scholarly journals Chemical reactions during iron reduction from oxides

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (10) ◽  
pp. 842-847
Author(s):  
V. I. Berdnikov ◽  
Yu. A. Gudim
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Chemical Reactions ◽  
Iron Reduction ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Direct Reduction ◽  
Iron Carbide ◽  
Reducing Agents ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Program Complex ◽  
Subsequent Conversion

The chemical process, accompanied by iron reduction from hematite, was modeled by computer program complex TERRA (product of MGTU im. N.E. Bauman). Carbon, hydrogen and methane were used as reducing agents. By varying the costs of reducing agents and process temperatures, equilibrium concentrations of the system components were determined. Change in these concentrations at the boundaries of individual temperature regions was regarded as a result of the passage of appropriate chemical reactions in them. At the same time, it was noted that the nonvariant type reactions begin and end at the same fixed temperatures. Calculations have shown that the conversion of Fe2O3 → Fe3O4 in all cases was thermodynamically possible at temperatures exceeding 65 °C. Therefore, at operating temperatures of the furnace it will be implemented without complications. The second stage of reduction also took place under a single scheme Fe3O4 → Fe, bypassing the participation of FeO oxide. The temperatures of beginning of iron reduction by components C, H2 and CH4 were respectively 680, 350 and 520 °C. In this case, there was only a direct reduction of iron by these components. An attempt to fix the fact of indirect reduction, using carbon monoxide as a reducing agent, was unsuccessful even with a large consumption of it. Carbon monoxide decomposed at low temperatures by the Bell-Boudoir reaction. Therefore, later iron was restored by means of “soot” carbon and that is also a direct method. In the final stage of the carbon thermal process, depending on the system composition, formation of iron carbide at 720 °C can occur with the possible subsequent conversion back to iron, as well as secondary oxidation of iron to form wustite. Carbon dioxide takes an active part in these reactions. Based on the results of calculations of chemical processes at high temperatures, a numerical assessment of the reducing (or oxidative) efficiency of all elements and components of the Fe – O – C – H system was given. This made it possible to predict with a high degree of reliability the phase composition of the reaction products at maximum process temperature (1500 °C).

Kinetics of carbon monoxide methanation on a Ni/SiO2 catalyst

1990 ◽  
Vol 55 (7) ◽  
pp. 1678-1685
Author(s):  
Vladimír Stuchlý ◽  
Karel Klusáček
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Catalyst Activity ◽  
Adsorbed Hydrogen ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Co Methanation ◽  
Molar Ratios ◽  
Rate Determining Step ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Kinetics Of

Kinetics of CO methanation on a commercial Ni/SiO2 catalyst was evaluated at atmospheric pressure, between 528 and 550 K and for hydrogen to carbon monoxide molar ratios ranging from 3 : 1 to 200 : 1. The effect of reaction products on the reaction rate was also examined. Below 550 K, only methane was selectively formed. Above this temperature, the formation of carbon dioxide was also observed. The experimental data could be described by two modified Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic models, based on hydrogenation of surface CO by molecularly or by dissociatively adsorbed hydrogen in the rate-determining step. Water reversibly lowered catalyst activity and its effect was more pronounced at higher temperature.

Chemically Selective Reactions in Confined Spaces in Hybrid Aerogels

2005 ◽  
Vol 899 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xipeng Liu ◽  
Chunhua Yao ◽  
William M Risen
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Metal Ions ◽  
Chemical Reactions ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Spatial Confinement ◽  
Confined Spaces ◽  
Hybrid Silica ◽  
Hybrid Aerogels ◽  
Chemically Selective

AbstractBy employing novel hybrid silica/functional polymer aerogels, control of the course of chemical reactions between reactants confined inside of the aerogels with reactants whose access to the confinement domain is controlled by diffusion has been explored. Thus, monolithic silica/biopolymer hybrid aerogels have been synthesized with coordinated metal ions that can react with amino acids, such as L-cysteine, that are provided externally in a surrounding solution. Metal ions, such as Au(III), that can react in solution with the amino acid to produce one set of products under a given set of stoichiometric or concentration conditions, and a different set of products under a second set of conditions, were selected for incorporation into the aerogel. It was discovered that the course of the reaction can be changed by spatial confinement of the reaction domain in the aerogel. For example, in the case of Au(III) and L-cysteine, the Au(III) ions are confined in nanoscale domains, and when they are reacted with the amino acid, the nature of the reaction products is controlled by diffusion of the L-cysteine into the domains. Exploration of these and related phenomena will be presented.

REACTIVE ACCELERATED CLUSTER EROSION (RACE)

1996 ◽  
Vol 03 (01) ◽  
pp. 897-900 ◽  
Author(s):  
JÜRGEN GSPANN
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Chemical Reactions ◽  
Target Material ◽  
Surface Erosion ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Surface Structuring

Beams of ionized clusters of some thousand atoms are accelerated to about 100-keV kinetic energy to be used for area selective surface erosion. Mask projective cluster-impact lithography allows surface structuring in the submicron regime. Chemical reactions between the cluster and the target material may provide volatile reaction products facilitating ejecta removal. The reactive accelerated cluster erosion (RACE) process is applied to metals like copper and gold, to semiconductors such as silicon, and to insulators like glass, quartz, or sapphire, giving very smooth eroded surface and steep sidewalls.

Methanation on exfoliated and supported MoS2

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 862-866 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guenter A. Scholz ◽  
S. Roy Morrison
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Transition Metal Catalysts ◽  
Surface Species ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Third Order ◽  
Ammonium Heptamolybdate ◽  
First Order ◽  
Methanation Reaction ◽  
Improved Performance

The methanation reaction on MoS2 exfoliated to a thickness of a few layers or less and adsorbed onto alumina is found to be very small. However, by calcining and resulfiding the exfoliated MoS2 catalysts, greatly improved performance is achieved that is at least equal to the commercial catalysts based on ammonium heptamolybdate. The creation of molybdenum oxysulflde surface species therefore appears to be a necessary step toward producing significant methanation rates with exfoliated and supported MoS2. The methanation products are almost exclusively CO2 and CH4, their mole ratios near unity, with otherwise only very much smaller amounts of longer chain hydrocarbons. The activation energy for methanation is generally observed to be near 100 kJ/mol, with the overall reaction being first order in the carbon monoxide concentration and third order in the hydrogen concentration. In contrast to the transition-metal catalysts, no water could be detected in the reaction products of the molybdenum based catalyst. Keywords: methanation reaction on MoS2, exfoliated and supported MoS2 as catalyst.

Estimation, from Swelling, of the Structural Contribution of Chemical Reactions to the Vulcanization of Natural Rubber. Part I. General Method

1964 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 563-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan Ellis ◽  
G. N. Welding
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Chemical Reactions ◽  
Network Structure ◽  
Reference Data ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
High Elasticity ◽  
Rubber Part ◽  
Structural Contribution ◽  
General Method

Abstract A procedure is described for estimating indirectly the contribution of vulcanization reactions to the build-up of network structure. This method is useful with technically important vulcanizing systems for which no direct method of estimation has been found. Errors of the theory of high elasticity are avoided by using published results, such as those of Moore and Watson of direct chemical estimates obtained with a special vulcanizing system that is chemically well understood. Reliance on the theories of end correction and swelling is also avoided by using published experimental relations. The method is applicable to any linear primary polymer of arbitrary molecular weight and any suitable swelling liquid, for which the required reference data have been obtained.

scholarly journals Chemical reactions during sintering of Fe-Cr-Mn-Si-Ni-Mo-C-steels with special reference to processing in semi-closed containers

2015 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Cias
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Special Reference ◽  
Water Vapour ◽  
Chemical Reactions ◽  
Thermodynamic Data ◽  
Alloying Elements ◽  
Bearing Steels ◽  
Kinetics Of

Sintering of Cr, Mn and Si bearing steels has recently attracted both experimental and theoretical attention and processing in semiclosed containers has been reproposed. This paper brings together relevant thermodynamic data and considers the kinetics of some relevant chemical reactions. These involve iron and carbon, water vapour, carbon monoxide and dioxide, hydrogen and nitrogen of the sintering atmospheres and the alloying elements Cr, Mn, Mo and Si. The paper concludes by presenting mechanical properties data for three steels sintered in local microatmosphere with nitrogen, hydrogen, nitrogen-5% hydrogen and air as the furnace gas.

Effect of Coal Blended on the Physical Properties of Iron Ore Briquette for Direct Reduction Iron

2020 ◽  
Vol 1000 ◽  
pp. 391-397
Author(s):  
Khairil ◽  
Samsul Bahri ◽  
Nurdin Ali ◽  
Sarwo Edhy Sofyan ◽  
Jalaluddin
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Iron Ore ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Direct Reduction ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
The Other ◽  
Iron Production ◽  
Blended Coal ◽  
Direct Reduction Iron ◽  
Environmentally Safe

Iron production by using the direct method has been promoted in order to produce iron effectively, low cost, and environmentally safe. The method was optimal requirements with respect to the feed materials especially iron ore, coal as well as a binder. In this study, the experiments were conducted on physical properties of iron ore briquette from Aceh (Indonesia) to analyze its suitability to meet the feed requirements for iron production. The term iron ore briquette refers to the materials compressed under high pressure formed by variable mixtures of iron ore, coal and binders. In the experiments, the physical properties such as the tumbler index (TI), abrasion index (AI) and shatter indices of the iron ore briquette were carried out. The experimental results show that the iron ore briquette blended with coal and using asphalt as a binder has a high tumbler index (TI) or not easily breakable compared to the iron ore briquette using dammar powder as a binder. On the other hand, the blended coal in iron ore briquette with dammar powder as the binder significantly increases the shelter index or easily breakage.

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