-row with seed, side-banded, or broadcast and incorporated prior to seeding), and/or broadcast on the soil surface each year. Seed yield at both sites was excellent for the region, and application of fertilizer had little or no impact on yield. At sites with adequate initial soil fertility, as indicated by soil testing, alfalfa may not require added fertilizer to maintain high levels of seed production. Key words: Medicago sativa, lucerne

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