Summary
The present work is a part of a thorough and systematic laboratory study of oil-in-water emulsion flow in porous media that we have undertaken recently to investigate the mechanisms of oil-droplet retention and its consecutive effect on permeability. One of our main objectives was to see how the in-depth propagation of produced- water (PW) residual dilute emulsion could impair the permeability during PW reinjection (PWRI). During this casework, we used granular packs of sharp-edged silicon carbide grains and stable and dilute dodecane-in-water emulsions. The flow experiments were performed under well-controlled conditions, and we studied the effect of most of the relevant parameters, including flow rate, salinity, droplet size, and permeability of the porous medium.
A careful monitoring of the salinity and the jamming ratio (JR) allowed us to consider and work separately on the two main mechanisms of droplet capture (i.e., surface capture and straining capture). In a previous paper (Buret et al. 2008), we reported on the effect of salinity and flow rate on emulsion flow through porous media where the pore-size/droplet-size ratio (JR) was very high, ensuring that only droplet capture on pore surface is operative. This paper reports on the effect of salinity and JR on both mechanisms, with the main focus being on the induced permeability impairment.
We demonstrated that surface capture could induce significant in-depth permeability losses even at a high JR. The maximum reached permeability loss is very sensitive to salinity and flow rate (shear-thinning effect). This maximum is always lower than a limiting value dictated by the surface-coverage jamming limit of random sequential adsorption (RSA) theory. This limiting value increases while decreasing the JR, according to a simple formula extracted from Poiseuille's law with a mean hydrodynamic thickness of the deposited layer close to the droplet diameter (monolayer deposition). Regarding the straining capture, we determined a critical JR of 7 for this mechanism to occur. Preliminary results using only two JR values and one flow rate are presented. Compared to surface capture, the results show that straining capture induces more severe plugging with a lower rate of propagation. The lower the JR is, the more severe the plugging is and the lower the propagation rate is. However, more investigations are still required, notably using various JRs and flow rates to characterize this important mechanism better.
Stabilization and Release of Palm Tocotrienol Emulsion Fabricated Using pH-Sensitive Calcium Carbonate
