STEROIDOGENESIS IN PREOVULATORY FOLLICLES OF PATIENTS GIVEN HUMAN MENOPAUSAL AND CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHINS AS JUDGED BY THE RADIOIMMUNOASSAY OF STEROIDS IN FOLLICULAR FLUID

1978 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. FOWLER ◽  
R. G. EDWARDS ◽  
D. E. WALTERS ◽  
S. T. H. CHAN ◽  
P. C. STEPTOE
Keyword(s):  
Follicular Fluid ◽  
Follicular Development ◽  
Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Steroid Synthesis ◽  
Asynchronous Development ◽  
Preovulatory Follicles ◽  
Human Menopausal Gonadotrophin ◽  
Broad Classification

SUMMARY The administration of human menopausal gonadotrophin (HMG) followed by human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) stimulated the development of various numbers of follicles in patients treated for infertility. Graafian follicles from these patients were aspirated 32–33 h after the injection of HCG and the levels of steroids in the follicular fluid and matching serum samples were measured by radioimmunoassay. The follicles could not be grouped into two distinct clusters as found in patients given HCG during the menstrual cycle but a broad classification of follicles into four groups was indicated from the dendrogram. Two of the groups were similar to the ovulatory and non-ovulatory groups found previously, whereas the other two groups of follicles were more intermediate in nature. The use of a discriminant analysis showed that these two groups had clearly been stimulated by the HMG and HCG, although they were not yet fully ovulatory. Our data indicate that the number of developing follicles is considerably increased by treatment with HMG and HCG but there is asynchrony in follicular development because the pattern of steroid synthesis differs in many follicles. The effects of this asynchronous development on oocyte maturation and disorders of the luteal phase are discussed.

STEROIDOGENESIS IN HUMAN FOLLICLES APPROACHING OVULATION AS JUDGED FROM ASSAYS OF FOLLICULAR FLUID

1977 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. FOWLER ◽  
S. T. H. CHAN ◽  
D. E. WALTERS ◽  
R. G. EDWARDS ◽  
P. C. STEPTOE
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Follicular Fluid ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Chorionic Gonadotrophin ◽  
Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin ◽  
Preovulatory Follicle ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Preovulatory Follicles ◽  
Ovulatory Follicles

SUMMARY Human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) was given to patients at mid-cycle before the endogenous LH surge. Graafian follicles were aspirated 32–33 h later, before ovulation was expected, and the levels of several steroids in follicular fluid and in matching serum samples were measured by radioimmunoassay. Two types of Graafian follicle were identified at laparoscopy, based on the nature of the oocyte, granulosa cells and follicular fluid withdrawn from the follicles. Some were large, preovulatory and presumably becoming luteinized while others were generally smaller, non-ovulatory and still growing. The concentrations of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and 17α-hydroxypregnenolone (Δ5 intermediates), androstenedione and testosterone were higher in non-ovulatory follicles, whereas large follicles usually contained high levels of progesterone, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, pregnenolone and oestradiol-17β. A cluster analysis of these data grouped follicles into two distinct clusters, which accorded with their identification as ovulatory or non-ovulatory at laparoscopy. Levels of progesterone, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone and oestradiol-17β in follicular fluid were high in preovulatory follicles in comparison with plasma. Results in two patients indicated that plasma levels of these steroids were determined by the preovulatory follicle. Levels of plasma Δ5 steroids were closer to follicular fluid concentrations, whereas DHEA was higher in plasma. The role of the theca and granulosa is discussed in relation to the synthesis of progesterone and oestradiol-17β in follicles as ovulation approaches.

Oocyte-secreted factros regulate granulosa cell steroidogenesis

Zygote ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 4 (04) ◽  
pp. 317-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara C. Vanderhyden
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Germ Cell ◽  
Granulosa Cell ◽  
Granulosa Cells ◽  
Follicular Fluid ◽  
Follicular Development ◽  
Inhibitory Factor ◽  
Preovulatory Follicles ◽  
Loss Of Contact

Investigations of strains of mice defective in germ cell development have revealed the importance of oocytes for the initial stages of folliculogenesis (Pellaset al., 1991; Huanget al., 1993). Various aspects of follicular development are dependent upon and/or influenced by the presence of oocytes, including granulosa cell proliferation (Vanderhydenet al., 1990, 1992) and cumulus expansion (Buccioneet al., 1990; Salustriet al., 1990; Vanderhydenet al., 1990; Vanderhyden, 1993). We are investigating the possibility that oocytes influence one of the primary functions of granulosa cells: steroidogenesis. In many species, granulosa cells removed from preovulatory follicles luteinisein vitro(Channinget al., 1982), presumably due to loss of contact with follicular luteinisation inhibitory factor(s). Indeed, follicular fluid can prevent granulosa cell luteinisationin vitro(Ledwitz-Rigbyet al., 1977). Follicular fluid, however, may simply be the medium for transport of factors secreted by oocytes to regulate granulosa cell activities.

Follicular and oocyte development in gilts of different age

2002 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.-P. Brüssow ◽  
J. Rátky ◽  
H. Torner ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Follicular Fluid ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Follicular Development ◽  
Left Ovary ◽  
Oocyte Development ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Meiotic Configuration ◽  
Preovulatory Follicles ◽  
Reproductive Life ◽  
The Right

The aim of the present study was to estimate follicular and oocyte development of the same gilts in three phases of their reproductive life - prepuberal gilt (6 months old), cycling gilt (9.5 months old) and primiparous sow. Follicular development was induced by injections of 1000 IU PMSG followed by 500 IU hCG 72 h later. Cumulus-oocyte-complexes (COCs) were recovered from preovulatory follicles of the left ovary, and follicular fluid (FF) from the right ovary always 34 h after hCG by endoscopy. Altogether, 19 gilts were used in the prepuberal (P) and cycling (C) trials and 12 of them in the primiparous trial (S). Altogether 168, 190 and 82 follicles were aspirated from the left ovary and 106, 125 and 42 COCs recovered (recovery rate 60.5 ± 26.9, 62.7 ± 20.9 and 52.9 ± 21.8%). The average number of follicles was higher in C compared to P (19.7 ± 6.8 vs. 15.7 ± 6.8, p = 0.06) and to S (14.2 ± 4.0, P < 0.05), respectively. More uniform expanded COCs were aspirated from prepuberal and cycling gilts as compared to sows (89.7 and 78.4% vs. 46.3%, P < 0.05). Furthermore, the meiotic configuration in oocytes differed (P < 0.05) between these groups (55.5 and 61.7% vs. 0% Telo1/Meta2). Concentrations of progesterone in FF decreased (P < 0.05) from 590.0 ± 333.6 (P) to 249.1 ± 72.6 (C) and 161.4 ± 75.2 ng/ml (S). FF concentrations of oestradiol-17β were different between gilts and sows (9.3 ± 2.9, 21.9 ± 10.6 and 94.0 ± 15.9 pg/ml, P < 0.05). The progesterone/oestradiol ratio was 72.1, 15.2 and 4.7. Results indicate a different follicular and oocyte development during the investigated lifetime periods. Cycling gilts should preferably be used in IVF and breeding programs. The lower reproductive potential of primiparous sows is taken into consideration at breeding. Prediction of lifetime performance based on individual ovarian reaction of prepuberal gilts is unsuitable.

scholarly journals Serum Anti-Mullerian Hormone and Estradiol Concentrations in Gilts and Their Age at Puberty

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2189
Author(s):  
Nutthee Am-in ◽  
Junpen Suwimonteerabutr ◽  
Roy N. Kirkwood
Keyword(s):  
Follicular Development ◽  
Ovarian Follicles ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Physiological Maturity ◽  
Data Support ◽  
Preovulatory Follicles ◽  
Estrus Detection ◽  
Fence Line

For experiment one, blood samples were obtained from 200 gilts at 90, 120, 150, 180, and 200 days of age. Serum samples from the 30 youngest (166.1 ± 0.7 days) and 30 oldest (198.8 ± 0.6 days) gilts exhibiting estrus by 200 days, and a further 18 gilts that remained anestrus at 200 days, were assayed for serum concentrations of anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) and estradiol (E2). Gilts younger at puberty had higher (p < 0.05) AMH levels than those older at puberty, and both groups had higher AMH levels than anestrus gilts (p < 0.05). Regardless of age, serum E2 was higher (p < 0.05) in gilts that achieved puberty than in gilts remaining anestrus. At spontaneous pubertal estrus detection, there was no effect of pubertal age on the number of preovulatory ovarian follicles. For experiment two, 152 prepubertal gilts received an intramuscular (IM) injection of 400 IU eCG plus 200 IU hCG and then received fence-line boar contact to detect estrus onset. Serum AMH concentrations were higher (p < 0.05) in the first 25 gilts to exhibit puberty than the last 28 gilts, with the first gilts also having more preovulatory follicles (p < 0.0001). Taken together, these data support an association between serum AMH concentrations and degree of physiological maturity and ovarian follicular development in gilts.

Concentrations of arachidonate metabolites, steroids and histamine in preovulatory horse follicles after administration of human chorionic gonadotrophin and the effect of intrafollicular injection of indomethacin

1991 ◽  
Vol 129 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. D. Watson ◽  
P. L. Sertich
Keyword(s):  
Follicular Fluid ◽  
Chorionic Gonadotrophin ◽  
Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin ◽  
Hormonal Changes ◽  
Preovulatory Follicle ◽  
Plasma Progesterone ◽  
Preovulatory Follicles ◽  
Arachidonate Metabolites ◽  
Ovulatory Process ◽  
Over Time

ABSTRACT This study investigated the sequence of hormonal changes within the preovulatory follicles of mares. Mares were injected i.v. with 2500 IU human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) when a preovulatory follicle of 35 mm in diameter was detected. Fluid was aspirated from preovulatory follicles before (0 h), and 12, 24 and 36 h after administration of hCG. Concentrations of progesterone, prostaglandin (PG) E2, PGF, 6-keto-PGF1α and thromboxane B2 in follicular fluid increased significantly (P<0·01) between 0 and 36 h. At 36 h, PGE2 was present in highest concentrations, followed by PGF and 6-keto-PGF1α; thromboxane B2 was present at lower concentrations than other prostanoids. Concentrations of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2α increased significantly (P<0·05) between 24 and 36 h. Leukotriene B4, leukotriene C4 and histamine were present in follicular fluid at all sampling periods and did not change significantly over time. In another experiment, buffered saline or indomethacin (either 100 or 500 μg) was injected into preovulatory follicles on the day that they reached 35 mm in diameter to determine whether blocking intrafollicular PG synthesis would affect ovulation. The interval between intrafollicular injection and ultrasonographic detection of luteinization was significantly longer (P<0·05) in mares treated with 500 μg indomethacin. Plasma progesterone concentrations were significantly (P<0·05) lower in indomethacin-treated mares than in control mares on the first 5 days after injection. These results indicate that intrafollicular concentrations of PGs increase significantly before ovulation in mares and may be involved in the ovulatory process. Journal of Endocrinology (1991) 129, 131–139

Luteinizing hormone increases the number of ova shed in the cyclic hamster and guinea-pig

1984 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Garza ◽  
M. A. Shaban ◽  
P. F. Terranova
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Binding Sites ◽  
Follicular Development ◽  
Chorionic Gonadotrophin ◽  
Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Sustained Development ◽  
Antral Follicles ◽  
Preovulatory Follicles ◽  
Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotrophin

ABSTRACT Osmotic minipumps containing 400 μg ovine LH installed subcutaneously on day 1 (oestrus) of the cycle in the hamster induced superovulation of 30·0 ± 2·1 ova (n=5) at the next expected oestrus. Controls ovulated 12·0 ± 0·8 ova (n = 6). Bovine LH, human LH, porcine LH, human chorionic gonadotrophin and pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin were effective in approximately doubling the number of ova spontaneously shed in the hamster. Ovine FSH (200 μg/pump) was most effective in increasing the number of ova spontaneously shed (55 ± 6, n=5) in the hamster. Infusion of ovine LH on days 1–4 prevented the reduction of the number of antral follicles that occurs normally between days 3 and 4 of the 4-day cycle. Since this reduction in follicular numbers in control cyclic hamsters is due to atresia, the exogenous LH might prevent atresia of the developing follicles. In the hamster, exogenous ovine LH significantly increased the serum concentrations of androstenedione, oestradiol and LH but not of FSH. Hamsters were hypophysectomized on the day of oestrus, given immediate LH (400 pg) or FSH (200 μg) replacement therapy and autopsied on day 4. Ovarian histology revealed that immediate LH treatment after hypophysectomy sustained development of histologically normal preovulatory follicles but had no effect on the number of smaller sizes of follicles. Immediate FSH treatment after hypophysectomy increased only the number of smaller sized follicles. Since LH did not increase the smaller sized follicles, no 'FSH-like' effect on follicular development was observed. In the hamster, the ability of various preparations of LH to induce superovulation did not correlate with their ability to displace 125I-labelled ovine FSH from its ovarian binding sites. The superovulatory action of LH required the presence of the pituitary gland, indicating that LH might synergize with FSH and/or prolactin (or hamster LH) for spontaneous superovulation and it appears that exogenous LH might induce superovulation by prevention of atresia. Infusion of LH into the guinea-pig beginning on day 12 of the cycle (day 1 is the day of ovulation) doubled the ovulation rate whereas in the cyclic rat and mouse LH treatment throughout the cycle was ineffective in increasing the number of ova shed. J. Endocr. (1984) 101, 289–298

Effects of age on follicular fluid exosomal microRNAs and granulosa cell transforming growth factor-β signalling during follicle development in the mare

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 897 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliano C. da Silveira ◽  
Quinton A. Winger ◽  
Gerrit J. Bouma ◽  
Elaine M. Carnevale
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Granulosa Cells ◽  
Follicular Fluid ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Follicular Development ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Β ◽  
Follicle Development ◽  
Oocyte Competence ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Preovulatory Follicles

Age-related decline in fertility is a consequence of low oocyte number and/or low oocyte competence resulting in pregnancy failure. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signalling is a well-studied pathway involved in follicular development and ovulation. Recently, small non-coding RNAs, namely microRNAs (miRNAs), have been demonstrated to regulate several members of this pathway; miRNAs are secreted inside small cell-secreted vesicles called exosomes. The overall goal of the present study was to determine whether altered exosome miRNA content in follicular fluid from old mares is associated with changes in TGF-β signalling in granulosa cells during follicle development. Follicular fluid was collected at deviation (n = 6), mid-oestrus (n = 6) and preovulation (n = 6) for identification of exosomal miRNAs from young (3–12 years) and old (20–26 years) mares. Analysis of selected TGF-β signalling members revealed significantly increased levels of interleukin 6 (IL6) in granulosa cells from mid-oestrus compared with preovulatory follicles, and collagen alpha-2(I) chain (COL1A2) in granulosa cells from deviation compared with preovulatory follicles in young mares. In addition, granulosa cells from old mares had significantly altered levels of DNA-binding protein inhibitor ID-2 (ID2), signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) and cell division cycle 25A (CDC25A). Finally, changes in exosomal miRNA predicted to target selected TGF-β members were identified.

INHIBITION OF MATURATION OF ISOLATED RAT OOCYTES BY PORCINE FOLLICULAR FLUID

1977 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. TSAFRIRI ◽  
CORNELIA P. CHANNING ◽  
S. H. POMERANTZ ◽  
H. R. LINDNER
Keyword(s):  
Follicular Fluid ◽  
Follicular Development ◽  
Germinal Vesicle ◽  
Weight Fraction ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Germinal Vesicle Breakdown ◽  
Preovulatory Follicles ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotrophin ◽  
Isolated Rat

The inhibitory action of porcine follicular fluid (FF1) on the spontaneous maturation of isolated rat oocytes was studied. Both FF1 and a low-molecular-weight fraction thereof (PFF1) inhibited the maturation of oocytes in culture. When the oocytes were scrutinized for maturation after culturing for 6 h in a medium containing 50% (v/v) FF1, the incidence of germinal vesicle breakdown (GVB) was reduced from 75 to 53% (P < 0·001) in oocytes collected 20 h after administration of pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG), and from 94 to 53% (P < 0·01) in oocytes collected from preovulatory follicles 44 h after treatment with PMSG. Prolongation of the culture period to 20 h resulted in an increase in the number of oocytes undergoing GVB to 58% (harvested 20 h after PMSG treatment; P < 0·001) or 71% (44 h after treatment with PMSG; P > 0·05). Inhibition of GVB by PFF1 occurred at concentrations ≥ 0·085 mg protein/ml; the extent of inhibition was related directly to the concentration of inhibitor and inversely to the duration of culture and the developmental stage of the follicles from which the oocytes were derived. The inhibition of the resumption of meiosis by FF1 or PFF1 was overcome by ovine LH (5 μg/ml). However, GVB was delayed even in the presence of LH, compared with controls cultured in the absence of the inhibitor. These results demonstrate that the maturation-inhibiting action of porcine follicular fluid is not species specific and that the sensitivity of the rat oocyte to the inhibitor changes during the course of follicular development.

Magnetic resonance image attributes of the bovine ovarian follicle antrum during development and regression

Reproduction ◽  
2000 ◽  
pp. 311-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
JL Hilton ◽  
GE Sarty ◽  
GP Adams ◽  
RA Pierson
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Relaxation Rate ◽  
Follicular Fluid ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Image ◽  
Follicular Development ◽  
Physiological Status ◽  
Proton Density ◽  
Dominant Follicle ◽  
Rate Heterogeneity ◽  
Pixel Value

The magnetic resonance images and maps of bovine ovaries acquired at defined phases of follicular development and regression were studied to determine whether magnetic resonance image attributes of the follicular antrum reflect the physiological status of dominant and subordinate ovarian follicles. Ovariectomies were performed at day 3 of wave one, day 6 of wave one, day 1 of wave two and at >/= day 17 after ovulation. The timings of ovariectomies were selected to acquire growing, early static, late static and regressing follicles of the first wave and preovulatory follicles of the ovulatory wave. Pre-selection and subordinate follicles were also available for analysis. Serum samples were taken on the day of ovariectomy and follicular fluid samples were taken after imaging. Numerical pixel value and pixel heterogeneity in a spot representing approximately 95% of the follicular antrum were quantified in T(1)- and T(2)-weighted images. T(1) and T(2) relaxation rates (T(1) and T(2)), proton density, apparent diffusion coefficients and their heterogeneities were determined from the computed magnetic resonance maps. The antra of early atretic dominant follicles showed higher T(2)-weighted mean pixel value (P < 0.008) and heterogeneity (P < 0. 01) and lower T(2) heterogeneity (P < 0.008) than growing follicles. Subordinate follicles in the presence of a preovulatory dominant follicle had higher T(1), T(1) heterogeneity, proton density, proton density heterogeneity, and lower mean pixel value in T(1)-weighted images than subordinate follicles of the anovulatory wave (P < 0.04). T(1) relaxation rate heterogeneity and proton density heterogeneity were positively correlated with follicular fluid oestradiol concentration (r = 0.4 and 0.3; P < 0.04). T(2) relaxation rate heterogeneity was positively correlated with follicular fluid progesterone concentration (r = 0.4; P < 0.008). Quantitative differences in magnetic resonance image attributes of the antrum observed among phases of follicular development and regression coincided with changes in the ability of the dominant follicle to produce steroid hormones and ovulate, and thus were indicative of physiological status and follicular health.

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