Evaluation of some pepper genotypes as rootstocks in water stress conditions

 Water stress is a major environmental factor that limits crop production and it is important to develop crop varieties with higher yield under water scarcity. Increased pepper tolerance to water stress through grafting onto robust rootstocks could be an optimal alternative in the context of environmentally friendly agriculture. Our work evaluated the behaviour of 18 pepper genotypes during vegetative and reproductive stages under water stress in order to select tolerant genotypes to be used as rootstocks for pepper cultivation. The pepper tolerance screening was based on photosynthetic parameters. The genotypes Atlante, C-40, Serrano, PI-152225, ECU-973, BOL-58 and NuMex Conquistador were revealed as the most tolerant genotypes to water stress because they maintained net photosynthetic rate levels under water stress conditions. The selected genotypes were validated as rootstocks on a pepper cultivar in terms of productivity under severe water stress. Plants grafted onto cvs Atlante, PI-152225 and ECU-973 showed higher marketable yields when compared with ungrafted cultivar.  

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Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Water Relations and Growth of Young Plum Trees under Severe Water Stress Conditions

International Journal of Plant & Soil Science ◽

10.9734/ijpss/2015/15408 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 5 (5) ◽

pp. 300-312

Author(s):

Rachid Razouk ◽

Abdellah Kajji

Keyword(s):

Water Stress ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Water Relations ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Stress Conditions ◽

Severe Water Stress

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WATER FOOTPRINT OF CROP PRODUCTION IN TEHRAN PROVINCE

PLANNING MALAYSIA JOURNAL ◽

10.21837/pm.v17i10.634 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 17 ◽

Author(s):

Somayeh Rezaei Kalvani ◽

Amir Hamzah Sharaai ◽

Latifah Abd Manaf ◽

Amir Hossein Hamidian

Keyword(s):

Water Consumption ◽

Water Scarcity ◽

Crop Production ◽

Agricultural Sector ◽

Water Footprint ◽

Water Productivity ◽

Blue Water ◽

Agricultural Water ◽

Severe Water Stress ◽

Tehran Province

Evaluation of supply chain of water consumption contributes toward reducing water scarcity, as it allows for increased water productivity in the agricultural sector. Water Footprint (WF) is a powerful tool for water management; it accounts for the volume of water consumption at high spatial and temporal resolution. The objective of this research is to investigate the water footprint trend of crop production in Tehran from 2008 to 2015 and to assess blue water scarcity in the agricultural sector. Water consumption of crop production was evaluated based on the WF method. Evapotranspiration was evaluated by applying the CROPWAT model. Blue water scarcity was evaluated using the blue water footprint-to-blue water availability formula. The results demonstrate that pistachio, cotton, walnut, almond, and wheat have a large WF, amounting to 11.111 m3/kg, 4,703 m3/kg, 3,932 m3/kg, 3,217 m3/kg, and 1.817 m3/kg, respectively. Agricultural blue water scarcity amounted to 0.6 (severe water stress class) (2015–2016). Agricultural water consumption in Tehran is unsustainable since it contributes to severe blue water scarcity. Tehran should reduce agricultural water scarcity by reducing the water footprint of the agricultural sector.

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ROOT CHARACTERISTICS IN COWPEA RELATED TO DROUGHT TOLERANCE AT THE SEEDLING STAGE

Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1017/s0014479703001108 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 39 (1) ◽

pp. 29-38 ◽

Cited By ~ 66

Author(s):

T. MATSUI ◽

B. B. SINGH

Keyword(s):

Water Stress ◽

Drought Tolerance ◽

Leaf Area ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Stress Conditions ◽

Root Characteristics ◽

Severe Water Stress ◽

Cowpea Varieties ◽

Root Box ◽

Mild Water Stress

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) has relatively higher drought tolerance than other legume crops. It is widely grown in semi-arid regions, particularly in West Africa. One objective of the present study was to determine the effects of soil moisture stress on the length, dry matter and distribution of the roots of two cowpea varieties with different drought tolerances. Another objective was to evaluate the pin-board root-box as a method for identifying the role of root characteristics in drought tolerance. Two cowpea varieties, IT96D-604 (drought tolerant) and TVu7778 (drought susceptible), were used in this study. There were three watering treatments, T1 (well-watered), T2 (mild water stress) and T3 (severe water stress). Between varieties, there were no significant differences in shoot and root characteristics except for leaf area in T1. Under T2, the shoot:root ratio (S:R ratio) of IT96D-604 was significantly decreased compared with that under T1 as a result of the increase in root dry matter and decrease in leaf area without significant differences in total dry matter. In addition, the root dry matter per leaf area, which indicates the capacity to absorb water, of IT96D-604 was significantly higher than that of TVu7778. Under T3, the total dry matter of TVu7778 was about one third of those of the other treatments for the same variety, whereas that of IT96D-604 was more than half. Regarding root distribution, the centres of root dry matter and root length density of both varieties moved downwards significantly under water-stress conditions compared with those of the well-watered condition. This tendency was more pronounced in IT96D-604 than in TVu7778. Drought tolerance in IT96D-604 was associated with the increase in root dry matter per leaf area under mild water-stress conditions, and downward movement of roots (increasing access and use of soil moisture in deep soil layers) under mild and severe water stress conditions. In addition, the root-box method was versatile and can be used for studying root responses to edaphic factors relevant to root growth.

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Effect of Water Stress on Photosynthetic Parameters of Soybean (Glycine max) and Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti)

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500026722 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 35 (1) ◽

pp. 15-21 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Philip H. Munger ◽

James M. Chandler ◽

J. Tom Cothren

Keyword(s):

Glycine Max ◽

Water Stress ◽

Stomatal Conductance ◽

Water Potential ◽

Net Photosynthetic Rate ◽

Photosynthetic Rate ◽

Transpiration Rate ◽

Abutilon Theophrasti ◽

Leaf Water ◽

Photosynthetic Parameters

Greenhouse experiments were conducted to elucidate the effects of water stress on photosynthetic parameters of soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Hutton′] and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedik. # ABUTH). Stomatal conductance of both species responded curvilinearly to reductions in leaf water potential. At leaf water potentials less negative than −2.5 MPa, stomatal conductance, net photosynthetic rate, and transpiration rate were greater in velvetleaf than in soybean. Soybean photosynthetic rate was linearly related to stomatal conductance. Velvetleaf photosynthetic rate increased linearly with stomatal conductances up to 1.5 cm s–1; however, no increase in photosynthetic rate was observed at stomatal conductances greater than 1.5 cm s–1, indicating nonstomatal limitations to photosynthesis. As water stress intensified, stomatal conductance, photosynthetic rate, and transpiration of velvetleaf declined more rapidly than in soybean.

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Production Efficiency and Total Protein Yield in Quinoa Grown under Water Stress

Agriculture ◽

10.3390/agriculture11111089 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 1089

Author(s):

Antonio A. Pinto ◽

Susana Fischer ◽

Rosemarie Wilckens ◽

Luis Bustamante ◽

Marisol T. Berti

Keyword(s):

Water Stress ◽

Technical Efficiency ◽

Seed Yield ◽

Water Scarcity ◽

Crop Production ◽

Water Resource Management ◽

Production Efficiency ◽

Agricultural Sector ◽

Crop Productivity ◽

Average Efficiency

The increasing water scarcity affects the agricultural sector, and it is a significant constraining factor for crop production in many areas of the world. Water resource management and use related to crop productivity is the most important factor in many crops. Since consumer demands healthy food, the nutritive quality and the active ingredient need to be considered within the productive issue. The objective of this study was to determine water technical efficiency related to seed yield and seed protein content and composition in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) under water stress using data envelopment analysis (DEA). The study was conducted in Chillan, Chile in two growing seasons. As water availability increased, seed yield, globulin, and albumin yield increased, particularly in the genotype Cahuil. The higher average efficiency levels for the DEA were 46.7% and 39.2% in Cahuil in both seasons at 20% available water (AW). The highest average efficiency of globulin yield was recorded in the same genotype (Cahuil). The highest multi-product technical efficiency levels in all input and output included in this study were observed in Cahuil, Regalona, and Morado under water scarcity in both seasons. In future studies related to crop management, DEA provides a good framework for estimating efficiency under restricted factors and multi-product results.

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Effects of Water Stress on Vegetative and Reproductive Traits of Three Commercial Cotton Varieties in Field Conditions in Central Iran

10.21203/rs.3.rs-1079809/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

ALI NADERI AREFI ◽

AlIREZA TAVAKOLI

Keyword(s):

Water Stress ◽

Normal Condition ◽

Crop Production ◽

Stress Conditions ◽

Cotton Yield ◽

Seed Cotton ◽

Node Number ◽

Seed Cotton Yield ◽

Water Stress Condition ◽

Cultivar Responses

Abstract Backgroundwater scarcity is one of the most important factors that restricts crop production specially, cotton which must planted in areas without cold temperature limitation. Most of such area in Iran encounters drought events, hot temperatures and high atmospheric evaporative demand. So, understanding of stress severity and cultivar responses will help to better management of crop in stress conditions. Our previous study showed that cultivar responses in view of some physiological and morphological aspects were highly different in water stress condition. In this study we focused on yield formatting traits.Results Three cotton commercial varieties; Khorshid, Khordad and Varamin studied in sever, mild and without water stress. In normal condition zero type cultivar, the khorshid, produced the highest seed cotton yield. Varamin cultivar had more and longer sympodial branches which could raise it’s yield. Also, Varamin cultivar’s seed cotton yield was higher than the others (3617 kg -1 ha compared with 2477 and 3060 for khordad and khorshid, respectively). Khorshid was superior to the others at sever water stress.ConclusionSeed cotton yield showed high correlation whit boll number and boll weight and vegetative aspects such as plant height, node number and sympodial branches number. Management for developing more sympodial branches results in higher bud and flower and will increase the yield. Totally, we recommend Khorshid and Varamin cultivars for normal condition and Khorshid for sever stress conditions.

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Unravelling the Role of Piriformospora indica in Combating Water Deficiency by Modulating Physiological Performance and Chlorophyll Metabolism-Related Genes in Cucumis sativus

Horticulturae ◽

10.3390/horticulturae7100399 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (10) ◽

pp. 399

Author(s):

Mohamed E. Abdelaziz ◽

Mohamed A. M. Atia ◽

Mohamed Abdelsattar ◽

Suzy M. Abdelaziz ◽

Taha A. A. Ibrahim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Stress ◽

Chlorophyll A ◽

Irrigation Water ◽

Chlorophyll Biosynthesis ◽

Stomatal Closure ◽

Stress Conditions ◽

Piriformospora Indica ◽

Activity Levels ◽

Chlorophyll Metabolism ◽

Severe Water Stress

Water stress is the most critical aspect restricting the development of agriculture in regions with scarce water resources, which requires enhancing irrigation water-saving strategies. The current work discusses the potential application of the plant-strengthening root endophyte Piriformospora indica against moderate (25% less irrigation water) and severe (50% less irrigation water) water stress in comparison to the optimum irrigation conditions of greenhouse cucumbers. P. indica improved growth, nutrient content, and photosynthesis apparatus under normal or water-stress conditions. On the other hand, moderate and severe water stress reduced yield up to 47% and 83%, respectively, in non-colonized cucumber plants, while up to 28 and 78%, respectively, in P. indica-colonized plants. In terms of water-use efficiency (WUE), P. indica improved the WUE of colonized cucumber plants grown under moderate (26 L/kg) or severe stress (73 L/kg) by supporting colonized plants in producing higher yield per unit volume of water consumed by the crop in comparison to non-colonized plants under the same level of moderate (43 L/kg) or severe (81 L/kg) water stress. Furthermore, P. indica increased the indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) content, activity levels of catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) with an apparent clear reduction in the abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene, malondialdehyde (MDA), proline contents and stomatal closure compared to non-stressed plants under both water-stress levels. In addition, chlorophyll a, b, a + b contents were increased in the leaves of the colonized plants under water-stress conditions. This improvement in chlorophyll content could be correlated with a significant increment in the transcripts of chlorophyll biosynthesis genes (protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase [POR], chlorophyll a oxygenase [CAO]) and a reduction in the chlorophyll degradation genes (PPH, pheophorbide a oxygenase [PAO], and red chlorophyll catabolite reductase [RCCR]). In conclusion, P. indica has the potential to enhance the cucumber yield grown under moderate water stress rather than severe water stress by improving WUE and altering the activity levels of antioxidant enzymes and chlorophyll metabolism-related genes.

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WATER FOOTPRINT OF CROP PRODUCTION IN TEHRAN PROVINCE

PLANNING MALAYSIA JOURNAL ◽

10.21837/pmjournal.v17.i10.634 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 17 (10) ◽

Author(s):

Somayeh Rezaei Kalvani ◽

Amir Hamzah Sharaai ◽

Latifah Abd Manaf ◽

Amir Hossein Hamidian

Keyword(s):

Water Consumption ◽

Water Scarcity ◽

Crop Production ◽

Agricultural Sector ◽

Water Footprint ◽

Water Productivity ◽

Blue Water ◽

Agricultural Water ◽

Severe Water Stress ◽

Tehran Province

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Role of Local Biofertilizer in Enhancing the Oxidative Stress Defence Systems of Date Palm Seedling (Phoenix dactylifera) against Abiotic Stress

Applied and Environmental Soil Science ◽

10.1155/2021/6628544 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-13

Author(s):

Oumaima Harkousse ◽

Afafe Slimani ◽

Issam Jadrane ◽

Mohamed Aitboulahsen ◽

Mouaad Amine Mazri ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Water Stress ◽

Plant Growth ◽

Date Palm ◽

Water Status ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Stress Conditions ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis ◽

Mycorrhizal Symbiosis ◽

Severe Water Stress

Among the abiotic stresses, drought is the first environmental stress responsible for a decrease in agricultural production worldwide; it affects plants in various ways, including slowing down plant growth and disrupting its general physiology. Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are considered to be the bioameliorators of the plant’s resistance to water stress. The present study investigated the effects of inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and PGPR on the water status and antioxidant enzyme activities of date palm seedlings grown under water stress conditions. The parameters related to the plant’s water status were significantly ( p < 0.05 ) higher in the plants treated with mycorrhizae and mycorrhizae + bacteria compared with their respective controls, especially under water stress conditions. The maximum proline content was obtained in plants inoculated with the AMF species and PGPR (combined) under severe water stress conditions reaching a value of 2.588 ± 0.034 in 25% field capacity, compared with 0.978 ± 0.024 for the control. In addition, the inoculated seedlings showed notably lower activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in response to severe water stress compared with nonmycorrhizal seedling. Overall, the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and PGPR bacteria inoculation could be promising methods to enhance date palm resistance against oxidative stress.

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Physiological and Yield Responses of Green-Shelled Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Grown under Restricted Irrigation

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11030562 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 562

Author(s):

Karen Campos ◽

Andrés R. Schwember ◽

Daniel Machado ◽

Mónica Ozores-Hampton ◽

Pilar M. Gil

Keyword(s):

Water Stress ◽

Deficit Irrigation ◽

Pot Experiment ◽

Water Restriction ◽

One Pot ◽

Dry Land ◽

Severe Water Stress ◽

The Face ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

Yield Responses

Common bean is an important crop, consumed as green-shelled bean in several countries. In Chile, green-shelled beans are cultivated often as a dry land crop, vulnerable to drought. The objective of this study was to characterize the hydric and productive responses of four green-shelled bean genotypes subjected to deficit irrigation in order to outline production strategies in the face of increasing water scarcity. Two experiments were evaluated: one pot experiment with three irrigation treatments, supplying 100% of the crop evapotranspiration (ETc) (T100), 50% (T50), and 30% (T30); and an open field experiment with two treatments: 100% (I100) and 40% of ETc (I40). Treatments were applied during reproductive stage in determinate cultivars and vegetative stage in indeterminate plants. Severe water restriction (T30 and I40) in both experiments showed a significant decrease in stomatal conductances, as well as biomass and number of grains per pod; I40 treatment also showed a reduction in chlorophyll fluorescence. Water use efficiency (WUE) was higher under water stress in field (I40), but lower on the T30 treatment from the pot experiment. Determinate cultivars showed 22.7% higher of 100-seed weight compared to indeterminate type, and, thus, higher tolerance to drought. Our results indicate that severe water stress is highly harmful in terms of yield, and a moderate controlled deficit irrigation plus the use of determinate genotypes may be a strategy for producing green-shelled bean successfully under a drought scenario.

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