Within-Season Changes in the Residual Weed Community and Crop Tolerance to Interference over the Long Planting Season of Sweet Corn

Weed Science ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin M. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Crop Tolerance ◽  
Weed Interference ◽  
Control Failure ◽  
Planting Season

Sweet corn is planted over a long season to temporally extend the perishable supply of ears for fresh and processing markets. Most growers' fields have weeds persisting to harvest (hereafter called residual weeds), and evidence suggests the crop's ability to endure competitive stress from residual weeds (i.e., crop tolerance) is not constant over the planting season. Field studies were conducted to characterize changes in the residual weed community over the long planting season and determine the extent to which planting date influences crop tolerance to weed interference in growth and yield traits. Total weed density at harvest was similar across five planting dates from mid-April to early-July; however, some changes in composition of species common to the midwestern United States were observed. Production of viable weed seed within the relatively short growth period of individual sweet corn plantings showed weed seedbank additions are influenced by species and planting date. Crop tolerances in growth and yield were variable in the mid-April and both May plantings, and the crop was least affected by weed interference in the mid-June and early-July planting dates. As the planting season progressed from late-May to early-July, sweet corn accounted for a great proportion of the total crop–weed biomass. Based on results from Illinois, a risk management perspective to weeds should recognize the significance of planting date on sweet corn competitive ability. This work suggests risk of yield loss from weed control failure is lower in late-season sweet corn plantings (June and July) than earlier plantings (April and May).

scholarly journals Sweet Corn Growth and Yield Responses to Planting Dates of the North Central United States

HortScience ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 1775-1779 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin M. Williams
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
North Central ◽  
The North ◽  
Central United States

Sweet corn is planted over a 3-month period in the north central United States to extend availability for fresh market and processing; however, the extent to which development and growth of sweet corn changes during this period is unreported. Field experiments were conducted in 2006 and 2007 to determine the effect of five planting dates, ranging from mid-April to early July, on sweet corn establishment, growth, and yield components. Day length at the time of silking decreased from 15.1 h in the mid-April planting to 13.7 h in the early July planting. Development took 13 to 25 fewer days from emergence to silking for the hybrid ‘BC0805’, an 82-day augmented sugar enhancer endosperm type, as planting was delayed from mid-April to early July. Maximum height generally increased through planting dates with as much as 23% taller plants in early July versus mid-April planted sweet corn. While leaf mass was unaffected by planting date, maximum leaf number and rate of leaf appearance steadily decreased with later planting dates. Lower reproductive and total biomass at silking as well as marketable ear yield components were lowest in the early July planting date and were associated with presence of maize dwarf mosaic virus in leaf samples. In response to environmental conditions, the crop canopy undergoes distinct morphological changes as planting is delayed, and those changes may have implications for crop production.

Response of soya beans to planting date in south-eastern Queensland. II.* Vegetative and reproductive development

1974 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 723 ◽  
Author(s):  
RJ Lawn ◽  
DE Byth
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Reproductive Development ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Biological Efficiency ◽  
Vegetative Development ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Seed Yields

Vegetative and reproductive development of a range of soya bean cultivars was studied over a series of planting dates in both hill plots and row culture at Redland Bay, Qld. Responses in the extent of vegetative and reproductive development were related to changes in the phasic developmental patterns. The duration and extent of vegetative development for the various cultivar-planting date combinations were closely associated with the length of the period from planting to the cessation of flowering. Thus, vegetative growth was greatest for those planting dates which resulted in a delay in flowering and/or extended the flowering phase. Similarly, genetic lateness of maturity among cultivars was associated with more extensive vegetative development. Seed yield per unit area increased within each cultivar as the length of the growing period was extended until sufficient vegetative growth occurred to allow the formation of closed canopies under the particular agronomic conditions imposed. Further increases in the length of the period of vegetative growth failed to increase seed yield, and in some cases seed yields were actually reduced. Biological efficiency of seed production (BE) was negatively correlated with the length of the vegetative growth period. Differences in BE among cultivar-planting date combinations were large. It is suggested that maximization of seed yield will necessitate an optimum compromise between the degree of vegetative development and BE. Optimum plant arrangement will therefore vary, depending on the particular cultivar-planting date combination. ___________________ \*Part I, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 24: 67 (1973).

Modelling the demography of crenate broomrape (Orobanche crenata) as affected by broad bean (Vicia faba) cropping frequency and planting date

Weed Science ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisca López-Granados ◽  
Luis García-Torres
Keyword(s):  
Broad Bean ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Cropping Frequency ◽  
Seed Loss ◽  
Model Predictions ◽  
Reported Data

A mathematical model of crenate broomrape populations in broad bean as affected by cropping frequency and planting dates in the absence of crenate broomrape control practices was constructed using previously reported data. In consecutive broad bean cropping, broomrape populations reached a maximum infection severity (D) of 62, 47, and 30 emerged broomrape m−2for early (mid-October), intermediate (mid-November), and late (mid-December) planting dates, respectively. The maximumDvalues were reached earlier as planting dates were brought forward, taking from 4 to 6 yr, starting from very low initial infections (D ≤0.2 emerged broomrape m−2). If broad bean was cropped every 3 yr, 15, 21, and 27 yr were needed, respectively, according to the model, to reach the maximumDfor the three planting dates considered. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine the effect of changing the values of the main demographic parameters in broomrape life cycle (germination, attachment, and seed loss) on the output of the model under different management strategies (planting dates and cropping frequency). Generally, an increase in seed attachment and a decrease in seed loss affected broomrape population dynamics. Between the two processes evaluated, the time taken to reach the maximum infection severity (D) was less sensitive than the maximum broomrape population values. Model predictions were validated using results from long-term field studies at the late planting date sown every year. Simulated values generated good predictions (R2= 0.82).

RESPONSE OF PEAS TO ENVIRONMENT: I. PLANTING DATE AND LOCATION

1966 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. F. Fletcher ◽  
A. R. Maurer ◽  
D. P. Ormrod ◽  
B. Stanfield
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Growth Characteristics ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Dark Skin ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Maximum Temperatures

The effect of 15 planting dates on various growth characteristics of peas var. Dark Skin Perfection was studied in outdoor pot experiments at Vancouver and Agassiz, B.C. Differences in growth and yield between locations and planting dates were partly accounted for by the mean of maximum temperatures for the growth period.At Agassiz where temperatures exceeded the optimum for most growth characteristics in many of the later plantings, the mean of maximum temperatures was negatively correlated with total dry-matter yield, peas per pod, and pea yield; was positively correlated with branching; and had no effect on pods per plant, double-podded nodes, and tillering. At Vancouver, where temperatures were suboptimum for the early plantings and approached optimum for the later plantings, the mean of maximum temperatures was positively correlated with total dry-matter yield, pods per plant, double-podded nodes, tillering, and pea yield but had no effect on peas per pod or branching. A seasonal mean maximum temperature of 68 to 70°F was considered to be optimum for peas.

scholarly journals Effect of Planting Dates and Fertilizer Rates on the Growth and Yield of Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) In WUKARI, Taraba State

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 36-43
Author(s):  
Balogun K. ◽  
Nwokah J.T.
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Interactive Effect ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Fertilizer Rate ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Cropping Season ◽  
Fertilizer Application Rate ◽  
Fertilizer Rates

A field experiment was conducted at the teaching and research farm of the Federal University Wukari, Taraba State, Nigeria to determine, evaluate and compare the effect of planting dates and fertilizer rates on growth and yield of sweet potato, using three planting dates: planting date one (July 4), planting date two (July18) and planting date three (August 1) for both 2017 and 2018 cropping seasons, and four fertilizer rates: F0 (0kg/h), F1 (30kg/h), F2 (60kg/h) and F3 (90kg/h). The treatments were arranged in 3 x 4 split plot factorial design combinations replicated three times. Measurements were taken on the growth and tuber yield at harvest such as the length of primary veins, number of secondary veins, number of leaves, number of tubers and tuber weight. Data collected were analyzed using ANOVA and the significant means separated using Duncan multiple differences at 5% probability level. The result of the experiment indicated that both main effects (planting dates and fertilizer rates) had significant influence on all of the traits measured. Similarly, the interactive effect of planting dates and fertilizer rates significantly affected all of the traits measured, except leaf area which is not significantly influenced by the interactive effect of planting dates and fertilizer rates. The significantly highest weight of tuber per plant was obtained from the planting dates at PD1, PD2 and PD3 (1.09, 1.56 and 1.10 respectively in 2017 cropping season and 1.00, 1.51 and 1.03 respectively for 2018 cropping season). Fertilizer rates enhanced growth and yield performance on the planting dates used. Highest yield values were observed in planting date 2 (PD2). Highest value in all the yield characters measured was observed in planting date 2 (PD2) at fertilizer rates of F3 and F2 (90kg/h and 60kg/h respectively). Based on the findings from this research, planting date 2 (PD2) with 60kg/ha (F2) of fertilizer application rate is recommended. Generally, all traits except the leaf area were significantly affected by the interactive effect of planting date and fertilizer rate, indicating that determining fertilizer rate for each planting date by considering their vegetative growth and yield habit is very important in crop production. Further research should be repeated under rainfed conditions at different locations.

Weed competition in maize (Zea mays L.) as a function of the timing of hand-hoeing weed control in the southern Guinea savanna zone of Nigeria

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Takim
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Weed Competition ◽  
Maize Crop ◽  
Weed Interference ◽  
The University

Field studies were conducted in 2010 and 2011 at the Teaching and Research Farm of the University of Ilorin, Nigeria (9°29′ N, 4°35′ E) to evaluate the effect of early weed competition on the growth and yield of maize. The experiment was designed as a randomized complete block (RCBD) with a split-plot arrangement and three replications. The main plots consisted of three weed control treatments included weedy (no herbicide), grass weeds (pre-emergence atrazine) and broadleaf weeds (pre-emergence metolachlor), while the sub-plots consisted of six durations of weed infestation (3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 weeks after emergence). The pre-emergence herbicides had a greater effect on weed density and weed dry weight. Weed seedling emergence and weed dry weight increased significantly with an increase in the duration of weed interference. The grasses and broadleaf weeds had a similar influence on the growth and grain yield of maize. Three to five weeks of weed interference gave similar grain yields, which were significantly higher than those obtained in plots that had 6-8 weeks of weed interference. These results suggest that the maize crop must be kept free of weeds for 6-8 weeks after the application of pre-emergence herbicide to minimize weed-crop competition and harvest a good grain yield.

scholarly journals Effects of Planting Date on Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in Cotton

2018 ◽  
Vol 112 (2) ◽  
pp. 699-707 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cody D Kerns ◽  
Jeremy K Greene ◽  
Francis P F Reay-Jones ◽  
William C Bridges
Keyword(s):  
Upland Cotton ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Alternative Control ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Frankliniella Fusca ◽  
Scale Levels ◽  
Tobacco Thrips

Abstract At-plant applications of insecticides are the most common method to manage thrips in upland cotton, Gossypium hirstutum L. Because the primary pest species, tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca (Hinds), has developed resistance to commonly used neonicotinoid insecticides used in producing cotton, alternative control options are needed for sustainable thrips management programs. A 3-year study (2015–2017) showed that densities of thrips, feeding injury from thrips, cotton growth, and yield varied among 10 planting dates. Densities of thrips were lowest in seedling cotton planted after mid-May in all years. Thrips injury ratings in all years were highest in cotton planted in April, lowest in cotton planted in June, and below intermediate injury (intermediate corresponded to a 3 on the 0–5 scale) levels in cotton planted after mid-May. Cotton planted during May, rather than in April or June, had the highest yield potential, regardless of variety. Results of the study indicated that altering planting date could potentially be useful in mitigating injury and losses from thrips in upland cotton.

scholarly journals Influence of Planting Date and Weed Interference on Sweet Corn Growth and Development

2007 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 1066-1072 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin M. Williams ◽  
John L. Lindquist
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Weed Interference

Effects of Planting Date and Mulching on Cowpea in Sierra Leone

1981 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Kamara
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Pod Number

SUMMARYThe effects of date of planting and soil mulching on cowpea growth and yield were investigated for three years during the middle part of the minor season in Sierra Leone. Mulching at 8 tons/ha conserved more soil moisture than other mulch rates, with greatest difference in the top 15 cm of soil, especially during drier periods. Plant height, pod number and seed yield of cowpea planted in September were significantly greater than from other planting dates whether mulch was applied or not. The beneficial effects of mulching at 8 tons/ha on cowpea growth and yield were more dramatic when the crop received an average weekly rainfall of 100 mm before 50% flowering.

scholarly journals Influencia de la fecha de siembra y la poda sobre la producción de cultivares de ocra (Abelmoschus esculentus).

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arturo Díaz-Franco ◽  
Alfredo S. Ortegón
Keyword(s):  
Total Yield ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Abelmoschus Esculentus ◽  
Bemisia Argentifolii ◽  
Sweetpotato Whitefly ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Planting Season

The production of five okra cultivars (Abelmoschus esculentus) during the regular planting season and after pruning was evaluated. Four hybrids and the variety ‘Clemson Spineless 80’ were tested in two planting dates during 1994 (Feb-15/Mar-22) and 1995 (Feb-21/Mar-15).At the end of the regular season, the stalks of the plants were cut 25 cm above the soil surface to measure the fruit after pruning. During the regular season, march planting dates showed precocity. Most of hybrids showed harvest precocity and larger fruit yields than ‘Clemson Spineless 80’ , ‘Cajun Delight’ registered the highest yield in both years. After pruning in 1994, hybrids were four days earlier precocious than the variety, and ‘Green Best’ and ‘North- South’ had the greatest yields in the two plantings dates. Additionals yields ranging from 10% to 76% were obtained by pruning .The planting date of Feb-15 was superior in the total yield. Pruning production in 1995 was affected by a high incidence of sweetpotato whitefly (Bemisia argentifolii) populations.

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