Low-Cost Venturi Meter: Understanding Bernoulli’s Equation Through A Demonstration

10.17158/189 ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Renan P. Limjuco ◽  
Fr. Francisco G. Glover ◽  
Isagani M. Mendez
Keyword(s):  
Volume Flow Rate ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Water Reservoir ◽  
Flow Speed ◽  
Piping System ◽  
Plastic Container ◽  
Experimental Development ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
Bernoulli’S Equation ◽  
Aluminum Pipe

<p>This study intended to concretize Bernoulli’s principle through a low-cost Venturi meter designed and constructed by the researchers. Specifically, this paper aimed to improvise a device that can measure flow speeds of water both in the wide and narrow portions of a horizontal piping system for which the pressure difference is provided by a differential height revealed in the attached manometer. A mechanism which regulates volume flow rate of liquid was attached to Venturi meter to generate several trials required to establish accuracy of setup in demonstrating Bernoulli’s principle. This investigation about improvisation of apparatus required experimental development method especially in assembling various components which included PVC pipe, aluminum pipe, manometer, DC pump, variable flow controller, and a plastic container as water reservoir. The final model of the apparatus evolved from a series of functionality test sessions with experts and consultants. To determine the accuracy of the instrument, nine trials--that is three each for the three adjusted flow rates, were performed. Findings revealed that the improvised Venturi meter can concretize Bernoulli’s principle. Its accuracy in flow speed determination was high since average percentage of error for minor turbulent flow was 12.52 per cent while that for laminar was 3.86 per cent.</p>

scholarly journals Experimental development and testing of low-cost scalable radiative cooling materials for building applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 230 ◽  
pp. 111209
Author(s):  
Laura Carlosena ◽  
Ángel Andueza ◽  
Luis Torres ◽  
Olatz Irulegi ◽  
Rufino J. Hernández-Minguillón ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Radiative Cooling ◽  
Experimental Development

The Effect of Air Injection Method on the Airlift Pump Performance

2012 ◽  
Vol 134 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong Hu ◽  
Chuan-Lin Tang ◽  
Shu-Peng Cai ◽  
Feng-Hua Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Volume Flow Rate ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Air Injection ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Pump Design ◽  
Pump Performance ◽  
Dimensionless Equation ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
Injection Methods

With simple structure, excellent reliability, low cost, no restriction at depth of water, and easy control and operation, airlift pumps have special advantage in borehole hydraulic jet mining, river dredging and deep sea mining. To clarify the mechanism and process of action of air injection methods on air lift performance, and to enhance lifting capacity, the pump performance of a small airlift system in transporting river sands is investigated experimentally in the present study. The results are as the follows. The influences of air exit ports on water volume flow rate, mass flow rate of solids and lifting efficiency are studied and found to be very low when the number of air exit ports exceeds 3. The pump design show best pumping capability for water and solids at higher air flow rates, but the lifting efficiency is then very low. In addition, a dimensionless equation which describes the flows in the pipe is presented based on the Bernoulli equation, and compared with measurement results in the dimensionless form, which are nearly in good agreement with each other for all the arrangements of air exit ports and are basically contained within ±18% of the theoretical curve. The results are important for understanding the mechanism of airlift pumps and enriching multiphase flow theory.

scholarly journals Structural reliability assessment based on optical monitoring system: case study

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Mesquita ◽  
P. Antunes ◽  
A. A. Henriques ◽  
A. Arêde ◽  
P. S. André ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Health Monitoring ◽  
Health Monitoring ◽  
Structural Reliability ◽  
Extreme Values ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Reliability Assessment ◽  
Water Reservoir ◽  
Optical Systems ◽  
Structural Health

ABSTRACT Optical systems are recognized to be an important tool for structural health monitoring, especially for real time safety assessment, due to simplified system configuration and low cost when compared to regular systems, namely electrical systems. This work aims to present a case study on structural health monitoring focused on reliability assessment and applying data collected by a simplified optical sensing system. This way, an elevated reinforced concrete water reservoir was instrumented with a bi-axial optical accelerometer and monitored since January 2014. Taking into account acceleration data, the natural frequencies and relative displacements were estimated. The reliability analysis was performed based on generalized extreme values distribution (GEV) and the results were employed to build a forecast of the reliability of the water elevated reservoir for the next 100 years. The results showed that the optical system combined with GEV analysis, implemented in this experimental work, can provide adequate data for structural reliability assessment.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Polyvinyl Alcohol/Pectin-Based Hydrogel Disks as Extraction Phase for Determination of Steroidal Hormones in Aqueous Samples by GC-MS/MS

Molecules ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naiara M. F. M. Sampaio ◽  
Natara D. B. Castilhos ◽  
Bruno C. da Silva ◽  
Izabel C. Riegel-Vidotti ◽  
Bruno J. G. Silva
Keyword(s):  
Polyvinyl Alcohol ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Volume Flow Rate ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Aqueous Samples ◽  
Sorbent Phase ◽  
Steroidal Hormones ◽  
17Β Estradiol ◽  
Extraction Phase

A new extraction phase based on hydrogel disks of polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) and pectin was proposed, characterized and evaluated for the extraction of six steroidal hormones (estriol, estrone, 17β-estradiol, 17α-ethinylestradiol, progesterone, and testosterone) in aqueous samples with subsequent determination by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) after the derivatization procedure. The developed extraction procedure was based on the solid phase extraction (SPE) technique, but employed hydrogel as the sorbent phase. The effects of several parameters, including the amount and composition of the sorbent phase, pH, sample volume, flow rate, and gel swelling over the extraction efficiency, were evaluated. Gels with lower swelling indexes and larger amounts of sorbent ensured higher extraction yields of analytes. The main benefits of using the PVOH/pectin-based hydrogel as the extraction phase are the ease of synthesis, low-cost preparation, and the possibility of reusing the extraction disks. Limits of quantification of 0.5 μg L−1 for estrone and 17β-estradiol, and 1 μg L−1 for testosterone, 17α-ethinylestradiol, progesterone, and estriol were obtained. Accuracy values ranged from 80% to 110%, while the inter-assay precision ranged from 0.23% to 22.2% and the intra-assay from 0.55% to 12.3%. Since the sorbent phase has an amphiphilic character, the use of hydrogels is promising for the extraction of medium-to-high polarity compounds.

scholarly journals Performance Analysis of Single-Well Enhanced Geothermal System for Building Heating

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Haijun Liang ◽  
Xiaofeng Guo ◽  
Tao Gao ◽  
Lingbao Wang ◽  
Xianbiao Bu
Keyword(s):  
Volume Flow Rate ◽  
Water Reservoir ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Heat Extraction ◽  
Geothermal System ◽  
Enhanced Geothermal System ◽  
Artificial Reservoir ◽  
Reservoir Volume ◽  
Thermal Output ◽  
Single Well

Deep borehole heat exchanger (DBHE) technology does not depend on the existence of hot water reservoir and can be used in various regions. However, the heat extraction from DBHE can hardly be improved due to poor thermal conductivity of rocks. Here, a single-well enhanced geothermal system (SWEGS) is proposed, which has a larger heat-exchange area of artificial reservoir created by fracturing hydrothermal technology. We find that, due to heat convection between rocks and fluid, the extracted thermal output for SWEGS is 4772.73 kW, which is 10.64 times of that of DBHE. By changing the injection water temperature, volume flow rate, and artificial reservoir volume, it is easy to adjust the extracted thermal output to meet the requirement of building thermal loads varying with outdoor air temperature. Understanding these will enable us to better apply SWEGS technology and solve the fog and haze problem easily and efficiently.

Numerical Analysis of Fracture Mechanics of SENB Specimens Prepared From HDPE Pipes

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Gonzalez ◽  
Paulo Teixeira ◽  
Jeanette Gonzalez ◽  
Raul Machado
Keyword(s):  
Computational Study ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Pressure Fluctuations ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
External Pressure ◽  
Fracture Load ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Mechanical Resistance ◽  
Piping System

High density polyethylene (HDPE) is commonly used in pipe fabrication for water and natural gas systems, due to its versatility, low cost and lightweight. A piping system is subject to service conditions such as impact and cyclic loads as a consequence of internal pressure or external pressure fluctuations, and the existence of discontinuities in the material. These conditions cause material damage, cracking and weakening, and have to be considered in the piping design. The Boundary Element Method (BEM) is a numerical method based on integral equations that consider only the contour of the solid (meaning an easier meshing). Crack modeling is one of the most important applications for the BEM, since it allows an accurate stress analysis around the crack tip. In this work, a computational study based on the BEM in two dimensions whose aim is to determine the stress intensity factors (SIFs) in order to evaluate the mechanical resistance to fracture of HDPE PE100 pipes and its comparison with the results obtained by previous experimental tests, is developed. Numerical simulations of specimens subject to three point bending loads (SENB specimens) using the characteristics of the linear elastic fracture mechanic (LEFM), are developed. As a first attempt, the numerical models of different SENB geometries are validated comparing the numerical solution versus the results given by a reference solution from literature. The results show that the BEM under the LEFM approach is valid for loads within the linear range of HDPE since LEFM gives an upper bound of the fracture load of HDPE specimens; however, an Elastic-Plastic fracture analysis could be required for loads in the plastic range of the material.

On the existence theory for irrotational water waves

1978 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Keady ◽  
J. Norbury
Keyword(s):  
Water Waves ◽  
Volume Flow Rate ◽  
Ideal Liquid ◽  
Flow Speed ◽  
Existence Theory ◽  
Wave Solutions ◽  
Maximum Angle ◽  
Steady Plane ◽  
Image Position ◽  
The Waves

AbstractThis paper concerns steady plane periodic waves on the surface of an ideal liquid flowing above a horizontal bottom. The flow is irrotational. The volume flow rate is denoted by Q, the velocity potential by ø, the period in ø of the waves by 2L, and the maximum angle of inclination between the tangent to the surface and the horizontal by θm.Krasovskii (12) established that, at each fixed Q and L, there exist wave solutions for each value of θm strictly between zero and ⅙π. We establish that, at each fixed Q and L, there exist wave solutions for each value of qc strictly between c and zero. Here qc is the flow speed at the crest, andwhere g is the acceleration due to gravity. Krasovskii's set of solutions is included in the set that we obtain.

scholarly journals Cost variation analysis of various brands of anti-epileptic drugs currently available in Indian pharmaceutical market

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
pp. 1666
Author(s):  
Saiyadali A. Allisabanavar ◽  
Narayana Reddy S.
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Indian Market ◽  
10Mg Tablet ◽  
Price Variation ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
50Mg Tablet ◽  
Cost Variation ◽  
Anti Epileptic Drug ◽  
150Mg Tablet ◽  
The Cost

Background: Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder affecting about 10 million persons in India. The compliance to a particular antiepileptic drug is highly dependent on the cost of the drug which directly translates into success or failure of therapy. Hence there is a need for all clinicians to keep themselves updated with the latest prices and price variation of the commonly prescribed drugs. This study aims to analyze cost variation of various brands of anti-epileptic drugs currently available in Indian pharmaceutical market.Methods: Current Index of Medical Specialities July-October 2016 edition was referred to know the maximum and minimum price in INR of various brands of anti- epileptic drugs in India. Further analysis was done by using Percentage Cost Variation.Results: There is wide variation in the prices of different brands of same antiepileptic agents in Indian market. The highest % cost variation was found for diazepam 5mg tablet (374.42), followed by lorazepam 2mg tablet (213.63), carbamazepine 100mg syrup/5ml-100ml (172.58), levetiracetam 1000mg FC-tablet (168.57), lamotrigine 25mg DIS- tablet (150), clobazam 10mg tablet (147.37), clonazepam 0.5mg tablet (145.90), oxcarbazepine 150mg tablet (89.46), gabapentin 300mg capsule (71.67), valproic acid 200mg FC-tablet (58.62), divalproex sodium 500mg ER-tablet (47.82), topiramate 50mg tablet (41.66) and lowest % cost variation was of phenytoin sodium 300mg tablet (0.23).Conclusions: The average percentage price variation of different brands of same oral anti-epileptic drug in Indian market is very wide. To counter act such cost variation, physicians should be encouraged to prescribe a medication brand with low cost. This in turn reduces the unnecessary economic burden to the patients.

scholarly journals Peningkatan Efisiensi Media Pembentukan Embrio Somatik Kakao Melalui Penggunaan Gula Pasir

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Nur Ajijah ◽  
Sri Hartati
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Somatic Embryo ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Culture Methods ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
Embryo Formation

<p><em>Availability of inexpensive and efficient tissue culture methods is needed in the development of mass propagation methods. The efficiency can be obtained through the use of low cost media components such as granulated sugar. The study aimed to determine the efficiency of cacao somatic embryo development medium using granulated sugar and its effect on somatic embryo formation. The study was conducted at Tissue Culture Laboratory for Superior Seed Development, IAARD, Bogor, from March to October 2016. Formation and maturation of somatic embryos was conducted using DKW medium without growth regulators. </em><em>The treatments tested were carbon sources in the media (laboratory grade sucrose; a mixture of sucrose and granulated sugar with a ratio of 3:1, 2:2 and 1:3; granulated sugar) and cacao genotypes (Sca 6 and ICCRI 4). The study used in a randomized complete block design in factorial 2 favtors with 8 replications, which consisted of 10 explants per experimental unit. The results showed that carbon sources and genotypes significantly affected somatic embryos formation, whereas the interaction effect was not significant. The use of granulated sugar 30 g/l produced approximately 35.3% of somatic embryo formation and 3.5 somatic embryos per explant, which is not significantly different from sucrose 30 g/l (31.1% and 4.1), whereas the mixture of sucrose and granulated sugar produced the lowest average percentage of somatic embryo formation and the number of somatic embryos per explant (20.3%, 18.8%, 17.8% and 1.5; 2.2; 2.8 respectively). The low-cost somatic embryogenesis method was successfully developed with an efficiency of 98.8% per liter of media.</em></p>

scholarly journals Development of a Low-Cost Open-Source Measurement System for Joint Angle Estimation

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (19) ◽  
pp. 6477
Author(s):  
Túlio Fernandes de Almeida ◽  
Edgard Morya ◽  
Abner Cardoso Rodrigues ◽  
André Felipe Oliveira de Azevedo Dantas
Keyword(s):  
Open Source ◽  
Measurement System ◽  
Joint Angle ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Ground Truth ◽  
Percentage Error ◽  
Angle Estimation ◽  
Adult Individual ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
Real Scenario

The use of inertial measurement units (IMUs) is a low-cost alternative for measuring joint angles. This study aims to present a low-cost open-source measurement system for joint angle estimation. The system is modular and has hardware and software. The hardware was developed using a low-cost IMU and microcontroller. The IMU data analysis software was developed in Python and has three fusion filters: Complementary Filter, Kalman Filter, and Madgwick Filter. Three experiments were performed for the proof of concept of the system. First, we evaluated the knee joint of Lokomat, with a predefined average range of motion (ROM) of 60∘. In the second, we evaluated our system in a real scenario, evaluating the knee of a healthy adult individual during gait. In the third experiment, we evaluated the software using data from gold standard devices, comparing the results of our software with Ground Truth. In the evaluation of the Lokomat, our system achieved an average ROM of 58.28∘, and during evaluation in a real scenario it achieved an average ROM of 44.62∘. In comparing our software with Ground Truth, we achieved a root-mean-square error of 0.04 and a mean average percentage error of 2.95%. These results encourage the use of this system in other scenarios.

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