scholarly journals Response of 98140 Corn With Gat4621 and hra Transgenes to Glyphosate and ALS-Inhibiting Herbicides

Weed Science ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerry M. Green ◽  
Theresa Hale ◽  
Margaret A. Pagano ◽  
John L. Andreassi ◽  
Steven A. Gutteridge
Keyword(s):  
Herbicide Resistance ◽  
Enzyme Level ◽  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
Single Copy ◽  
Transgenic Corn ◽  
Corn Hybrids ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
High Level ◽  
Natural Tolerance

The transgenic corn line 98140 has a high level of resistance to glyphosate and all five chemical classes of herbicides that inhibit acetolactate synthase (ALS). The dual herbicide resistance is due to a molecular stack of two constitutively expressed genes: gat4621, which produces a glyphosate acetyltransferase that rapidly inactivates glyphosate, and hra, which produces a highly resistant ALS. On a rate basis, the positive 98140 isoline with a single copy of the gat4621 gene is over 1,000-fold more resistant to glyphosate than a negative isoline without the transgene. Similarly, the positive 98140 isoline with the hra gene is over 1,000-fold more resistant to ALS-inhibiting herbicides such as chlorimuron and sulfometuron at the whole-plant and enzyme level. The gat4621 and hra genes do not change the natural tolerance of corn to selective herbicides, so new corn hybrids based on 98140 will give growers more options to manage weeds and delay the evolution of herbicide-resistant weeds.

Investigating the resistance levels and mechanisms to penoxsulam and cyhalofop-butyl in barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) from Ningxia province, China

Weed Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Qian Yang ◽  
Xia Yang ◽  
Zichang Zhang ◽  
Jieping Wang ◽  
Weiguo Fu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herbicide Resistance ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
Rice Fields ◽  
Target Site ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Susceptible Populations ◽  
High Level ◽  
Als Inhibitor ◽  
Encoding Genes

Abstract Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) is a noxious grass weed which infests rice fields and causes huge crop yield losses. In this study, we collected twelve E. crus-galli populations from rice fields of Ningxia province in China and investigated the resistance levels to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitor penoxsulam and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitor cyhalofop-butyl. The results showed that eight populations exhibited resistance to penoxsulam and four populations evolved resistance to cyhalofop-butyl. Moreover, all of the four cyhalofop-butyl-resistant populations (NX3, NX4, NX6 and NX7) displayed multiple-herbicide-resistance (MHR) to both penoxsulam and cyhalofop-butyl. The alternative herbicides bispyribac-sodium, metamifop and fenoxaprop-P-ethyl cannot effectively control the MHR plants. To characterize the molecular mechanisms of resistance, we amplified and sequenced the target-site encoding genes in resistant and susceptible populations. Partial sequences of three ALS genes and six ACCase genes were examined. A Trp-574-Leu mutation was detected in EcALS1 and EcALS3 in two high-level (65.84- and 59.30-fold) penoxsulam-resistant populations NX2 and NX10, respectively. In addition, one copy (EcACC4) of ACCase genes encodes a truncated aberrant protein due to a frameshift mutation in E. crus-galli populations. None of amino acid substitutions that are known to confer herbicide resistance were detected in ALS and ACCase genes of MHR populations. Our study reveals the widespread of multiple-herbicide resistant E. crus-galli populations at Ningxia province of China that exhibit resistance to several ALS and ACCase inhibitors. Non-target-site based mechanisms are likely to be involved in E. crus-galli resistance to the herbicides, at least in four MHR populations.

Semidominant Nature of Monogenic Sulfonylurea Herbicide Resistance in Sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris)

Weed Science ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen E. Hart ◽  
Joseph W. Saunders ◽  
Donald Penner
Keyword(s):  
Herbicide Resistance ◽  
Enzyme Level ◽  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
Sulfonylurea Herbicide ◽  
Crop Resistance ◽  
Degree Of Dominance ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Resistance Trait ◽  
Progeny Tests ◽  
Homozygous Resistant

Greenhouse and laboratory studies were conducted to determine the degree of dominance of the monogenic sulfonylurea herbicide resistance trait in diploid sugarbeet by comparing the response of homozygous and heterozygous resistant sugarbeet to primisulfuron, thifensulfuron, and chlorimuron on the whole plant and acetolactate synthase (ALS) enzyme level. Progeny tests suggested that the monogenic sulfonylurea herbicide resistance was semidominant. Subsequently, heterozygous resistant (R-1) and homozygous resistant (R-2) sugarbeet lines were sprayed with increasing rates of primisulfuron, thifensulfuron, and chlorimuron, and herbicide rates required for 50% growth reduction (GR50) were determined. GR50values were also determined for homozygous susceptible sugarbeet lines (S-1 and S-2). The GR50values indicated that the R-2 sugarbeet was 377, 269, and 144 times more resistant to primisulfuron, thifensulfuron, and chlorimuron, respectively, than susceptible S-2 sugarbeet. In contrast, R-1 sugarbeet was only 107, 76, and 57 times more resistant to primisulfuron, thifensulfuron, and chlorimuron, respectively, than S-1 sugarbeet, indicating at least a twofold difference in the magnitude of resistance between homozygous resistant and heterozygous resistant sugarbeet lines. ALS enzyme activity analysis were consistent with whole plant results. Thus, based on these two, maximum crop resistance can be obtained by developing homozygous resistant cultivars.

Herbicide resistance in China: a quantitative review

Weed Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 605-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiangying Liu ◽  
Shihai Xiang ◽  
Tao Zong ◽  
Guolan Ma ◽  
Lamei Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herbicide Resistance ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Auxin Herbicides ◽  
Economic Boom ◽  
Meta Analyses

AbstractThe widespread, rapid evolution of herbicide-resistant weeds is a serious and escalating agronomic problem worldwide. During China’s economic boom, the country became one of the most important herbicide producers and consumers in the world, and herbicide resistance has dramatically increased in the past decade and has become a serious threat to agriculture. Here, following an evidence-based PRISMA (preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses) approach, we carried out a systematic review to quantitatively assess herbicide resistance in China. Multiple weed species, including 26, 18, 11, 9, 5, 5, 4, and 3 species in rice (Oryza sativa L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], corn (Zea mays L.), canola (Brassica napus L.), cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)., orchards, and peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) fields, respectively, have developed herbicide resistance. Acetolactate synthase inhibitors, acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitors, and synthetic auxin herbicides are the most resistance-prone herbicides and are the most frequently used mechanisms of action, followed by 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase inhibitors and protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitors. The lack of alternative herbicides to manage weeds that exhibit cross-resistance or multiple resistance (or both) is an emerging issue and poses one of the greatest threats challenging the crop production and food safety both in China and globally.

scholarly journals Green foxtail (Setaria viridis) resistance to acetolactate synthase inhibitors

2005 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.S. Volenberg ◽  
D.E. Stoltenberg ◽  
C.M. Boerboom
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Level ◽  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Sulfonylurea Herbicides ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Plant Level ◽  
Als Inhibitors

Green foxtail (Setaria viridis) plants putatively resistant to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors were identified in a Wisconsin USA no-tillage soybean (Glycine max) field in 1999. Resistance to imidazolinone and sulfonylurea herbicides was characterized at the whole-plant level and enzyme level. Three- to four-leaf stage green foxtail plants were 1020, 53, and 6.5-fold resistant to imazethapyr, imazamox, and nicosulfuron, respectively, compared to susceptible plants. In vivo ALS was 1300 and 1.7-fold resistant to imazethapyr and nicosulfuron, respectively. These results suggested that this green foxtail accession was highly resistant to imazethapyr and imazamox, and that resistance was associated with an insensitive ALS enzyme.

Interspecific Hybridization: Potential for Movement of Herbicide Resistance from Wheat to Jointed Goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica)

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 674-682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley D. Hanson ◽  
Carol A. Mallory-Smith ◽  
William J. Price ◽  
Bahman Shafii ◽  
Donald C. Thill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Herbicide Resistance ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Introgressive Hybridization ◽  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
The United States ◽  
Aegilops Cylindrica ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Jointed Goatgrass

The transfer of herbicide resistance genes from crops to related species is one of the greatest risks of growing herbicide-resistant crops. The recent introductions of imidazolinone-resistant wheat in the Great Plains and Pacific Northwest regions of the United States and research on transgenic glyphosate-resistant wheat have raised concerns about the transfer of herbicide resistance from wheat to jointed goatgrass via introgressive hybridization. Field experiments were conducted from 2000 to 2003 at three locations in Washington and Idaho to determine the frequency and distance that imidazolinone-resistant wheat can pollinate jointed goatgrass and produce resistant F1hybrids. Each experiment was designed as a Nelder wheel with 16 equally spaced rays extending away from a central pollen source of ‘Fidel-FS4’ imidazolinone-resistant wheat. Each ray was 46 m long and contained three rows of jointed goatgrass. Spikelets were collected at maturity at 1.8-m intervals along each ray and subjected to an imazamox screening test. The majority of all jointed goatgrass seeds tested were not resistant to imazamox; however, 5 and 15 resistant hybrids were found at the Pullman, WA, and Lewiston, ID, locations, respectively. The resistant plants were identified at a maximum distance of 40.2 m from the pollen source. The overall frequency of imazamox-resistant hybrids was similar to the predicted frequency of naturally occurring acetolactate synthase resistance in weeds; however, traits with a lower frequency of spontaneous mutations may have a relatively greater risk for gene escape via introgressive hybridization.

scholarly journals Herbicide Resistance and Management Options of Papaver rhoeas L. and Centaurea cyanus L. in Europe: A Review

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 874
Author(s):  
Marta Stankiewicz-Kosyl ◽  
Agnieszka Synowiec ◽  
Małgorzata Haliniarz ◽  
Anna Wenda-Piesik ◽  
Krzysztof Domaradzki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herbicide Resistance ◽  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
Agricultural Landscapes ◽  
Target Site ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Papaver Rhoeas ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
Centaurea Cyanus ◽  
Target Site Resistance

Corn poppy (Papaver rhoeas L.) and cornflower (Centaurea cyanus L.) are two overwintering weed species found in crop fields in Europe. They are characterised by a similar life cycle, similar competitive efforts, and a spectrum of herbicides recommended for their control. This review summarises the biology and herbicide resistance phenomena of corn poppy and cornflower in Europe. Corn poppy is one of the most dangerous dicotyledonous weeds, having developed herbicide resistance to acetolactate synthase inhibitors and growth regulators, especially in Mediterranean countries and Great Britain. Target site resistance to acetolactate synthase inhibitors dominates among herbicide-resistant poppy biotypes. The importance of non-target site resistance to acetolactate synthase inhibitors in this species may be underestimated because non-target site resistance is very often associated with target site resistance. Cornflower, meanwhile, is increasingly rare in European agricultural landscapes, with acetolactate synthase inhibitors-resistant biotypes only listed in Poland. However, the mechanisms of cornflower herbicide resistance are not well recognised. Currently, herbicides mainly from acetolactate synthase and photosystem II inhibitors as well as from synthetic auxins groups are recommended for the control of both weeds. Integrated methods of management of both weeds, especially herbicide-resistant biotypes, continue to be underrepresented.

Incidence of Herbicide Resistance in Rigid Ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) across Southeastern Australia

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Boutsalis ◽  
Gurjeet S. Gill ◽  
Christopher Preston
Keyword(s):  
Herbicide Resistance ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Acetyl Coenzyme A ◽  
Main Method ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Southeastern Australia ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Rigid Ryegrass

Herbicide resistance in rigid ryegrass is an escalating problem in grain-cropping fields of southeastern Australia due to increased reliance on herbicides as the main method for weed control. Weed surveys were conducted between 1998 and 2009 to identify the extent of herbicide-resistant rigid ryegrass across this region to dinitroaniline, and acetolactate synthase- and acetyl coenzyme A (CoA) carboxylase-inhibiting herbicides. Rigid ryegrass was collected from cropped fields chosen at random. Outdoor pot studies were conducted during the normal winter growing season for rigid ryegrass with PRE-applied trifluralin and POST-applied diclofop-methyl, chlorsulfuron, tralkoxydim, pinoxaden, and clethodim. Herbicide resistance to trifluralin in rigid ryegrass was identified in one-third of the fields surveyed from South Australia, whereas less than 5% of fields in Victoria exhibited resistance. In contrast, resistance to chlorsulfuron was detected in at least half of the cropped fields across southeastern Australia. Resistance to the cereal-selective aryloxyphenoxypropionate-inhibiting herbicides diclofop-methyl, tralkoxydim, and pinoxaden ranged between 30 and 60% in most regions, whereas in marginal cropping areas less than 12% of fields exhibited resistance. Resistance to clethodim varied between 0 and 61%. Higher levels of resistance to clethodim were identified in the more intensively cropped, higher-rainfall districts where pulse and canola crops are common. These weed surveys demonstrated that a high incidence of resistance to most tested herbicides was present in rigid ryegrass from cropped fields in southeastern Australia, which presents a major challenge for crop producers.

scholarly journals Frequency, distribution, and ploidy diversity of herbicide-resistant Italian ryegrass (Lolium perenne spp. multiflorum) populations of western Oregon

Weed Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-33
Author(s):  
Lucas K. Bobadilla ◽  
Andrew G. Hulting ◽  
Pete A Berry ◽  
Marcelo L. Moretti ◽  
Carol Mallory-Smith
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Herbicide Resistance ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Ploidy Levels ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Feral Populations ◽  
First Time

Abstract Italian ryegrass [Lolium perenne L. spp. multiflorum (Lam.) Husnot] is one of the most troublesome weeds worldwide. L. multiflorum is also a grass seed crop cultivated on 50,000 ha in Oregon, where both diploid and tetraploid cultivars are grown. A survey was conducted to understand the distribution, frequency, and susceptibility of L. multiflorum to selected herbicides used to control L. multiflorum. The herbicides selected were clethodim, glufosinate, glyphosate, mesosulfuron-methyl (mesosulfuron), paraquat, pinoxaden, pyroxsulam, quizalofop-P-ethyl (quizolafop), pronamide, flufenacet + metribuzin, and pyroxasulfone. The ploidy levels of the populations were also tested. A total of 150 fields were surveyed between 2017 and 2018, of which 75 (50%) had L. multiflorum present. Herbicide-resistant populations were documented in 88% of the 75 populations collected. The most frequent mechanisms of action were resistance to Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase), Acetolactate Synthase (ALS), 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSPs) inhibitors, and combinations thereof. Multiple and cross-resistance, found in 75% of the populations, were the most frequent patterns of resistance. Paraquat-resistant biotypes were confirmed in six orchard crop populations for the first time in Oregon. Herbicide resistance was spatially clustered, with most cases of resistance in the northern part of the surveyed area. ALS and ACCase resistant populations were prevalent in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) fields. Multiple-resistance was positively correlated with plant density. Tetraploid feral populations were identified, but no cases of herbicide resistance were documented. This is the first survey of herbicide resistance and ploidy diversity in L. multiflorum in western Oregon. Resistant populations were present across the surveyed area, indicating that the problem is widespread.

scholarly journals Evaluation of a Herbicide-resistant Trait Conferred by the Bar Gene Driven by Four Distinct Promoters in Transgenic Blueberry Plants

2008 ◽  
Vol 133 (4) ◽  
pp. 605-611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guo-Qing Song ◽  
Kenneth C. Sink ◽  
Peter W. Callow ◽  
Rebecca Baughan ◽  
James F. Hancock
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Plants ◽  
Herbicide Resistance ◽  
Single Copy ◽  
Vaccinium Corymbosum ◽  
Cauliflower Mosaic Virus ◽  
Leaf Damage ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Promoter Strength ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Selectable Marker Genes

Four chimeric bialaphos resistance (bar) genes driven by different promoters were evaluated for production of herbicide-resistant ‘Legacy’ blueberry plants (73.4% Vaccinium corymbosum L. and 25% Vaccinium darrowi Camp) through Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Smith & Towns.) Conn.-mediated transformation. When the bars were used as selectable marker genes, different promoters yielded different transformation frequencies. Three chimeric bar genes with the promoter nopaline synthase (nos), cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S, or CaMV 34S yielded transgenic plants, whereas a synthetic (Aocs)3AmasPmas promoter did not lead to successful regeneration of transgenic plants. In addition, herbicide resistance in bar-expressing plants was influenced by the promoter strength. Under controlled environmental conditions, 3-month-old plants from six single-copy transgenic events with 35S∷bar or nos∷bar, as well as those nontransgenic plants, were sprayed with herbicide glufosinate ammonium (GS) at five levels (0, 750, 1500, 3000, and 6000 mg·L−1). Evaluations on leaf damage 2 weeks after spraying indicated that all transgenic plants exhibited much higher herbicide resistance than nontransgenic plants. Additionally, the transgenic plants with the 35S∷bar showed a higher herbicide resistance than those with the nos∷bar. After application of 6000 mg·L−1 GS, over 90% of the leaves from plants with the 35S∷bar and 19.5% to 51.5% of the leaves from plants with the nos∷bar showed no symptom of herbicide damage, whereas only 5% of leaves from the nontransgenic had no damage. One-year-old, field-grown plants from four transgenic events with the nos∷bar were evaluated for herbicide resistance after spraying with 750 mg·L−1 GS. Transgenic plants survived with variations in the level of foliar damage; in contrast, all nontransgenic plants died. This study is the first investigation of different promoters for engineering transgenic blueberry plants.

Using the In Vivo Acetolactate Synthase (ALS) Assay for Identifying Herbicide-Resistant Weeds

1996 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 936-942 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Taylor Lovell ◽  
Loyd M. Wax ◽  
David M. Simpson ◽  
Marshal McGlamery
Keyword(s):  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Low Level ◽  
In Vivo Assay ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Plant Level

An in vivo ALS assay was used to differentiate between susceptible and resistant kochia biotypes from Idaho and Montana. Experiments were also conducted using this assay to determine the effect of the timing of herbicide application on ALS activity in resistant and susceptible cocklebur biotypes from Mississippi. When treated with chlorsulfuron, resistant kochia biotypes demonstrated 160-and 170-fold resistance at the whole plant level for the Idaho and Montana biotypes, respectively, compared to susceptible biotypes. Using the in vivo ALS assay, the Idaho and Montana biotypes showed 70- and 490-fold resistance, respectively, based on I50values. The biotypes also demonstrated a low level of cross-resistance to imazethapyr using the in vivo technique. Resistant cocklebur biotypes showed approximately 200-fold resistance to imazaquin compared with susceptible biotypes. This research demonstrated that the in vivo assay can be used effectively to identify resistant biotypes 6 and 24 h after treatment, and to determine the extent of cross-resistance.

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