EFFICACY OF THREE DINITROANILINE HERBICIDES IN PROCESSING PEAS AND THEIR RESIDUES IN SOILS

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 687-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. I. N. JENSEN ◽  
E. R. KIMBALL ◽  
J. A. IVANY
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Crop Tolerance ◽  
Pisum Sativum L ◽  
Light Soil ◽  
One Year ◽  
Dinitroaniline Herbicides

The efficacy and relative persistence of dinitramine (N′,N′-diethyl-α,α,α-trifluoro-3,5-dinitrotoluene-2-4-diamine), ethalfluralin [N-ethyl-N-(2-methyl-2-propenyl)-2,6-dinitro-4(trifluoromethyl) benzenamine], and trifluralin (α,α,α -trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-diproply-p-toluidine) were studied in a series of field trials conducted on a Charlottetown fine sandy loam (P.E.I.) and on a Somerset loamy sand (N.S.). Phytotoxicity, as reflected by weed control and injury to the peas (Pisum sativum L.), was greater on the sandy soil and herbicide rates recommended for the region may reduce yields on light soil types. The margin of crop tolerance was also reduced in one year characterized by an extremely wet growing season. Under field conditions, there was little practical difference in weed control obtained with the three herbicides. Dinitramine and ethalfluralin were more persistent in the Somerset sand than in the Charlottetown sandy loam. The order of decreasing persistence was trifluralin>ethalfluralin>dinitramine, except in the Somerset sand where the persistence of ethalfluralin and trifluralin was similar. Significant detectable levels of all three herbicides remained 320 days after application.Key words: Processing peas, dinitramine, ethalfluralin, trifluralin, residue

Influence of Simulated Rainfall and Soil Moisture on Herbicidal Activity of Cinmethylin

Weed Science ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven G. Russell ◽  
Thomas J. Monaco ◽  
Jerome B. Weber
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Herbicidal Activity ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
Prickly Sida

Field trials were conducted in 1986 and 1987 to determine the effects of moisture on herbicidal activity of cinmethylin applied preemergence at 0.0, 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9 kg ai ha to both dry and moist sandy loam soil. Herbicide application was followed by varying amounts of irrigation. Weed species included velvetleaf, prickly sida, green foxtail, and barnyardgrass. When cinmethylin was applied to a moist soil or when 2.5 cm of irrigation was applied 5 days after cinmethylin application to a dry soil, overall weed control was reduced. Optimum weed control resulted from cinmethylin application to dry soil followed either by a 2.5-cm irrigation within 8 h or a 7.6-cm irrigation within 36 h.

Competition for nodule occupancy of introduced Bradyrhizobium japonicum strains in a Wisconsin soil with a low indigenous bradyrhizobia population

1990 ◽  
Vol 36 (12) ◽  
pp. 839-845 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. McLoughlin ◽  
S. Hearn ◽  
S. G. Alt
Keyword(s):  
Bradyrhizobium Japonicum ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Nodule Occupancy ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
One Year ◽  
Successful Inoculation

The population dynamics of six introduced Bradyrhizobium japonicum strains were measured over three growing seasons in a Wisconsin soil with a low incidence of indigenous B. japonicum (10 cells/gm). Four antibiotic-resistant members of the 123 serocluster (which were either spectinomycin resistant or streptomycin resistant), USDA 110, and USDA 138 were inoculated using liquid inoculum, at a rate of 1 × 108 cells per 2.5-cm row, on two soybean cultivars in 1985. Nodule occupants were identified using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), fluorescent antibodies, and antibiotic-resistant mutants. In the first growing season, 100% of the nodules were formed by the introduced strains. The nodules from the uninoculated plots were occupied by an indigenous 110 serogroup. In the second and the third season at the same site (without further inoculation), a high percentage (> 60%) of the nodules from all the plots were nodulated by the 123 serocluster (either alone or as mixed infections). However, < 25% of the nodules in the 123-inoculated plots and < 9% in the other plots were formed by any of the antibiotic-marked 123 inoculum strains introduced in 1985. The main conclusions are (i) that it is possible to successfully introduce inoculum strains in soils where the indigenous Bradyrhizobium population is low and to obtain 100% nodule occupancy in the first growing season, and (ii) that successful inoculation in one year in soils with a low incidence of Bradyrhizobium does not ensure that the introduced inoculum strains will form nodules in subsequent years. Key words: Bradyrhizobium japonicum, indigenous bradyrhizobia, interstrain competition, field trials.

Subsurface Application and Shallow Incorporation of Herbicides on Cotton

Weed Science ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 494-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. F. Wiese ◽  
E. B. Hudspeth
Keyword(s):  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Loam Soil

In a 3-year study on four soil types, subsurface application just ahead of a planter with a device that removed the top from the bed, applied a band of spray, and covered the band with soil reduced weed control in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) obtained with 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (diuron), 2,4-bis(isopropylamino)-6-methylmercapto-s-triazine (prometryne), 3-(hexahydro-4,7-methanoindan-5-yl)-1,1-dimethylurea (norea), dimethyl-2,3,5,6-tetrachloroterephthalate (DCPA), and 1,1-dimethyl-3(α,α,α,-trifluoro-m-tolyl)urea (fluometuron) compared to applications on the soil surface. This machine improved weed control with α,α,α,-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine (trifluralin). Shallow incorporation, with two helical blades, after planting increased weed control with trifluralin, diuron, and DCPA by 10% or more over the surface applications. This incorporator increased weed control obtained with prometryne and norea 5%. Very shallow incorporation, with metal tines, after planting improved weed control obtained with trifluralin and DCPA 18 and 11%, respectively. Weed control with norea was increased 7%, but metal tines did not appreciably affect weed control obtained with prometryne, diuron, or fluometuron. Compared to surface applications, incorporation increased cotton injury with diuron, norea, prometryne, and fluometuron on sandy loam soil.

Selective chemical control of doublegee (Emex australis) in legume pasture

1977 ◽  
Vol 17 (84) ◽  
pp. 80 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Gilbey
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Control ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Emex Australis ◽  
Selective Control ◽  
Selective Chemical ◽  
One Year ◽  
Clover Seed

Seven chemicals were evaluated for selective control of doublegee (Emex australis) in legume pasture in 14 field trials conducted at several sites in Western Australia over three years. The effect of removing doublegee on pasture growth was studied in four field trials over the same period. Three hundred and fifty to 700 g a.i. methabenzthiazuron ha-1 gave good selective control of this weed except at Chapman and Wongan Hills in 1974 where the beginning of the growing season was poorly defined. The selectivity of bromoxynil and WL 6361 1 in one year of trials was similar to methabenzthiazuron but that of asulam and metoxuron was too restricted for practical use when doublegees were sprayed at the 2-4 leaf growth stage, 2,4-DB showed selectivity on doublegees with 12 leaves, and no herbicides were satisfactory on doublegees with more than 12 leaves at the time of spraying. Pasture growth and clover seed production was not substantially increased by controlling doublegee.

scholarly journals Effect of the number of calcium chloride sprays on 'Jonagold' apple quality

2013 ◽  
Vol 52 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 85-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paweł Wójcik
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Bitter Pit ◽  
One Year ◽  
Experimental Treatments

The aim of this study was to examine effect of frequency of calcium chloride (CaCl<sub>2</sub>) sprays on 'Jonagold' apple (<em>Malus domestica</em> Borkh.) quality. The experiment was carried out in 1996-1998 in the Experimental Orchard of the Research Institute of Pomology and Floriculture in Skierniewice. Apple trees were grafied on M.26 rootstock and planted in 1992 at a distance of 4 x 2 m on a sandy loam soil with high available phosphorus, potassium and magnesium contents. Four experimental treatments were applied: (i) three sprays with CaCl<sub>2</sub> solutions at 2, 10 and 18 weeks after full bloom, (ii) six sprays with CaCl<sub>2</sub> at 2, 6, 10, 14, 16 and 18 weeks after full bloom, (iii) nine sprays with CaCl<sub>2</sub> at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 and 18 weeks after full bloom and (iv) control plot - trees unsprayed with CaCl<sub>2</sub>. The results showed that fruit Ca concentration increased with the number of CaCl<sub>2</sub> sprays during the growing season. Apples nine-times sprayed with CaCl<sub>2</sub> solutions were smaller, less mature at harvest and after storage, had lower titratable acidity and soluble solids contents after storage and were less sensitive to bitter pit, internal breakdown and Gloeosporium-rot compared to other treatments; however these effects were influenced by the growing season. Six CaCl<sub>2</sub> sprays only in one year of the study increased fruit firmness after storage, fruit resistance to bitter pit and internal breakdown. Three CaCl<sub>2</sub> sprays decreased bitter pit incidence; however this effect was found only in one investigated year.

PERSISTENCE AND PHYTOTOXICITY OF DINITROANILINE HERBICIDES IN MANITOBA SOILS

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. PRITCHARD ◽  
E. H. STOBBE
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Crop Injury ◽  
Dinitroaniline Herbicides

The persistence and phytotoxicity of dinitramine (n4, N4-diethyl-α,α,α-trifluoro-3,5-dinitrotoluene-2,4-diamine), fluchloralin (N-(2-chloroethyl)-2, 6-dinitro- N-propyl-4- (trifluoromethyl)aniline), profluralin (N-(cyclopropylmethyl)α,α,α-trifluoro-2, 6-dinitro-N-propyl-p-toluidine), and trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N-N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) were compared in three Manitoba soils: sandy loam, clay loam and clay. The phytotoxicities of all chemicals decreased with increased organic matter. The phytotoxicities of the dinitroanilines were: dinitramine > trifluralin > profluralin = fluchloralin. Increased organic matter increased the persistence of trifluralin and fluchloralin. Profluralin and dinitramine persistence increased with increased clay and organic matter content. Profluralin was the most persistent chemical over all soil types. Under environmental conditions that retard dinitroaniline loss from Manitoba soils, residues of some of these herbicides may cause crop injury the year after application.

Persistence of Several Dinitroaniline Herbicides as Affected by Soil Moisture

Weed Science ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 465-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. E. Savage
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Dissipation Rate ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Moist Soil ◽  
First Order ◽  
First Order Kinetics ◽  
Dissipation Rates ◽  
Dinitroaniline Herbicides

The Persistence of substituted dinitroaniline herbicides in soil varied widely. First-order kinetics were used to describe the dissipation rates. Half-lives of the herbicides in moist soil ranged from 29 to 124 days in two soil types under greenhouse conditions. Flooding the soil significantly increased the dissipation rate of trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine), fluchloralin [N-(2-chloroethyl)-2,6-dinitro-N-propyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline], profluralin [N-(cyclopropylmethyl)-α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N-propyl-p-toluidine], and pendimethalin [N-(1-ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine]. Dissipation rates of dinitramine(N4,N4-diethyl-α,α,α-trifluoro-3,5-dinitrotoluene-2,4-diamine) and butralin [4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-N-(1-methylpropyl)-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine] were affected to a lesser extent by flooding. Volatilization of trifluralin, fluchloralin, and ethalfluralin [N-ethyl-N-(2-methyl-2-propenyl)-2,6-dinitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzenamine] from Bosket sandy loam was reduced by flooding when compared to volatilization from the same soil with a moisture content equivalent to field capacity. Pendimethalin exhibited low volatility. The effect of flooding on dissipation rates is apparently not due to increased volatilization.

scholarly journals Niger Tolerance to Flucarbazone

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 529-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
William E. May
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Treatment Combination ◽  
Seed Filling ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Good Balance ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Crop Tolerance

Niger is a potential crop for the Northern Great Plains, but not until volunteer canola can be controlled. A study at Indian Head, SK, was conducted from 2007 to 2009 to determine the tolerance of niger to flucarbazone, a herbicide that controls volunteer canola. The tolerance was determined by applying three rates of flucarbazone (19, 28.5, and 38 g ai ha−1) at four application stages (two, four, six, and eight-leaf stage). Mean injury did not exceed 22% for any year by treatment combination. Injury was most prominent in 2007, and dissipated as the growing season progressed. Increasing the rate of flucarbazone increased crop injury depending on the year, application timing, and evaluation timing. Injury under 20% in 2007 and under 10% in 2008 and 2009 was observed at the start of flowering when flucarbazone was applied at the two, four, and six-leaf stage. Injury from applications at the two, four, and six-leaf stage decreased as the growing season progressed. When the labelled rate of flucarbazone for wheat (19 g ha−1) was applied at the two, four, or six leaf stage, injury was below 10%. Injury when flucarbazone was applied at the eight-leaf stage was highest during seed filling. Volunteer canola was controlled by flucarbazone. The application of flucarbazone relative to a weedy control increased yield by about 50% (138 to 213 kg ha−1) in 2008 and 2009. Flucarbazone rate did not affect niger yield except in 2007 where yield was about 100 kg ha−1 less with the two highest rates. Delaying flucarbazone application decreased niger yield, especially in the year (2007) with most niger injury. Flucarbazone application at the two- or four-leaf niger stage at a rate of 19 g ha−1 provided a good balance of weed control and crop tolerance.

scholarly journals Efficacy of the herbicide GF-2581 (penoxsulam + florasulam) against broadleaf weeds in olives

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (No. 12) ◽  
pp. 574-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Travlos IS ◽  
M. Lysandrou ◽  
V. Apostolidis
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Conyza Canadensis ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Stellaria Media ◽  
Excellent Control ◽  
Control Management

Effective weed control in perennial crops is a challenge due to the limited availability of registered herbicides and herbicide resistance. The objective of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of the herbicide GF-2581 (penoxsulam + florasulam) on broadleaf weeds in comparison with other commonly used herbicides. Field trials were conducted in olives, in Etoloakarnania (Agrinio region) for two years (2012 and 2013). Efficacy assessments were made at 30, 60, 90 and 120 days after treatment. The GF-2581 formulation provided excellent control of a broad spectrum of broadleaf weed species. The long-term control of Sonchus oleraceous, Conyza canadensis and Stellaria media, provided by GF-2581 during the growing season was significantly greater than that using flumioxazin. When combined with glyphosate or diquat, the level of control of these three weeds was improved. The GF-2581 agent applied pre-emergence followed 14 days later by application of glyphosate provided 100% control in 2012. Lower efficacy levels were observed in 2013 and may have been the result of higher rainfall when compared to 2012. GF-2581 is an effective herbicide product to control broadleaf weeds, as a part of integrated weed control management strategies in olives.

Preemergence Activity of Dinitroaniline herbicides Used for Weed Control in Cool-Season Turfgrasses

1990 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 387-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prasanta C. Bhowmik ◽  
S. Wayne Bingham
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Annual Grass ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Red Fescue ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Stand Thinning ◽  
Dinitroaniline Herbicides

Dinitroaniline herbicides are major herbicides used to control annual grass weeds in cool-season turfgrasses. At least three herbicides, benefin, pendimethalin, and trifluralin are labeled preemergence to control weeds in established turfgrass. Prodiamine could be a competitive product. Benefin at 2.2 to 3.4 kg ai/ha, pendimethalin at 1.7 to 3.4 kg ai/ha, prodiamine at 0.6 to 1.7 kg ai/ ha, and benefin plus trifluralin at 1.1 plus 0.6 to 2.3 plus 1.1 kg ai/ha effectively control many annual grass weeds, including large and smooth crabgrass, yellow and green foxtail, barnyardgrass, goosegrass, fall panicum, and annual bluegrass. Most dinitroaniline herbicides provide residual preemergence weed control for the entire growing season. In general, Kentucky bluegrass, perennial ryegrass, tall fescue, red fescue, and other cool-season turfgrasses tolerate most of these herbicides, although higher-than-normal rates of any dinitroaniline herbicide could restrict root growth and cause stand thinning in turfgrass species.

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