scholarly journals This is it ! : Indicating and looking in collaborative work at distance

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauro Cherubini ◽  
Marc-Antoine Nüssli ◽  
Pierre Dillenbourg

Little is known of the interplay between deixis and eye movements in remote collaboration. This paper presents quantitative results from an experiment where participant pairs had to collaborate at a distance using chat tools that differed in the way messages could be enriched with spatial information from the map in the shared workspace. We studied how the availability of what we defined as an Explicit Referencing mechanism (ER) affected the coordination of the eye movements of the participants. The manipulation of the availability of ER did not produce any significant difference on the gaze coupling. However, we found a primary relation between the pairs recurrence of eye movements and their task performance. Implications for design are discussed.

1981 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeshi Kubo ◽  
David W. Jensen ◽  
Makoto Igarashi ◽  
Jerry L. Homick

Head and eye movements in the yaw plane were recorded during and after optokinetic stimulation in squirrel monkeys. 1) Phasic or tonic head deviations to the side of the ocular quick phase occurred in 94% of total recordings (n = 50) during the perstimulus period, and in 75% of recordings (n = 49) during the poststimulus period. Magnitude of mean head deviation was significantly different between perstimulus and poststimulus periods. 2) Head nystagmus associated with eye nystagmus was consistently observed in seven of nine squirrel monkeys during optokinetic stimulation. Squirrel monkeys are thereby less prone to display head nystagmus than either guinea pigs, pigeons or chickens. 3) Slow phase speeds of coupled head and eye nystagmus were subjected to statistical analysis. A highly significant negative correlation was found between slow phase head and eye speeds. The correlation coefficient was −0.81 at 60°/sec stimulus (n = 119) and −0.72 at 100°/sec stimulus (n = 131). The gaze speed, calculated by summing the head and eye speeds, was 59.1 ± 6.8/sec at 60°/sec and 92.2 ± 11.4 at 100°/sec stimulus. There was no significant difference between the gaze speed in a free head condition and the eye speed when the head was fixed.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad R. Saeedpour-Parizi ◽  
Shirin E. Hassan ◽  
Ariful Azad ◽  
Kelly J. Baute ◽  
Tayebeh Baniasadi ◽  
...  

AbstractThis study examined how people choose their path to a target, and the visual information they use for path planning. Participants avoided stepping outside an avoidance margin between a stationary obstacle and the edge of a walkway as they walked to a bookcase and picked up a target from different locations on a shelf. We provided an integrated explanation for path selection by combining avoidance margin, deviation angle, and distance to the obstacle. We found that the combination of right and left avoidance margins accounted for 26%, deviation angle accounted for 39%, and distance to the obstacle accounted for 35% of the variability in decisions about the direction taken to circumvent an obstacle on the way to a target. Gaze analysis findings showed that participants directed their gaze to minimize the uncertainty involved in successful task performance and that gaze sequence changed with obstacle location. In some cases, participants chose to circumvent the obstacle on a side for which the gaze time was shorter, and the path was longer than for the opposite side. Our results of a path selection judgment test showed that the threshold for participants abandoning their preferred side for circumventing the obstacle was a target location of 15 cm to the left of the bookcase shelf center.


2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (13) ◽  
pp. 4508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armel Quentin Tchanou ◽  
Pierre-Majorique Léger ◽  
Jared Boasen ◽  
Sylvain Senecal ◽  
Jad Adam Taher ◽  
...  

Gaze convergence of multiuser eye movements during simultaneous collaborative use of a shared system interface has been proposed as an important albeit sparsely explored construct in human-computer interaction literature. Here, we propose a novel index for measuring the gaze convergence of user dyads and address its validity through two consecutive eye-tracking studies. Eye-tracking data of user dyads were synchronously recorded while they simultaneously performed tasks on shared system interfaces. Results indicate the validity of the proposed gaze convergence index for measuring the gaze convergence of dyads. Moreover, as expected, our gaze convergence index was positively associated with dyad task performance and negatively associated with dyad cognitive load. These results suggest the utility of (theoretical or practical) applications such as synchronized gaze convergence displays in diverse settings. Further research perspectives, particularly into the construct’s nomological network, are warranted.


In Сhapter 3 we compare how verbal and non-verbal visual information is processed. The questions we addresses are: How do the readers integrate text-figure information when reading and understanding verbal and non-verbal patterns, namely one and the same text in verbal for- mat and infographics? How the way humans perceive visual information determines the way they express it in natural language? How the verbalization affects the oculomotor behavior in visual processing? Our results support the assumption of the Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning that integration of verbal and pictural information with each other (a polycode text) helps the learners to understand and memorize the text and makes the comprehension easier. We demonstrate the advantages and disadvantages of the infographics (graphical visual repre- sentations of complex information) and verbal text. Also we discuss the relationship between visual processing of images and their verbalization. On one hand, the characteristics of eye movements when looking at the image determine its subsequent verbal description: the more fixations are made and the longer the gaze is directed to the certain area of the image, the more words are dedicated to this area in the following description. On the other hand, verbalization of the previously seen image affects the parameters of eye movements when re-viewing the same image, resulting with the appearance of the ambient processing pattern (short fixations and long saccades), while the re-viewing without verbalization results with the focal processing pattern (longer fixations and shorter saccades). The results obtained open up prospects for fur- ther research on visual perception and can also be used for computer vision models.


Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (15) ◽  
pp. 5178
Author(s):  
Sangbong Yoo ◽  
Seongmin Jeong ◽  
Seokyeon Kim ◽  
Yun Jang

Gaze movement and visual stimuli have been utilized to analyze human visual attention intuitively. Gaze behavior studies mainly show statistical analyses of eye movements and human visual attention. During these analyses, eye movement data and the saliency map are presented to the analysts as separate views or merged views. However, the analysts become frustrated when they need to memorize all of the separate views or when the eye movements obscure the saliency map in the merged views. Therefore, it is not easy to analyze how visual stimuli affect gaze movements since existing techniques focus excessively on the eye movement data. In this paper, we propose a novel visualization technique for analyzing gaze behavior using saliency features as visual clues to express the visual attention of an observer. The visual clues that represent visual attention are analyzed to reveal which saliency features are prominent for the visual stimulus analysis. We visualize the gaze data with the saliency features to interpret the visual attention. We analyze the gaze behavior with the proposed visualization to evaluate that our approach to embedding saliency features within the visualization supports us to understand the visual attention of an observer.


2013 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 546-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theresa Burt de Perera ◽  
Robert Holbrook ◽  
Victoria Davis ◽  
Alex Kacelnik ◽  
Tim Guilford

AbstractAnimals navigate through three-dimensional environments, but we argue that the way they encode three-dimensional spatial information is shaped by how they use the vertical component of space. We agree with Jeffery et al. that the representation of three-dimensional space in vertebrates is probably bicoded (with separation of the plane of locomotion and its orthogonal axis), but we believe that their suggestion that the vertical axis is stored “contextually” (that is, not containing distance or direction metrics usable for novel computations) is unlikely, and as yet unsupported. We describe potential experimental protocols that could clarify these differences in opinion empirically.


2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (9) ◽  
pp. 1860-1872 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen RH Langton ◽  
Alex H McIntyre ◽  
Peter JB Hancock ◽  
Helmut Leder

Research has established that a perceived eye gaze produces a concomitant shift in a viewer’s spatial attention in the direction of that gaze. The two experiments reported here investigate the extent to which the nature of the eye movement made by the gazer contributes to this orienting effect. On each trial in these experiments, participants were asked to make a speeded response to a target that could appear in a location toward which a centrally presented face had just gazed (a cued target) or in a location that was not the recipient of a gaze (an uncued target). The gaze cues consisted of either fast saccadic eye movements or slower smooth pursuit movements. Cued targets were responded to faster than uncued targets, and this gaze-cued orienting effect was found to be equivalent for each type of gaze shift both when the gazes were un-predictive of target location (Experiment 1) and counterpredictive of target location (Experiment 2). The results offer no support for the hypothesis that motion speed modulates gaze-cued orienting. However, they do suggest that motion of the eyes per se, regardless of the type of movement, may be sufficient to trigger an orienting effect.


Author(s):  
Mateo Pérez

GEOGRAFÍA DE LA MIRADA. EL PAISAJE DESDE LA MIRADA FOTOGRÁFICA CONTEMPORÁNEA RESUMEN ¿Cómo entender el concepto de paisaje a partir de las prácticas fotográficas contemporáneas? Este artículo busca responder a esta pregunta con la ayuda de un proyecto finalizado de creación artística que tenía como objetivo exponer una serie de imágenes fotográficas del Salto del Tequendama y alrededores, en las inmediaciones de Bogotá. Se trata de comprender la manera en que se abordó este proyecto artístico y también de dilucidar ciertos aspectos del concepto de paisaje, especialmente la forma en que hoy se le considera desde la fotografía. Con este acercamiento, se hace una revisión histórica de las imágenes que existen del Salto del Tequendama de modo que, a través de ellas, se pueda comprender e interpretar mejor las formas de representación actuales, específicamente las que se produjeron para la exposición. El artículo señala cómo el concepto de paisaje es un concepto dinámico, construido a partir de su contexto histórico. PALABRAS CLAVES Fotografía, paisaje, Romanticismo, Salto del Tequendama, sublime, suicidio. AWANINAMANDA KUWANGAPA ATUN LLAGTA KAWANGAPA MAIPI NUKANCHI KAUSAGTA SUGLLAPI Kaipi ninakumi imasai kawachinaku nukanchipakausadiruta parlanakume sug kilkawa imasami karunimanda kawanaku tapuchiskata añispa kawachispa kunauramandakunata kai fotokuna salto de Tequendama suti, paikuna rurankuna sug iachachikuna mana chingaringapa kai ñugpamanda kausaikuna chasallata tukui rurakuna tukuikunata iachachispa kawachispa tukuikunamanda. IMA SUTI RIMAI SIMI: Kawachiikuna, sachaku, llakii, wañui kawachispa sutipa llullangapa. GEOGRAPHY OF THE GAZE LANDSCAPE AS SEEN FROM THE CONTEMPORARY PHOTOGRAPHIC GAZE ABSTRACT How to understand the concept of landscape based upon contemporary photography practices? This article tries to answer this question with the help of a concluded artistic project, whose main objective was exposing a series of photographic images of Tequendama Falls and its surroundings, near Bogotá. The article tries to understand the way in which this artistic project was addressed and to explain certain aspects of the concept of landscape and of the way it is conceived by photography today. With this approach, an historic overview of some historical images of Tequendama Falls is carried out, so as to improve the processes of understanding and interpreting contemporary forms of representation, specifically the ones produced for the exhibition. The article points out how the concept of landscape is a dynamic one and how it is based on its historical context. KEYWORDS Photography, landscape, Romanticism, Tequendama Falls, sublime, suicide. GEOGRAPHIE DU REGARD LE PAYSAGE A PARTIR DU REGARD PHOTOGRAPHIQUE CONTEMPORAIN RÉSUMÉ Comment comprendre le concept de paysage basé sur les pratiques de la photographie contemporaine ? Cet article tente de répondre à cette question avec l’aide d’un projet artistique conclu, dont l’objectif principal était d’exposer une série d’images photographiques du Salto del Tequendama et ses environs, près de Bogotá. L’article tente de comprendre la façon dont ce projet artistique a été abordé et aussi d’expliquer certains aspects de la notion de paysage et de la façon dont il est conçu par la photographie aujourd’hui. Avec cette approche, un aperçu historique de quelques images historiques du Salto del Tequendama est réalisé de manière à améliorer les processus de compréhension et d’interprétation des formes contemporaines de représentation, en particulier celles produites pour l’exposition. L’article souligne comment le concept de paysage est dynamique et comment il est basé sur son contexte historique. MOTS-CLEFS Photographie, paysage, romantisme, Salto del Tequendama, sublime, suicide. GEOGRAFIA DO OLHAR A PAISAGEM DESDE O OLHAR FOTOGRÁFICA CONTEMPORÂNEA RESUMO Como entender o conceito da paisagem a partir das práticas fotográficas contemporâneas? Este artigo procura responder a esta pergunta com a ajuda de um projeto finalizado de criação artística que tinha como objetivo expor uma série de imagens fotográficas do Salto do Tequendama e aos redores, nas imediações de Bogotá. Trata-se de compreender a maneira em que se abordou este projeto artístico e também de (desoxidar) certos aspectos do conceito da paisagem, especialmente a forma em que hoje se lhe considera desde a fotografia. Com esta aproximação, se faz uma revisão histórica das imagens que existem do Salto do Tequendama de maneira que, a través delas, se possa compreender e interpretar melhor as formas de representação atuais, especificamente as que se produziram para a exposição. O artigo assinala como o conceito da paisagem é um conceito dinâmico, construído a partir de seu contexto históricoPALAVRAS CHAVES Fotografia, paisagem, Romantismo, Salto del Tequendama, sublime, suicídio.   Recibido el 07 de octubre de 2014 Aceptado el 03 de diciembre de 2015


2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 340-360
Author(s):  
Carina da Silva Santos ◽  
Ingrid Finger

The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between bilingualism and numerical cognition, more specifically, the way English-Portuguese bilinguals solve simple mathematical problems when these are presented in different formats (digits, English, and Portuguese) and whether their language history background has any effect on such behavior. The main results suggest that bilinguals are faster and more accurate in solving mathematical problems presented in digit format and in solving those problems presented in the written format when the language of the stimuli was the one in which they learned basic arithmetic. Also, the participants’ language background experience did not have any significance in their task performance.


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