scholarly journals Mental rotation: The effects of processing strategy, gender and task characteristics on children's accuracy, reaction time and eye movements’ pattern

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorit Taragin ◽  
David Tzuriel ◽  
Eli Vakil
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Mental Rotation ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Movement Pattern ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Difficulty Level ◽  
Task Characteristics ◽  
Spatial Span ◽  
And Task

The effects of gender, strategy and task characteristics on children's mental rotation (MR) behavioral measures and eye movements were studied. Eye movements reflect thinking pattern and assist understanding mental rotation performance. Eighty-three fourth-grade children (44 boys and 39 girls) were administered the Computerized Windows Mental Rotation test (CWMR) while having their eye movements monitored and completed a Strategy Self-Report (global/local/combined) and a Spatial Span (WM) subtest. Difficulty level affected performance and was reflected in a different eye movement pattern. Boys were more accurate than girls, but they did not differ in their eye movement pattern. Eye movement pattern was related to strategy, accuracy and reaction time, revealing that the global and combined strategy were more effective compared with local strategy. WM was found to correlate with accuracy at the easy level of the test. The usage of eye movement measures assists in elaborating our knowledge regarding MR performance among children and enable a wider understanding regarding the interaction between gender, strategy and difficulty level. 

A COMMUNICATION AID SYSTEM BY FEATURE EXTRACTION OF ELECTROOCULOGRAPHIC SIGNALS

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (06) ◽  
pp. 1950048
Author(s):  
Takenao Sugi ◽  
Ryosuke Baba ◽  
Yoshitaka Matsuda ◽  
Satoru Goto ◽  
Naruto Egashira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Movement Pattern ◽  
Specific Pattern ◽  
Analog To Digital ◽  
Communication Aid ◽  
Current State ◽  
System User ◽  
Movement Disability

People with serious movement disabilities due to neurodegenerative diseases have problems in their communication with others. Considerable numbers of communication aid systems have been developed in the past. Especially, some of the systems driven by eye movements are thought to be effective for such people. Electrooculographic (EOG) signal reflects the eye movement and the specific pattern of eye movement can be seen in EOG signals. This paper proposes a communication aid system by extracting the features of EOG. The system consists of a computer, analog-to-digital converter, biological amplifier and two monitors. Two monitors, one for a system user and the other for other people, display the same information. Five items are presented in the monitor, and a user selects those items according to the situation in the communication. Selection of the items is done by combining three eye movements: gaze at left, gaze at right and successive blinks. Basic concept of the communication aid system was designed by taking into account the current state of a subject’s movement disability. Then, the design of a screen and the algorithm for detecting eye movement pattern from EOG were determined by using the data of normal healthy subjects. The system worked almost perfectly for normal healthy subjects. Then, the developed system was operated by a subject with serious movement disability. Parts of the system operation were regarded as satisfactory level, and some miss-operation were also seen.

EXPRESS: Eye Movement Patterns to Social and Non-social Cues in Early Deaf Adults

2021 ◽  
pp. 174702182199851
Author(s):  
Claudia Bonmassar ◽  
Francesco Pavani ◽  
Alessio Di Renzo ◽  
Cristina Caselli ◽  
Wieske van Zoest
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Movement Pattern ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Landing Position ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Cue Validity ◽  
Deaf Adults ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Onset Asynchrony

Previous research on covert orienting to the periphery suggested that early profound deaf adults were less susceptible to uninformative gaze cues, though were equally or more affected by non-social arrow cues. The aim of the present work was to investigate whether spontaneous eye movement behaviour helps explain the reduced impact of the social cue in deaf adults. We tracked the gaze of 25 early profound deaf and 25 age-matched hearing observers performing a peripheral discrimination task with uninformative central cues (gaze vs. arrow), stimulus-onset asynchrony (250 vs. 750 ms) and cue-validity (valid vs. invalid) as within-subject factors. In both groups, the cue-effect on RT was comparable for the two cues, although deaf observers responded significantly slower than hearing controls. While deaf and hearing observers eye movement pattern looked similar when the cue was presented in isolation, deaf participants made significantly eye movements than hearing controls once the discrimination target appeared. Notably, further analysis of eye movements in the deaf group revealed that independent of cue-type, cue-validity affected saccade landing position, while latency was not modulated by these factors. Saccade landing position was also strongly related to the magnitude of the validity effect on RT, such that the greater the difference in saccade landing position between invalid and valid trials, the greater the difference in manual RT between invalid and valid trials. This work suggests that the contribution of overt selection in central cueing of attention is more prominent in deaf adults and helps determine the manual performance, irrespective of cue-type.

scholarly journals Eye tracker as an implied social presence: awareness of being eye-tracked induces social-norm-based looking behaviour

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hoo Keat Wong ◽  
Ian D. Stephen
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Social Presence ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Movement Pattern ◽  
The Body ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Movement Behaviour ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
The Impact

Human behaviour is not only influenced by the physical presence of others, but also implied social presence. According to Risko and Kingstone (2011), an eye tracker can represent an implied social presence which could influence individuals’ gaze behaviour. This study examines the impact of awareness of being eye-tracked on eye movement behaviour in a laboratory setting.  During a classic yes/no face recognition task, participants were made to believe that their eye movements were recorded (or not recorded) by eye trackers. Their looking patterns with and without the awareness of being eye-tracked were compared while perceiving social (faces, faces-and-bodies) and non-social (inanimate objects) video stimuli. Area-of-interest (AOI) analysis revealed that misinformed participants (who were not aware that their eye movements were being recorded) looked more at the body (chest and waist) compared to informed participants (who believed they were being eye-tracked), whereas informed participants fixated longer on the mouth and shorter on the eyes of female models than misinformed participants did. These findings highlight the potential impact of an awareness of being eye tracked on one’s eye movement pattern when perceiving a social stimulus. We therefore suggest that even within laboratory settings an eye tracker may function as an implied social presence that leads individuals to modify their eye movement behaviour according to socially-derived inhibitory norms.

scholarly journals Influence of Task Characteristics on Eye-Movement Patterns Related to Numerical and Textual Information in Arithmetic Word Problems

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriella Daroczy ◽  
Christina Artemenko ◽  
Detmar Meurers ◽  
Magdalena Wolska ◽  
Hans-Christoph Nuerk
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Word Problem ◽  
Word Problems ◽  
Text Comprehension ◽  
Movement Patterns ◽  
Task Characteristics ◽  
Arithmetic Task ◽  
Word Problem Solving

Both linguistic and arithmetic task characteristics contribute to the difficulty of a word problem. However, the role of these characteristics and the exact cognitive processes underlying arithmetic word problems are often not clear, but they might be detectable by analysing eye-movement patterns. Not much is known about how eye-movements change under different linguistic and arithmetic task characteristics in regard to the whole problem as well as to specific parts of it (numerical and textual elements). This study examined the effects of linguistic and arithmetic task characteristics on the word problem-solving ability of children aged 10-13 years while their eye-movements were monitored. We manipulated the task characteristics independently of each other, using the mathematical factor operation (addition/subtraction) and the linguistic factors consistency (consistent/inconsistent) and nominalization (verbalized/nominalized). The results showed that eye-movements generally increase with increasing linguistic (i.e., nominalization) or arithmetic (i.e., operation) difficulty. However, specific parts of the text were differentially affected based on task characteristics: In general, increasing arithmetic difficulty shifts eye-movements towards numerical elements and increasing linguistic difficulty shifts eye-movements towards textual elements. However, the increase of difficulty in the arithmetic domain can also affect processing in the linguistic domain. For instance, as textual parts of the word problem were more frequently attended to when arithmetic difficulty increased but not vice versa. This indicates that in the process of word problem-solving, text comprehension and calculation are not sequential independent processes, but partially rely on the same processing components, such as working memory resources.

scholarly journals Oculomotor capture by stimuli that signal the availability of reward

2015 ◽  
Vol 114 (4) ◽  
pp. 2316-2327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Failing ◽  
Tom Nissens ◽  
Daniel Pearson ◽  
Mike Le Pelley ◽  
Jan Theeuwes
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Early Selection ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Oculomotor Capture ◽  
Task Relevance ◽  
Selection Processes ◽  
High Reward ◽  
Task Irrelevant ◽  
And Task

It is well known that eye movement patterns are influenced by both goal- and salience-driven factors. Recent studies, however, have demonstrated that objects that are nonsalient and task irrelevant can still capture our eyes if moving our eyes to those objects has previously produced reward. Here we demonstrate that training such an association between eye movements to an object and delivery of reward is not needed. Instead, an object that merely signals the availability of reward captures the eyes even when it is physically nonsalient and never relevant for the task. Furthermore, we show that oculomotor capture by reward is more reliably observed in saccades with short latencies. We conclude that a stimulus signaling high reward has the ability to capture the eyes independently of bottom-up physical salience or top-down task relevance and that the effect of reward affects early selection processes.

scholarly journals Preservation of eye movements in Parkinson’s disease is stimulus and task specific

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jolande Fooken ◽  
Pooja Patel ◽  
Christina B. Jones ◽  
Martin J. McKeown ◽  
Miriam Spering
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Hand Movement ◽  
Moving Target ◽  
Moving Targets ◽  
Anti Saccades ◽  
Oculomotor Function ◽  
And Task

AbstractParkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease that includes motor impairments such as tremor, bradykinesia, and postural instability. Although eye movement deficits are commonly found in saccade and pursuit tasks, preservation of oculomotor function has also been reported. Here we investigate specific task and stimulus conditions under which oculomotor function in PD is preserved. Sixteen PD patients and eighteen healthy, age-matched controls completed a battery of movement tasks that included stationary or moving targets eliciting reactive or deliberate eye movements: pro-saccades, anti-saccades, visually-guided pursuit, and rapid go/no-go manual interception. Compared to controls, patients demonstrated systematic impairments in tasks with stationary targets: pro-saccades were hypometric and anti-saccades were incorrectly initiated toward the cued target in about 35% of trials compared to 14% errors in controls. In patients, task errors were linked to short latency saccades, indicating abnormalities in inhibitory control. However, patients’ eye movements in response to dynamic targets were relatively preserved. PD patients were able to track and predict a disappearing moving target and make quick go/no-go decisions as accurately as controls. Patients’ interceptive hand movements were slower on average but initiated earlier, indicating adaptive processes to compensate for motor slowing. We conclude that PD patients demonstrate stimulus- and task-dependency of oculomotor impairments and propose that preservation of eye and hand movement function in PD is linked to a separate functional pathway through the SC-brainstem loop that bypasses the fronto-basal ganglia network.Significance StatementEye movements are a promising clinical tool to aid in the diagnosis of movement disorders and to monitor disease progression. Although Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients show some oculomotor abnormalities, it is not clear whether previously-described eye movement impairments are task specific. We assessed eye movements in PD under different visual (stationary vs. moving targets) and movement (reactive vs. deliberate) conditions. We demonstrate that PD patients are able to accurately track moving objects but make inaccurate eye movements towards stationary targets. The preservation of eye movements towards dynamic stimuli might enable patients to accurately act upon the predicted motion path of the moving target. These results can inform the development of tools for the rehabilitation or maintenance of functional performance.

scholarly journals Absorbing the gaze, scattering looks: Klimt’s distinctive style and its two-fold effect on the eye of the beholder

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Miscena ◽  
Jozsef Arato ◽  
Raphael Rosenberg
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Movement Pattern ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Physiological Level ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Specific Behaviour ◽  
Gustav Klimt ◽  
Recorded Data

Among the most renowned painters of the early twentieth century, Gustav Klimt is often associated – by experts and laymen alike - with a distinctive style of representation: the visual juxtaposition of realistic features and flattened ornamental patterns. Art historical writing suggests that this juxtaposition allows a two-fold experience; the perception of both the realm of art and the realm of life. While Klimt adopted a variety of stylistic choices in his career, this one popularised his work and was hardly ever used by other artists. The following study was designed to observe whether Klimt’s distinctive style causes a specific behaviour of the viewer, at the level of eye-movements. Twenty-one portraits were shown to thirty viewers while their eye-movements were recorded. The pictures included artworks by Klimt in both his distinctive and non-distinctive styles, as well as other artists of the same historical period. The recorded data show that only Klimt’s distinctive paintings induce a specific eye-movement pattern with alternating longer (“absorbed”) and shorter (“scattered”) fixations. We therefore claim that there is a behavioural correspondence to what art historical interpretations have so far asserted: The perception of “Klimt’s style” can be described as two-fold also at a physiological level.

scholarly journals Predicting cognitive performance using eye-movements, reaction time and difficulty level.

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 2551
Author(s):  
Marie Arsalidou ◽  
Valentina Bachurina ◽  
Svetlana Sushchinskaya ◽  
Maxim Sharaev ◽  
Evgeny Burnaev
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Difficulty Level

Age Differences in Eye Movements During Reading: Degenerative Problems or Compensatory Strategy?

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 297-311
Author(s):  
José David Moreno ◽  
José A. León ◽  
Lorena A. M. Arnal ◽  
Juan Botella
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Aging Effects ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Sentence Reading ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Eye Movements During Reading

Abstract. We report the results of a meta-analysis of 22 experiments comparing the eye movement data obtained from young ( Mage = 21 years) and old ( Mage = 73 years) readers. The data included six eye movement measures (mean gaze duration, mean fixation duration, total sentence reading time, mean number of fixations, mean number of regressions, and mean length of progressive saccade eye movements). Estimates were obtained of the typified mean difference, d, between the age groups in all six measures. The results showed positive combined effect size estimates in favor of the young adult group (between 0.54 and 3.66 in all measures), although the difference for the mean number of fixations was not significant. Young adults make in a systematic way, shorter gazes, fewer regressions, and shorter saccadic movements during reading than older adults, and they also read faster. The meta-analysis results confirm statistically the most common patterns observed in previous research; therefore, eye movements seem to be a useful tool to measure behavioral changes due to the aging process. Moreover, these results do not allow us to discard either of the two main hypotheses assessed for explaining the observed aging effects, namely neural degenerative problems and the adoption of compensatory strategies.

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