scholarly journals Root biomass of beech as a factor influencing the wind tree stability 

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (No. 12) ◽  
pp. 549-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Kodrík ◽  
M. Kodrík
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Groundwater Level ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Static Stability ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Tree Stability ◽  
Ground Biomass ◽  
Below Ground

Beech is, thanks to its root system, in general considered to be a wind-resistant woody plant species. Nevertheless, the research on beech root systems has revealed that it is not possible to mechanically divide the woody plants into deep rooted and shallow rooted, because their root systems are modified according to various stand conditions. The root system shape, growth and development are mostly influenced by soil conditions and groundwater level. In the case of a high groundwater level beech root systems do not form tap roots and the lateral roots are rather thin and weak. Important factor for the tree static stability is number of roots with diameter 3–10 cm. The most important for the tree stability are roots with diameter over 10 cm. Wood-destroying fungi have strong negative impact on tree static stability. There are differences between beech below-ground biomass growing in soils rich in nutrients and poor in nutrients. The total below-ground biomass of the beech stands poor in nutrients is higher.

Extension and Longitudinal Growth During the Development of Red Pine Root Systems

1975 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. F. Fayle
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Longitudinal Growth ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Moisture Availability ◽  
Below Ground

Extension of the root system and stem during the first 30 years of growth of plantation-grown red pine (Pinusresinosa Ait.) on four sites was deduced by root and stem analyses. Maximum rooting depth was reached in the first decade and maximum horizontal extension of roots was virtually complete between years 15 and 20. The main horizontal roots of red pine seldom exceed 11 m in length. Elongation of vertical and horizontal roots was examined in relation to moisture availability and some physical soil conditions. The changing relations within the tree in lineal dimensions and annual elongation of the roots and stem are illustrated. The development of intertree competition above and below ground is considered.

Decision Making within Plant Root Systems

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoav Waisel ◽  
Bobbie McMichael ◽  
Amram Eshel
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
System Architecture ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Root System Architecture ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Root Types

Architecture of a root system is the expression of the potential of various root types to branch, to grow and to coordinate with other plant organs, under the specific limitations of the environmental conditions. The present investigation has proven the following points. 1) Genotypes with different types of root systems were identified. The growth patterns of their roots and the distribution of laterals along their main axes were recorded. 2) The patterns of development of the root systems of four cotton genotypes, throughout the entire life cycle of the plants, were described, even at such a late stage of development when the total length of the roots exceeded two kilometers. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that an analysis of this type is accomplished. 3) The development of root systems under restrictive soil conditions were compared with those that have developed under the non-restrictive conditions of aeroponics. Results indicate that in the absence of the mechanical impedance of the soil, cotton plants develop single roots that reach the length of 6 m, and have a total root length of 2000 m. Thus, root growth is strongly inhibited by the soil, with some root types being inhibited more than others. 4) One of the important decisions, in constructing an operational root system architecture of mature plants, is the shift of the balance between various root fractions in favor of the very fine roots. 5) Root system architecture is determined, in part, by the sites of initiation of the lateral roots. This is determined genetically by the number of xylem archs and by the totuosity of the stele. Selection for such traits should be sought.

scholarly journals The impact of morphometric characteristics of plants self-pollinated sunflower lines on its lodging

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (184) ◽  
pp. 3-11
Author(s):  
B.N. Bochkaryov ◽  
◽  
N.V. Medvedeva ◽  
E.N. Ryzhenko ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Morphometric Characteristics ◽  
Main Root ◽  
Lodging Resistance ◽  
Oil Crops ◽  
Russian Research Institute ◽  
Top Soil ◽  
The Impact

We carried out the research in 2018-2019 at the experimental station of V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops. The aim of the research is to study the effect of certain morphometric characteristics of the overground part of plants and the architectonics of the root system on the sunflower lodging. We found significant differences in the architectonics of root systems in 17 maternal lines of sunflower: we identified three morphotypes, differing in the number and thickness of lateral roots of the first and subsequent orders, located in the top soil. We identified the sunflower lines that have a root system with a well-developed main root and many lateral roots of various orders (type A), lines with a normally developed main root and a small number of lateral roots (type B), and lines with a poorly developed main root and few lateral roots in top soil (type C). We identified the presence of both low and high lodging in sunflower lines with different types of root systems. At the same time, there is a tendency towards higher lodging in lines with root system types B and C. The line SL12 3660 showed the maximum lodging resistance during two years of observations. It may be of interest for further work as a possible source of a lodging resistance trait.

scholarly journals Cytokinin functions as an asymmetric and anti-gravitropic signal in lateral roots

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sascha Waidmann ◽  
Michel Ruiz Rosquete ◽  
Maria Schöller ◽  
Heike Lindner ◽  
Therese LaRue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Genome Wide Association Study ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Cytokinin Oxidase ◽  
Cytokinin Signaling ◽  
Organ Growth ◽  
A Genome

AbstractDirectional organ growth allows the plant root system to strategically cover its surroundings. Intercellular auxin transport is aligned with the gravity vector in the primary root tips, facilitating downward organ bending at the lower root flank. Here we show that cytokinin signaling functions as a lateral root specific anti-gravitropic component, promoting the radial distribution of the root system. We performed a genome-wide association study and revealed that signal peptide processing of Cytokinin Oxidase 2 (CKX2) affects its enzymatic activity and, thereby, determines the degradation of cytokinins in naturalArabidopsis thalianaaccessions. Cytokinin signaling interferes with growth at the upper lateral root flank and thereby prevents downward bending. Our interdisciplinary approach revealed that two phytohormonal cues at opposite organ flanks counterbalance each other’s negative impact on growth, suppressing organ growth towards gravity and allow for radial expansion of the root system.

scholarly journals The root system of the husk tomato (Physalis ixocarpa Brot.)

2013 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 367-383
Author(s):  
Juan Mulato Brito ◽  
Leszek S. Jankiewicz ◽  
Victor M. Fernández Orduňa ◽  
Francisco Cartujano Escobar
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Quantitative Estimation ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Central Axis ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Small Roots ◽  
Husk Tomato

The husk tomato (<i>Physalis ixocarpa</i> Brot.) is widely cultivated in central Mexico, and may be grown in countries with a temperate climate. The experiment was set up during the dry period of the year (average weekly temperature 17-22°C) in the State of Morelos, Mexico, using the cv. 'Rendidora' in loamy clay soil and furrow irrigation. The roots were investigated by the pinboard method modified by Garcia Blancas and Grajeda Gómez (in print), partly adapted by us for quantitative estimation of root systems. Two plants were investigated every second week. They had a well developed tap root. Most of their lateral roots were found in the superficial soil layer, 0-20 cm. The root dry mass was also concentrated near the central axis of the plant. The majority of root apices were, however, found in the soil cylinders 10-40 em from the central axis. During the senescence of the aerial part (14th week after emergence) the root system lost a large part of its small roots. The modification of the pinboard method, by Garcia Blancas and Grajeda Gómez (in print) permited us investigating the root systems with very simple tools, in situ.

Comparative root system morphologies of seeded-in-place, bareroot, and containerized Douglas-fir seedlings after outplanting

1979 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 399-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Preisig ◽  
W. C. Carlson ◽  
L. C. Promnitz
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Tree Stability ◽  
Stock Type ◽  
Stock Types ◽  
Root Orientation

Root systems of 5- to 8-year-old Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco seedlings of natural, bareroot, and container origin were quantitatively analyzed to determine the effects of seedling source on root system morphology. Lateral root orientation was stressed.Container and planting constrictions on root system morphology were recognizable after outplanting; planted stock types were differentiated from seeded-in-place seedlings on the basis of root system morphology. Container and natural seedlings had less variation in root system morphology within stock type than bareroot stock. Root spiraling was so low in the Douglas-fir stock types studies that it is not likely to affect tree stability. There was no overall effect of root system morphology on height of seedlings around 6 years of age.

Computed tomography scanning for three-dimensional imaging and complexity analysis of developing root systems

2005 ◽  
Vol 83 (11) ◽  
pp. 1434-1442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melinda Lontoc-Roy ◽  
Pierre Dutilleul ◽  
Shiv O. Prasher ◽  
Liwen Han ◽  
Donald L. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Fractal Dimension ◽  
Ct Scan ◽  
Root System ◽  
Complexity Analysis ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Advanced Analysis ◽  
Scan Data

To improve our understanding of the role of root systems in soil-based resource acquisition by plants and eventually model it completely, root system complexity must be quantified, in addition to other morphometric traits. In this note, we introduce a new approach in which computed tomography (CT) scan data are collected on crop root systems in three-dimensional (3-D) space nondestructively and noninvasively, thus allowing for repeated measurements and a relevant complexity analysis of root systems. The experimental crop is maize ( Zea mays L.). Four potted seedlings were CT scanned under wet soil conditions on the day of emergence, and each of the two following days. Specifically, a high-resolution X-ray CT scanner formerly used for medical purposes produced 3 × 500 CT images of 0.1 mm thick cross-sections for each seedling. The fractal dimension of each root system on each day was estimated on a skeletonized 3-D image reconstructed from CT scan data. We found that the mean fractal dimension value was not significantly greater than 1 on day 1 (1.015 ± 0.015), contrary to days 2 and 3 (1.037 ± 0.015, 1.065 ± 0.016). Our results, including original 3-D images, provide support for a novel type of root system studies based on the collection and advanced analysis of CT scan data.

scholarly journals 285 Some Polyethylene Mulches Increase Root Numbers in Peppers

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 440D-440
Author(s):  
R.E. Gough
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
System Architecture ◽  
Adventitious Roots ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Root System Architecture ◽  
Root Numbers ◽  
Plant Stem ◽  
Pepper Plants

In 1999, `Sweet Banana' pepper plants were grown under clean cultivation or SMR—red, silver, or black polyethylene mulches. Plants in each of three replications per treatment were field-set on 15 June. On 22 Sept., plants were excavated, and their root systems were examined. The total number of roots per plant at 5-, 10-, 15-, 20-, and 25-cm depths and 10-, 20-, 30-, 40-, 50-, and 60-cm distances from plant stems were recorded. Distribution and architecture of the root systems also were examined. Plants grown under clean cultivation developed 50 to 60 adventitious roots each, while those grown under red mulch developed about 20, and those under black and silver mulch about nine adventitious roots each. In all treatments, the adventitious roots radiated from the stem at an oblique, downward 35° angle. No plants had vertical roots. Root system architecture was similar among treatments, with 40% of the roots in the upper 5 cm of soil and 70% in the upper 10 cm. Thirty percent of roots were within 10 cm of the plant stem, and 50% were within 20 cm. Nearly 100% of the roots were located within 40 cm of the plant stem. Root count decreased with increasing depth and distance from the plant stem. Plants grown beneath the silver mulch produced the greatest number of lateral roots, followed by plants grown in clean cultivation and under black mulch. Plants grown under red mulch produced the fewest roots. Differences among treatments were significant. Colored mulches influence the total number of adventitious and lateral roots but not the root system architecture of pepper plants.

Root-system morphology of common boreal forest trees in Alberta, Canada

1983 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1164-1173 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. L. Strong ◽  
G. H. La Roi
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Moisture Absorption ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Niche Partitioning ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Tree Roots ◽  
Climax Species ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Succession Processes

Twenty-four specimens of six boreal tree species were excavated: eight Pinusbanksiana Lamb., five Populustremuloides Michx., four Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss, three Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P., two Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mills., and two Lara laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch. Root systems were described, and percent biomass determined for above- and below-ground components for half these specimens. Tree ages ranged from 3 to 120 years. Horizontally spreading lateral roots dominated the root systems of all species and occurred within 3– 15 cm of the ground surface. Nutrient and moisture absorption appear to be the principal functions of lateral roots. Maximum vertical root growth occurred near the tree stump as: tap-, heart, sinker, and oblique lateral roots. Vertical root morphology is influenced by site conditions. In addition to providing mechanical support, sinker and taproots may be important adaptations for deep-water utilization on xeric sites. Our data suggest that roots may be important in boreal succession processes through two related mechanisms: (i) nutrient and water deprivation occurring through preemptive growth of tree roots from climax species over roots of serai species, and through interception by mosses; and (ii) niche partitioning occurring below ground between serai and climax, and among climax tree species, by vertical separation of the root systems.

Differences between root traits of early- and late-successional trees influence below-ground competition and seedling establishment

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 300-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Waldemar Zangaro ◽  
Luis Eduardo Azevedo Marques Lescano ◽  
Enio Massao Matsuura ◽  
Artur Berbel Lirio Rondina ◽  
Marco Antonio Nogueira
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Seedling Establishment ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Root Traits ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Grass Root ◽  
Below Ground

Abstract:The competitive influence of the root system of the exotic grass Urochloa brizantha and the widespread forb Leonotis nepetifolia on the emergence, survival and early growth of the seedlings of eight tropical heliophilous herbaceous species, six early-successional woody species and five late-successional woody species from Brazil, grown in 3500-cm3 pots and in greenhouse without light restriction were assessed. The density of fine-root systems produced by the forb and the grass in pots were 6.8 cm cm−3 soil and 48.1 cm cm−3 soil, respectively. Seedlings survival of the heliophilous herbaceous, early- and late-successional woody species were 86%, 70% and 100% in presence of the forb root system and 12%, 14% and 100% in competition with grass root system, respectively. The competitive pressure applied by the grass root system on seedling growth of the heliophilous herbaceous, early- and late-successional woody species were 2.4, 1.9 and 1.4 times greater than the forb root system. Total root length of the heliophilous herbaceous, early- and late-successional woody species grown without competitors were 13, 33 and 5 times greater than in competition with forb, and were 66, 54 and 6 times greater than in competition with grass root system, respectively. The averages of fine-root diameter of plants grown without competitors were 209 μm for the heliophilous herbaceous, 281 μm for early-successional trees and 382 μm for late-successional trees. The root system of the forb did not avoid seedling establishment of most plant species, but the grass root system hampered more the establishment of heliophilous herbaceous and early-successional woody species than the seedling establishment of late-successional woody species. The different density of root systems produced in soil by the forb and the grass, and the distinct root traits (e.g. root diameter and root tissue density) of the early- and late-successional plant species can explain the differences in the establishment of seedlings of plant species belonging to different groups of tropical succession when exposed to below-ground competition.

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