scholarly journals Euro-Mediterranean relations and their heading. On the way to a differentiated multilateralism?

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 31-48
Author(s):  
E. Cihelková
Keyword(s):  
European Economic Community ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
Conditioning Factors ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
The World ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
The Eu

The European Union pays a primary attention to the development of neighbouring relations; it means the relations with countries in the immediate vicinity of its external borders. This is done for the sake of prosperity, stability and the spread of democratic values in the world. In this sense, a kind of the privileged region have always created the states of the Southern and Eastern or eventually Northern Mediterranean with which the European Economic Community began to develop cooperation immediately after its formation. Then since the mid-1990s, the EU set out a goal to create a Euro-Mediterranean free trade area and thus to move closer to the interlacing of the two entities in the form of integration. The outline of the process of development of Euro-Mediterranean relationships (including the changes of bilateral approaches and the conditioning factors) is the objective of this article. It is divided into three sections, which cover different stages of the development of these relationships over time and escalate in terms of two-way approaches to a new quality of cooperation (including the three stated research questions). The result of these relationships could become a Euro-Mediterranean Alliance that is outlined as a differentiated form of multilateralism in the conclusions of the paper.

scholarly journals QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF TRADE COMPLEMENTARITY BETWEEN UKRAINE AND THE EU

2019 ◽  
pp. 89-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. І. Shnyrkov ◽  
D. S. Pliushch
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade Area ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Coding System ◽  
Association Agreement ◽  
International Partnerships ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
International Industry ◽  
Trade Potential ◽  
The Eu

The article outlines the perspective benefits of deepening integration processes between Ukraine and the European Union. Groups of Ukrainian goods have been identified, which exports to the EU are increasing dynamically. EU countries have been identified in which exports from Ukraine have been growing rapidly in recent years. The relations and nature of Ukraine's trade with the EU countries have been analyzed. The conclusions on the development of trade potential after signing the Association Agreement with the EU have been formulated. The assessment of the Complementarity Index of Trade for Ukraine and the EU by 97 commodity groups according to the Ukrainian Classification of Goods for Foreign Economic Activity and the Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System for 2011-2018 has been carried out. The dynamics of change of complementarity indices are analyzed and the predicted indices of the countries for 2019 and 2020 are calculated. It has been proven that mutual trade in a free trade area is mutually beneficial for Ukraine and the EU, as Ukraine and the EU benefit from increased trade, and establishing international partnerships between their businesses and organizations can be particularly beneficial in the long term perspective. It is proposed to deepen international industry cooperation in order to develop competitive advantages and strengthen its position both on the Ukrainian market and the European market.

scholarly journals THE MAIN SKILLS AND COMPETENCES OF MULTILINGUALISM IN THE CONTEXT OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irena Vankevič
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Cultural Globalization ◽  
The World ◽  
Official Languages ◽  
Unity In Diversity ◽  
European Citizen ◽  
The Eu

The paper presents multilingualism and multiculturalism as one of the main aims of the European Union (EU) and deals with the issue of political and cultural globalization. More and more young people describe themselves as cosmopolites. Multiculturalism is especially noticeable in the sphere of languages. Languages are fundamental for Europeans wanting to work together. They go to the very heart of the unity in diversity of the EU. It is important to nurture and to promote our linguistic heritage in the Member States but we also need to understand each other, our neighbours, our partners in the EU. Speaking many languages makes businesses and citizens more competitive and more mobile. The EU policy of official multilingualism as a deliberate tool of government is unique in the world. The EU sees the use of its citizens’ languages as one of the factors which make it more transparent, more legitimate and more efficient. At the level of culture and of enhancing the quality of life, too, the EU works actively to promote the wider knowledge and use of all its official languages throughout the Union. The ability to speak foreign language and multiculturalism are inseparable parts of the EU integrations. There are certain skills and competences that a multilingual, multicultural European citizen must acquire in order to become a full‐fledged EU member. Pagrindiniai daugiakalbiškumo įgūdžiai ir kompetencijos Europos sąjungos kontekste Santrauka Straipsnyje parodomas daugiakalbiškumas ir daugiakultūriškumas kaip vienas iš pagrindinių Europos Sąjungos tikslų bei analizuojama politinės ir kultūrinės globalizacijos problema. Vis daugiau jaunų žmonių save apibūdina kosmopolitais. Daugiakultūriškumas ypač pastebimas kalbų srityje. Kalbos labai svarbios europiečiams, norintiems bendradarbiauti. Būtent kalbos sudaro Europos vientisumo ir skirtingumo ašį. Todėl visos Europos Sąjungos (ES) šalys narės privalo ne tik tausoti ir plėtoti savo kalbos paveldą, bet ir stengtis suprasti vienos kitas, savo kaimynes, ES partneres. Gebėjimas bendrauti keliomis kalbomis padeda plėtotis ne tik verslo sričiai, jis padeda ES piliečiams tapti konkurencingesniems ir mobilesniems. ES valdžios taikoma oficialaus daugiakultūriškumo politika – vienintelė pasaulyje. ES valstybinių kalbų vartojimą laiko vienu iš šalies skaidrumo, didesnio teisingumo ir produktyvumo veiksnių. Kultūros ir gyvenimo kokybės stiprinimo lygmeniu ES aktyviai dirba skatindama mokymąsi ir visų Sąjungos valstybinių kalbų vartojimą. Gebėjimas kalbėti keliomis kalbomis bei daugiakultūriškumas – neatsiejama eurointegracijos dalis. Yra tam tikrų gabumų ir kompetencijų, kurios privalomos daugiakultūriam, daugiakalbiam europiečiui, norinčiam tapti visaverčiu ES piliečiu.

Organization for European Economic Cooperation

1959 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-173 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
European Economic Community ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Economic Cooperation ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
Real Progress ◽  
Tariff Reductions

The Intergovernmental Committee of Ministers engaged in negotiating the proposed free trade area met in Paris, July 24–25, 1958. It was reported that following the session, the chairman of the group, Mr. Reginald Maudling, expressed hope for a definite agreement on most major issues. He stated that if real progress toward an accord were attained, less importance would be attached to the much-discussed proposal to extend to the members of OEEC the 10 percent tariff reductions to be made among the members of the European Economic Community.

scholarly journals Efforts to Enhance the TVET Teachers Competencies through Apprenticeship Approach Pattern in Industry

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
I Wayan Ratnata
Keyword(s):  
Teacher Education ◽  
Teaching Practice ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Vocational Teachers ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
The World ◽  
Electrical Engineering Education ◽  
Vocational Teacher ◽  
Teaching Learning

Facing ACFTA (ASEAN -  China Free Trade Area) in 2015 (ASEAN 2012), nations in the region must be ready with variety of challenges that will occur. In this paper will be  focusing how to prepare vocational teachers who will teach in vocational education in order to produce skilled graduates are ready for work and  appropriate to the demands of the world of company or industry. Up to now, the existence of vocational teacher education in the region ASEAN-China (RCP:2012) need to be improved, primarily in teaching learning process and need to have enough experience in company or industry. Indonesia is one of the member of the ASEAN’s Countries still experiences difficulty to improve vocational teachers’ education in order to be ready to teach. The most difficult in preparing of vocational teacher education is in terms of their skill. This study was using case study method,  in which data collected through interview in depth to students in Department of Electrical Engineering Education, Faculty of Vocational and Technology Education, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia. According to the questionnaire done to vocational teachers, students who are doing teaching practice in vocational school, can be concluded that enhancing the quality of vocational teacher education cannot  just be provided through theory and  should also be provided  chance students doing apprenticeship in the world of industry or workplace. In this regard, seemingly it is necessary to have a breakthrough for increasing the students competencies in order fresh graduates are ready for work.

scholarly journals The Spillover Effect of the EU Economy on the Culture

2019 ◽  
Vol 87 ◽  
pp. 23-31
Author(s):  
Doina Gavrilov
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
European Economic Community ◽  
Spillover Effect ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Eu

The Economy has always been considered an essential pillar of the development. This is why, when the European Union appeared, the idea of a community based on economic relations with the purpose of empowering the common economy seemed to be an attractive idea to the outside states of the European Economic Community. Even at first, the idea of empowering the Economy was a very good one, after politics, culture, agriculture, science, and other domains were directly linked to the economic development, the Economy was seen as the nucleus of development of all. Giving its role, we are asking ourselves: Is the Economy role only a positive one in the development of other domains? To understand the role that the fall of the Economy can have on other domains, we focus on Economy- culture relation. Assuming the role of the spillover effect of the Economic crises on the culture we conclude that the Economy should not be the only basis of development, but we should enlarge our possibilities of independence of other domains.

Deepening relations between Ukraine and EU in the context of DCFTA conditions.

2019 ◽  
pp. 41-48
Author(s):  
Ірина Борисівна Чичкало-Кондрацька ◽  
Анастасія Олегівна Власюк ◽  
Дарія Сергіївна Кондрацька
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
The European Union ◽  
State Structure ◽  
Association Agreement ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
Current State ◽  
Real State ◽  
The Eu

The article is devoted to the study of the real state and consequences of deepening of economic cooperation between Ukraine and the EU in the conditions of implementation of the Association Agreement. The state of implementation of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union is considered on the basis of the study of official government reports and the results of independent experts' studies. The analysis of the current state, structure, tendencies and peculiarities of trade cooperation of Ukraine with the countries of the European Union is conducted. The influence of the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area with the EU is determined. Particular attention is paid to the problems of Ukrainian companies entering the EU market and the use of duty-free tariff quotas.

Przezwyciężanie kryzysu w procesie integracji europejskiej, poprzez zmiany regulacji dotyczących rozliczalności w podejmowaniu decyzji w UE, w wymiarze makroekonomicznym i fiskalnym

2016 ◽  
pp. 10-23
Author(s):  
Anna Sroka
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Democratic Deficit ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Integration Process ◽  
Quality Of Democracy ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

This article concerns the impact of the crisis on the manner in which the European Union functions, with particular attention paid to the issue of accountability. The analysis of particular legal solutions adopted since the eruption of the economic crisis enables capturing of the changes that have occurred with respect to the functioning of democracy in the EU. This facilitates the search for an answer to the following research questions: during times of crisis, do transformations lead to improvements in the quality of democracy, or do they rather deepen the existing democratic deficit, particularly in respect of accountability? Are modifications to mechanisms governing the functioning of democracy in the EU helping to overcome both shortand long-term crises in the integration process? In order to find answers to these questions, an analysis has been performed of the changes made to regulations addressing governance in the European Union in the macroeconomic and fiscal sphere implemented between 2008 and 2013.

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

1958 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-263 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
European Economic Community ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
Preliminary Examination ◽  
The Press ◽  
Treaty Of Rome ◽  
October 17 ◽  
Energy Community

The twelfth session of the Contracting Parties to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was held in Geneva, October 17-November 30, 1957, under the chairmanshipof Shri L. K. Jha (India). According to the press, one of the most important aspects of the meeting was the discussion of the Treaty of Rome establishing the European Economic Community. A committee which had been created by a GATT ministerial meeting, October 28–30, 1957, to examine the relevant provisions of the treaty and of GATT and to consider methods of implementing the interrelated obligations which governments had assumed in the two instruments reported to the Contracting Parties that its four subgroups had examined the treaty with respect to tariffs, the use of quantitative restrictions for balance-of-payments reasons, trade in agricultural products, and the association of certain overseas countries and territories with the Community. Agreeing that the preliminary examination had been useful but that a number of important questions remained unsolved, the Contracting Parties decided that the Intersessional Committee, with representation from all contracting parties, should continue the work begun at the session. Following its discussion of the trade aspects of the treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) the Contracting Parties decided that further consideration could take place together with examination of the European Economic Community treaty. On another aspect of European economic integration, the Contracting Parties agreed that the Intersessional Committee should follow developments concerning the proposed European free trade area being negotiated in Paris.

scholarly journals Pogłębiona i kompleksowa strefa wolnego handlu — nowa forma współpracy gospodarczej Unii Europejskiej z krajami partnerskimi Europy Wschodniej i Kaukazu Południowego w ramach Europejskiej Polityki Sąsiedztwa

Ekonomia ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 27-42
Author(s):  
Adriana Kalicka-Mikołajczyk
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
European Neighbourhood Policy ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Association Agreement ◽  
Fair Competition ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
The Eu

Deepen and congeneric free trade area — a new form of business collaboration of the European Union with its neighbours from Eastern Europe and the South Caucasus within the European Neighbourhood Policy The European Neighbourhood Policy ENP was developed in 2004, with the objective of avoiding of new dividing lines between the enlarged EU and its neighbours and strengthening the prosperity, stability and security of all participants. Within the ENP the European Union offers its neighbours a privileged relationship building upon a mutual commitment to common values, political association and deeper economic integration. The ENP links partner countries with the EU’s internal market and its social and economic model. For partners, this means adopting basic rules on equal opportunities, economic participation and fair competition. The ENP builds upon the legal agreements in place between the EU and the partner countries: Partnership and Cooperation Agreements or Association Agreements. Ukraine, Georgia and Moldova signed Association Agreements with the EU on 27 June 2014. The deep and comprehensive free trade agreement is part of a new generation of Association Agreements with eastern partner countries which provides a long-term foundation for future economic relations with the European Union. It was agreed that Association Agreement should take an ambitious and innovative approach, include a deep and comprehensive free trade area and go qualitatively beyond the current Partnership and Cooperation Agreement wherever possible. It contains binding, rule-based provisions and cooperation developed further than in traditional agreements and it is wide-ranging, covering all areas of interest. The deep and comprehensive free trade area is part of the Association Agreement which offer a new framework for modernising partner countries trade relations and for economic development by the opening of markets via the progressive removal of customs tariffs and quotas, and by an extensive harmonisation of laws, norms and regulations in various trade-related sectors, creating the conditions for aligning key sectors of the eastern partners economy to European Union standards. The deep and comprehensive free trade areas are expected to bring many economic benefits for Moldova, Georgia and Ukraine by offering businesses access to the EU’s single market — the largest in the world.

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