scholarly journals Eye tracker as an implied social presence: awareness of being eye-tracked induces social-norm-based looking behaviour

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hoo Keat Wong ◽  
Ian D. Stephen
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Social Presence ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Movement Pattern ◽  
The Body ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Movement Behaviour ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
The Impact

Human behaviour is not only influenced by the physical presence of others, but also implied social presence. According to Risko and Kingstone (2011), an eye tracker can represent an implied social presence which could influence individuals’ gaze behaviour. This study examines the impact of awareness of being eye-tracked on eye movement behaviour in a laboratory setting.  During a classic yes/no face recognition task, participants were made to believe that their eye movements were recorded (or not recorded) by eye trackers. Their looking patterns with and without the awareness of being eye-tracked were compared while perceiving social (faces, faces-and-bodies) and non-social (inanimate objects) video stimuli. Area-of-interest (AOI) analysis revealed that misinformed participants (who were not aware that their eye movements were being recorded) looked more at the body (chest and waist) compared to informed participants (who believed they were being eye-tracked), whereas informed participants fixated longer on the mouth and shorter on the eyes of female models than misinformed participants did. These findings highlight the potential impact of an awareness of being eye tracked on one’s eye movement pattern when perceiving a social stimulus. We therefore suggest that even within laboratory settings an eye tracker may function as an implied social presence that leads individuals to modify their eye movement behaviour according to socially-derived inhibitory norms.

scholarly journals Searching for Chaos Evidence in Eye Movement Signals

Entropy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 32 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Fractal Dimension ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Noise Reduction ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Dynamic Features ◽  
Pass Filter ◽  
Low Pass Filter ◽  
The Impact

Most naturally-occurring physical phenomena are examples of nonlinear dynamic systems, the functioning of which attracts many researchers seeking to unveil their nature. The research presented in this paper is aimed at exploring eye movement dynamic features in terms of the existence of chaotic nature. Nonlinear time series analysis methods were used for this purpose. Two time series features were studied: fractal dimension and entropy, by utilising the embedding theory. The methods were applied to the data collected during the experiment with “jumping point” stimulus. Eye movements were registered by means of the Jazz-novo eye tracker. One thousand three hundred and ninety two (1392) time series were defined, based on the horizontal velocity of eye movements registered during imposed, prolonged fixations. In order to conduct detailed analysis of the signal and identify differences contributing to the observed patterns of behaviour in time scale, fractal dimension and entropy were evaluated in various time series intervals. The influence of the noise contained in the data and the impact of the utilized filter on the obtained results were also studied. The low pass filter was used for the purpose of noise reduction with a 50 Hz cut-off frequency, estimated by means of the Fourier transform and all concerned methods were applied to time series before and after noise reduction. These studies provided some premises, which allow perceiving eye movements as observed chaotic data: characteristic of a space-time separation plot, low and non-integer time series dimension, and the time series entropy characteristic for chaotic systems.

scholarly journals A Fast and Effective System for Analysis of Optokinetic Waveforms with a Low-Cost Eye Tracking Device

Healthcare ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Chong-Bin Tsai ◽  
Wei-Yu Hung ◽  
Wei-Yen Hsu
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Slow Phase ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Effective System ◽  
Tracking Device ◽  
Traditional Approaches

Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) is an involuntary eye movement induced by motion of a large proportion of the visual field. It consists of a “slow phase (SP)” with eye movements in the same direction as the movement of the pattern and a “fast phase (FP)” with saccadic eye movements in the opposite direction. Study of OKN can reveal valuable information in ophthalmology, neurology and psychology. However, the current commercially available high-resolution and research-grade eye tracker is usually expensive. Methods & Results: We developed a novel fast and effective system combined with a low-cost eye tracking device to accurately quantitatively measure OKN eye movement. Conclusions: The experimental results indicate that the proposed method achieves fast and promising results in comparisons with several traditional approaches.

Eye Movements as a Means to Evaluate Operation Interface of Flat Knitting Machine

2014 ◽  
Vol 607 ◽  
pp. 664-668
Author(s):  
Zhi Hui Liu ◽  
Sheng Ze Wang ◽  
Qiong Shen ◽  
Jia Jun Feng
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Objective Evaluation ◽  
Layout Design ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Heat Maps ◽  
Machine Operation

This study investigates the characteristics of eye movements by operating flat knitting machine. For the objective evaluation purpose of the flat knitting machine operation interface, we arrange participants finish operation tasks on the interface, then use eye tracker to analyze and evaluate the layout design. Through testing of the different layout designs, we get fixation sequences, the count of fixation, heat maps, and fixation length. The results showed that the layout design could significantly affect the eye-movement, especially the fixation sequences and the heat maps, the count of fixation and fixation length are always impacted by operation tasks. Overall, data obtained from eye movements can not only be used to evaluate the operation interface, but also significantly enhance the layout design of the flat knitting machine.

scholarly journals Incremental comprehension of pitch relationships in written music: Evidence from eye movements

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 211-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren V Hadley ◽  
Patrick Sturt ◽  
Tuomas Eerola ◽  
Martin J Pickering
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Sight Reading ◽  
Harmonic Structure ◽  
Movement Behaviour ◽  
Prior Context ◽  
Concurrent Performance ◽  
Text Reading ◽  
Processing Difficulty ◽  
Structural Processing

To investigate how proficient pianists comprehend pitch relationships in written music when they first encounter it, we conducted two experiments in which proficient pianists’ eyes were tracked while they read and played single-line melodies. In Experiment 1, participants played at their own speed; in Experiment 2, they played with an external metronome. The melodies were either congruent or anomalous, with the anomaly involving one bar being shifted in pitch to alter the implied harmonic structure (e.g. non-resolution of a dominant). In both experiments, anomaly led to rapid disruption in participants’ eye movements in terms of regressions from the target bar, indicating that pianists process written pitch relationships online. This is particularly striking because in musical sight-reading, eye movement behaviour is constrained by the concurrent performance. Both experiments also showed that anomaly induced pupil dilation. Together, these results indicate that proficient pianists rapidly integrate the music that they read into the prior context and that anomalies in terms of pitch relationships lead to processing difficulty. These findings parallel those of text reading, suggesting that structural processing involves similar constraints across domains.

A COMMUNICATION AID SYSTEM BY FEATURE EXTRACTION OF ELECTROOCULOGRAPHIC SIGNALS

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (06) ◽  
pp. 1950048
Author(s):  
Takenao Sugi ◽  
Ryosuke Baba ◽  
Yoshitaka Matsuda ◽  
Satoru Goto ◽  
Naruto Egashira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Movement Pattern ◽  
Specific Pattern ◽  
Analog To Digital ◽  
Communication Aid ◽  
Current State ◽  
System User ◽  
Movement Disability

People with serious movement disabilities due to neurodegenerative diseases have problems in their communication with others. Considerable numbers of communication aid systems have been developed in the past. Especially, some of the systems driven by eye movements are thought to be effective for such people. Electrooculographic (EOG) signal reflects the eye movement and the specific pattern of eye movement can be seen in EOG signals. This paper proposes a communication aid system by extracting the features of EOG. The system consists of a computer, analog-to-digital converter, biological amplifier and two monitors. Two monitors, one for a system user and the other for other people, display the same information. Five items are presented in the monitor, and a user selects those items according to the situation in the communication. Selection of the items is done by combining three eye movements: gaze at left, gaze at right and successive blinks. Basic concept of the communication aid system was designed by taking into account the current state of a subject’s movement disability. Then, the design of a screen and the algorithm for detecting eye movement pattern from EOG were determined by using the data of normal healthy subjects. The system worked almost perfectly for normal healthy subjects. Then, the developed system was operated by a subject with serious movement disability. Parts of the system operation were regarded as satisfactory level, and some miss-operation were also seen.

scholarly journals The Contributions of Eye Gaze Fixations and Target-Lure Similarity to Behavioral and fMRI Indices of Pattern Separation and Pattern Completion

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel K Bjornn ◽  
Julie Van ◽  
Brock Kirwan
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
False Alarm ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Discrimination Performance ◽  
Pattern Separation ◽  
Fmri Data ◽  
Pattern Completion ◽  
Gaze Fixations

Pattern separation and pattern completion are generally studied in humans using mnemonic discrimination tasks such as the Mnemonic Similarity Task (MST) where participants identify similar lures and repeated items from a series of images. Failures to correctly discriminate lures are thought to reflect a failure of pattern separation and a propensity toward pattern completion. Recent research has challenged this perspective, suggesting that poor encoding rather than pattern completion accounts for the occurrence of false alarm responses to similar lures. In two experiments, participants completed a continuous recognition task version of the MST while eye movement (Experiment 1 and 2) and fMRI data (Experiment 2) were collected. While we replicated the result that fixation counts at study predicted accuracy on lure trials, we found that target-lure similarity was a much stronger predictor of accuracy on lure trials across both experiments. Lastly, we found that fMRI activation changes in the hippocampus were significantly correlated with the number of fixations at study for correct but not incorrect mnemonic discrimination judgments when controlling for target-lure similarity. Our findings indicate that while eye movements during encoding predict subsequent hippocampal activation changes, mnemonic discrimination performance is better described by pattern separation and pattern completion processes that are influenced by target-lure similarity than simply poor encoding.

ORIENTATION IN SPACE, VESTIBULAR FUNCTION AND OCULAR TRACKING IN THE CHANGED GRAVITATIONAL ENVIRONMENT

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 50-57
Author(s):  
L.N. Kornilova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Spatial Perception ◽  
Sensory Deprivation ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Vestibular Function ◽  
Sensory Stimulation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fixational Eye Movements ◽  
Ocular Tracking ◽  
The Impact

The paper reports results of the author's sensorimotor physiology studies made under the guidance of I.B.Kozlovskaya. The vestibular function and ocular tracking tests were performed by more than 100 cosmonauts prior to and after long-term missions to the Mir and International space station. Fifty two of them implemented these tests between mission days 129 to 215. We studies orientation illusions, spontaneous eye movements, static vestibulo-ocular response to head turns (static otolith-cervical reflex), dynamic vestibulo-ocular reactions to the head roll about the body axis, precision of fixational eye movements, and smooth tracking. Results of testing in the real changed gravity were compared with the data from 7 to 21-day simulation studies in horizontal dry immersion. The tests revealed 4 forms of vestibular disorders characterized by disturbances of spatial perception, orientation illusions, inversions of vection illusions, weakening of static and strengthening of dynamic vestibulo-ocular reactions, a new visual tracking strategy termed a saccadic approximation, that is the gaze approaches or tracks a target using a series of saccadic movements. In addition, the tests made it possible to specify the impact of afferentation deficit (sensory deprivation) on accuracy of ocular and ocular-manual tracking and validate additional sensory stimulation as a method to counteract the effects of sensory deprivation in real and simulated microgravity.

The impact of audio on the reading of intralingual versus interlingual subtitles: Evidence from eye movements

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-33
Author(s):  
Sixin Liao ◽  
Lili Yu ◽  
Jan-Louis Kruger ◽  
Erik D. Reichle
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Information Sources ◽  
Lexical Processing ◽  
Auditory Information ◽  
Video Content ◽  
Video Presentation ◽  
Chinese Speakers ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This study investigated how semantically relevant auditory information might affect the reading of subtitles, and if such effects might be modulated by the concurrent video content. Thirty-four native Chinese speakers with English as their second language watched video with English subtitles in six conditions defined by manipulating the nature of the audio (Chinese/L1 audio vs. English/L2 audio vs. no audio) and the presence versus absence of video content. Global eye-movement analyses showed that participants tended to rely less on subtitles with Chinese or English audio than without audio, and the effects of audio were more pronounced in the presence of video presentation. Lexical processing of subtitles was not modulated by the audio. However, Chinese audio, which presumably obviated the need to read the subtitles, resulted in more superficial post-lexical processing of the subtitles relative to either the English or no audio. On the contrary, English audio accentuated post-lexical processing of the subtitles compared with Chinese audio or no audio, indicating that participants might use English audio to support subtitle reading (or vice versa) and thus engaged in deeper processing of the subtitles. These findings suggest that, in multimodal reading situations, eye movements are not only controlled by processing difficulties associated with properties of words (e.g., their frequency and length) but also guided by metacognitive strategies involved in monitoring comprehension and its online modulation by different information sources.

EXPRESS: Eye Movement Patterns to Social and Non-social Cues in Early Deaf Adults

2021 ◽  
pp. 174702182199851
Author(s):  
Claudia Bonmassar ◽  
Francesco Pavani ◽  
Alessio Di Renzo ◽  
Cristina Caselli ◽  
Wieske van Zoest
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Movement Pattern ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Landing Position ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Cue Validity ◽  
Deaf Adults ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Onset Asynchrony

Previous research on covert orienting to the periphery suggested that early profound deaf adults were less susceptible to uninformative gaze cues, though were equally or more affected by non-social arrow cues. The aim of the present work was to investigate whether spontaneous eye movement behaviour helps explain the reduced impact of the social cue in deaf adults. We tracked the gaze of 25 early profound deaf and 25 age-matched hearing observers performing a peripheral discrimination task with uninformative central cues (gaze vs. arrow), stimulus-onset asynchrony (250 vs. 750 ms) and cue-validity (valid vs. invalid) as within-subject factors. In both groups, the cue-effect on RT was comparable for the two cues, although deaf observers responded significantly slower than hearing controls. While deaf and hearing observers eye movement pattern looked similar when the cue was presented in isolation, deaf participants made significantly eye movements than hearing controls once the discrimination target appeared. Notably, further analysis of eye movements in the deaf group revealed that independent of cue-type, cue-validity affected saccade landing position, while latency was not modulated by these factors. Saccade landing position was also strongly related to the magnitude of the validity effect on RT, such that the greater the difference in saccade landing position between invalid and valid trials, the greater the difference in manual RT between invalid and valid trials. This work suggests that the contribution of overt selection in central cueing of attention is more prominent in deaf adults and helps determine the manual performance, irrespective of cue-type.

scholarly journals Direct Response of the Crab Carcinus to the Movement of the Sun

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-283
Author(s):  
G. A. HORRIDGE
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Tilt ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Direct Response ◽  
Minimum Latency ◽  
Normal Environment ◽  
Sensory Ability

1. The eyes of the crab follow the movement of the sun if stationary landmarks, which would arrest the eye movement, are obscured. 2. Therefore, even if the eyes do not move when the crab is in a normal environment, the sun's movement is certainly seen by the crab. 3. The eye movements in response to tilting the whole animal only partially compensate for the body tilt. Therefore an obvious contrasting object such as the sun is not absolutely stabilized on the retina in tilting. 4. This sensory ability of the crab could form the basis of a compass response with a minimum latency of 10 sec.

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