Characterisation, localisation and expression of porcine TACR1, TACR2 and TACR3 genes

Substance P is involved in many physiological and pathophysiological processes. This functional diversity is mediated by three neurokinin receptor subtypes (NK1R, NK2R and NK3R) encoded by the TACR1, TACR2 and TACR3 genes, respectively. Despite the increasing interest in using pigs (Sus scrofa) to study human disease mechanisms, the sequences of these receptors are still unconfirmed or in the case of the NK1 receptor, not yet even unpredicted. We employed in silico analysis to define the localisation of the porcine tachykinin receptor genes, and to predict the structures and amino acid sequences of the respective proteins. A reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay was performed to analyse the expression of tachykinin receptor genes in different porcine tissues. The data show that the TACR1 gene is located on chromosome 3, TACR2 on chromosome 14 and TACR3 on chromosome 8. All three genes encode proteins with structures that incorporate features of G-protein-coupled receptors with sizes of 407, 381 and 464 amino acids, respectively. The receptors display a high degree of similarity to other mammalian neurokinin receptors. The NK1R subtype is expressed in both the central nervous system and peripheral tissues, while NK2R expression seems to be localised mostly to peripheral tissues. The expression of NK3R is found mainly in the central nervous system. This report provides for the first time the results of a comprehensive analysis of the structure and distribution of porcine NK1R, as well as other porcine neurokinin receptors and their genes. We hope that our data may offer an invaluable foundation for the future studies on the function of diverse tachykinin peptides in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues.

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Adiponectin Controls Nutrient Availability in Hypothalamic Astrocytes

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22041587 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 1587

Author(s):

Nuri Song ◽

Da Yeon Jeong ◽

Thai Hien Tu ◽

Byong Seo Park ◽

Hye Rim Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Nutrient Availability ◽

Acid Oxidation ◽

Cell Type ◽

Metabolic Processes ◽

Nutrient Metabolism ◽

Peripheral Tissues ◽

The Central Nervous System

Adiponectin, an adipose tissue-derived hormone, plays integral roles in lipid and glucose metabolism in peripheral tissues, such as the skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and liver. Moreover, it has also been shown to have an impact on metabolic processes in the central nervous system. Astrocytes comprise the most abundant cell type in the central nervous system and actively participate in metabolic processes between blood vessels and neurons. However, the ability of adiponectin to control nutrient metabolism in astrocytes has not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated the effects of adiponectin on multiple metabolic processes in hypothalamic astrocytes. Adiponectin enhanced glucose uptake, glycolytic processes and fatty acid oxidation in cultured primary hypothalamic astrocytes. In line with these findings, we also found that adiponectin treatment effectively enhanced synthesis and release of monocarboxylates. Overall, these data suggested that adiponectin triggers catabolic processes in astrocytes, thereby enhancing nutrient availability in the hypothalamus.

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Social Isolation: How Can the Effects on the Cholinergic System Be Isolated?

Frontiers in Pharmacology ◽

10.3389/fphar.2021.716460 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Jaromir Myslivecek

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Social Isolation ◽

Cholinergic System ◽

System Response ◽

Receptor Subtype ◽

Receptor Subtypes ◽

Cholinergic Signaling ◽

The Central Nervous System

Social species form organizations that support individuals because the consequent social behaviors help these organisms survive. The isolation of these individuals may be a stressor. We reviewed the potential mechanisms of the effects of social isolation on cholinergic signaling and vice versa how changes in cholinergic signaling affect changes due to social isolation.There are two important problems regarding this topic. First, isolation schemes differ in their duration (1–165 days) and initiation (immediately after birth to adulthood). Second, there is an important problem that is generally not considered when studying the role of the cholinergic system in neurobehavioral correlates: muscarinic and nicotinic receptor subtypes do not differ sufficiently in their affinity for orthosteric site agonists and antagonists. Some potential cholinesterase inhibitors also affect other targets, such as receptors or other neurotransmitter systems. Therefore, the role of the cholinergic system in social isolation should be carefully considered, and multiple receptor systems may be involved in the central nervous system response, although some subtypes are involved in specific functions. To determine the role of a specific receptor subtype, the presence of a specific subtype in the central nervous system should be determined using search in knockout studies with the careful application of specific agonists/antagonists.

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Distribution of the prion protein in sheep terminally affected with BSE following experimental oral transmission

Journal of General Virology ◽

10.1099/0022-1317-82-10-2319 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 82 (10) ◽

pp. 2319-2326 ◽

Cited By ~ 89

Author(s):

J. D. Foster ◽

D. W. Parnham ◽

N. Hunter ◽

M. Bruce

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Experimental Infection ◽

Oral Route ◽

Similar Distribution ◽

Peripheral Tissues ◽

Oral Transmission ◽

Wide Range ◽

Direct Contrast ◽

The Central Nervous System

This study has examined the distribution of PrPSc in sheep by immunocytochemistry of tissues recovered from terminally affected animals following their experimental infection by the oral route with BSE. Despite a wide range of incubation period lengths, affected sheep showed a similar distribution of high levels of PrPSc throughout the central nervous system. PrPSc was also found in the lymphoid system, including parts of the digestive tract, and some components of the peripheral nervous system. These abundant PrPSc deposits in sheep in regions outside the central nervous system are in direct contrast with cattle infected with BSE, which show barely detectable levels of PrPSc in peripheral tissues. A number of genetically susceptible, challenged animals appear to have survived.

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Foreign body responses in mouse central nervous system mimic natural wound responses and alter biomaterial functions

Nature Communications ◽

10.1038/s41467-020-19906-3 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Timothy M. OʼShea ◽

Alexander L. Wollenberg ◽

Jae H. Kim ◽

Yan Ao ◽

Timothy J. Deming ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Foreign Body ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Host Cells ◽

Peripheral Tissues ◽

Molecular Delivery ◽

Wound Responses ◽

The Central Nervous System

AbstractBiomaterials hold promise for therapeutic applications in the central nervous system (CNS). Little is known about molecular factors that determine CNS foreign body responses (FBRs) in vivo, or about how such responses influence biomaterial function. Here, we probed these factors in mice using a platform of injectable hydrogels readily modified to present interfaces with different physiochemical properties to host cells. We found that biomaterial FBRs mimic specialized multicellular CNS wound responses not present in peripheral tissues, which serve to isolate damaged neural tissue and restore barrier functions. We show that the nature and intensity of CNS FBRs are determined by definable properties that significantly influence hydrogel functions, including resorption and molecular delivery when injected into healthy brain or stroke injuries. Cationic interfaces elicit stromal cell infiltration, peripherally derived inflammation, neural damage and amyloid production. Nonionic and anionic formulations show minimal levels of these responses, which contributes to superior bioactive molecular delivery. Our results identify specific molecular mechanisms that drive FBRs in the CNS and have important implications for developing effective biomaterials for CNS applications.

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Distribution of myomodulin-like and buccalin-like immunoreactivities in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues of the mollusc,Clione limacina

The Journal of Comparative Neurology ◽

10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19970428)381:1<41::aid-cne4>3.0.co;2-k ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 381 (1) ◽

pp. 41-52 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

T.P. Norekian ◽

R.A. Satterlie

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Peripheral Tissues ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

Clione Limacina

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Muscarinic Receptor Subtypes in the Central Nervous System

International Review of Neurobiology ◽

10.1016/s0074-7742(08)60074-4 ◽

1985 ◽

pp. 151-199 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Wayne Hoss ◽

John Ellis

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Muscarinic Receptor ◽

Receptor Subtypes ◽

Muscarinic Receptor Subtypes ◽

The Central Nervous System

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n-3 PUFA and obesity: from peripheral tissues to the central nervous system

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114518000429 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 119 (11) ◽

pp. 1312-1323 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Aline Haas de Mello ◽

Marcela Fornari Uberti ◽

Bianca Xavier de Farias ◽

Nathalia Alberti Ribas de Souza ◽

Gislaine Tezza Rezin

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Cardiac Arrhythmias ◽

The Body ◽

Low Grade ◽

Therapeutic Approaches ◽

Peripheral Tissues ◽

Inflammatory State ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

Inflammatory Effect

AbstractThe current paradigms of prevention and treatment are unable to curb obesity rates, which indicates the need to explore alternative therapeutic approaches. Obesity leads to several damages to the body and is an important risk factor for a number of other chronic diseases. Furthermore, despite the first alterations in obesity being observed and reported in peripheral tissues, studies indicate that obesity can also cause brain damage. Obesity leads to a chronic low-grade inflammatory state, and the therapeutic manipulation of inflammation can be explored. In this context, the use of n-3 PUFA (especially in the form of fish oil, rich in EPA and DHA) may be an interesting strategy, as this substance is known by its anti-inflammatory effect and numerous benefits to the body, such as reduction of TAG, cardiac arrhythmias, blood pressure and platelet aggregation, and has shown potential to help treat obesity. Thereby, the aim of this narrative review was to summarise the literature related to n-3 PUFA use in obesity treatment. First, the review provides a brief description of the obesity pathophysiology, including alterations that occur in peripheral tissues and at the central nervous system. In the sequence, we describe what are n-3 PUFA, their sources and their general effects. Finally, we explore the main topic linking obesity and n-3 PUFA. Animal and human studies were included and alterations on the whole organism were described (peripheral tissues and brain).

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