The impact of intra-industry trade on carbon dioxide emissions: The case of the European Union

The reductions of climate change and greenhouse gas emissions are an essential objective of the European Union (EU) to achieving the reduction target by 20% by 2020. Along with energy consumption and agriculture, trade has a diverse impact on climate change. International trade usually negatively affects the environment, while the influence of intra-industry trade is more favourable. The paper investigates the impact of energy use, agriculture, and intra-industry trade on environmental pollution in EU countries using panel data for the period 2000–2014. The research frames the theoretical hypothesis that describing the relationship between agricultural intra-industry trade and climate change. The assumptions are confirmed by panel fixed effects, and Generalized Method of Moment (GMM) estimations, and the panel cointegration test. The empirical results have supported by the literature, and all variables used in this study are stationary applying panel unit root test. Results show that agricultural intra-industry trade, renewable energy is negatively correlated with climate change, confirming the less pollutant hypothesis, while economic growth and agricultural productivity induce environmental problems. This study confirms the theoretical hypotheses explaining the effect of intra-industry trade for agricultural products as well as the impacts of renewable energy use, agricultural land productivity, and economic growth on CO2 emissions.

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Renewable energy resources in the EU (Policy scenario)

Acta Agraria Debreceniensis ◽

10.34101/actaagrar/51/2079 ◽

2013 ◽

pp. 143-146

Author(s):

Orsolya Nagy

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

European Union ◽

Renewable Energy ◽

Energy Use ◽

Biomass Energy ◽

Energy Resources ◽

The European Union ◽

Renewable Energy Resources ◽

The Right ◽

The Eu

The use of renewable energies has a long past, even though its share of the total energy use is rather low in European terms. However, the tendencies are definitely favourable which is further strengthened by the dedication of the European Union to sustainable development and combat against climate change. The European Union is on the right track in achieving its goal which is to be able to cover 20% its energy need from renewable energy resources by 2020. The increased use of wind, solar, water, tidal, geothermal and biomass energy will reduce the energy import dependence of the European Union and it will stimulate innovation.

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The Linkage between Economic Growth, Renewable Energy, Tourism, CO2 Emissions, and International Trade: The Evidence for the European Union

Energies ◽

10.3390/en13184838 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (18) ◽

pp. 4838 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Nuno Carlos Leitão ◽

Daniel Balsalobre Lorente

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Economic Growth ◽

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Renewable Energy ◽

Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽

Trade Openness ◽

Cointegration Test ◽

The European Union ◽

Long Run ◽

Tourism Arrivals

This paper evaluates the link between economic growth, renewable energy, tourism arrivals, trade openness, and carbon dioxide emissions in the European Union (EU-28). As an econometric strategy, the research uses panel data. In the first step, we apply the unit root test, and the results demonstrated that the variables used in this study are integrated I (1) in the first difference. In the second step, we apply the Pedroni cointegration test, and Kao Residual cointegration test, and we observe that the variables are cointegrated in the long run. The panel fully modified least squares (FMOLS), panel dynamic least squares (DOLS), and generalized moments system (GMM-System) estimator are considered in this research. The econometric results proved that trade openness and renewable energy decreased climate change and environmental degradation. The empirical study also found a positive effect of economic growth on carbon dioxide emissions. Moreover, tourism arrivals are negatively correlated with carbon dioxide emissions, showing sustainability practices of the tourism sector on the environment. Furthermore, carbon dioxide emissions in the long run present a positive impact, indicating that climate change increases. In this study, we also consider the recent methodology of Dumitrescu–Hurlin to observe the causality and the relationship between renewable energy, trade openness, economic growth, tourism arrivals, and carbon dioxide emissions.

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Analysis of the RES Potential in Accordance with the Energy Policy of the European Union

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14196030 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (19) ◽

pp. 6030

Author(s):

Tomasz Jałowiec ◽

Henryk Wojtaszek

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Economic Growth ◽

European Union ◽

Renewable Energy ◽

Energy Policy ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Clean Energy ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Energy Sources ◽

The European Union

There is a need to reduce carbon-based energy and replace it with clean energy in order to counteract the negative effects of climate change. The increase in renewable energy sources may result in savings and the increasing cost of maintaining carbon-based energy. Worldwide involvement is required. The fulfillment of conditions by individual states does not solve the problem. The COVID-19 pandemic has slowed economic growth. It turns out that economic growth is not always associated with increased investments in RES (existing or emerging new clean energy points). We have a new epidemiological threat—Delta—which could become large. This will not improve the situation. Germany is an exemplary country for benchmarking in the field of renewable energy. The worrying fact is that Poland, despite economic growth, does not achieve an even growth in RES. Each of us is required to be involved, to be open to innovation and to act in accordance with the energy policy of the European Union. Basic management functions (planning, organizing, motivating and controlling) are also essential. Failure to meet the demands of the energy policy should be thoroughly verified and consequences should be drawn in order to involve the whole world. The authors thoroughly analyzed many factors that have a significant impact on the success in stopping climate change and increasing RES. With the increase in energy demand, renewable energy is introduced to a greater extent. Additionally, coal energy will be more expensive to maintain. The more RES, the more expensive the energy obtained from mine sources. The investment is an opportunity to meet the demands of RES, but investors are currently only interested in investing in renewable energy in highly developed countries. The decision-making process regarding the implementation of renewable energy sources not only consists in a radical decision to introduce changes, but also in the fulfillment of a number of assumptions regarding the energy policy controlled by the authorities of a given state as part of this action. There is a risk (fear) in underdeveloped countries that they will not be able to finalize this project, either due to the lack of investor interest or the lack of real opportunities due to the failure to meet the guidelines of the energy policy of a given country. It is advisable that state governments facilitate the process as much as possible so that even less developed countries could take advantage of this postulate.

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How does renewable energy consumption affect economic growth? Evidence from the European Union countries

SHS Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/shsconf/202112909005 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 129 ◽

pp. 09005

Author(s):

Natalia Davidson ◽

Elizaveta Maksimova ◽

Oleg Mariev

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

European Union ◽

Renewable Energy ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Generalized Method Of Moments ◽

Green Energy ◽

The European Union ◽

Renewable Energy Consumption ◽

Eu Countries ◽

The Impact

Research background: Fossil fuels are used at such a high rate that they are currently being depleted. Moreover, they are associated with a greenhouse effect leading to global warming. Meanwhile, green energy is naturally replenished and fosters sustainable development (Nelson and Starcher, 2015). However, the empirical evidence of the impact of green energy on economic growth is controversial (Adewuyi and Awodumi, 2017; Chen et al., 2020; Destek and Aslan, 2017; Zafar et al., 2018). Purpose of the article: This paper analyses the impact of renewable energy consumption on economic growth in the European Union (EU) countries. This is important in line with the goals of EU to shift towards green energy during the coming years (Directive (EU) 2018/2001). Methods: We use data of the World Bank and Our World in Data over 1990 to 2015 for 28 EU countries. We estimate the impact of renewable energy consumption on the countries’ gross domestic product. The control variables are labor force, research and development, and foreign direct investment. We apply the pooled mean group, mean group, the dynamic fixed effect estimators (Pesaran, 1997; Pesaran et al., 1999), and generalized method of moments (Arellano & Bond, 1991). Findings & Value added: Results show that the renewable energy consumption positively affects economic growth of the EU countries. We contribute by shedding light on the possibility to develop renewable energy, while achieving economic growth. The results have important implications for economic policy.

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Post COVID-19 Recovery and 2050 Climate Change Targets: Changing the Emphasis from Promotion of Renewables to Mandated Curtailment of Fossil Fuels in the EU Policies

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14051347 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (5) ◽

pp. 1347

Author(s):

Kyriakos Maniatis ◽

David Chiaramonti ◽

Eric van den Heuvel

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

European Union ◽

Renewable Energy ◽

Global Economy ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Global Climate ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Climate Change Policy ◽

Climate Impacts ◽

The European Union

The present work considers the dramatic changes the COVID-19 pandemic has brought to the global economy, with particular emphasis on energy. Focusing on the European Union, the article discusses the opportunities policy makers can implement to reduce the climate impacts and achieve the Paris Agreement 2050 targets. The analysis specifically looks at the fossil fuels industry and the future of the fossil sector post COVID-19 pandemic. The analysis first revises the fossil fuel sector, and then considers the need for a shift of the global climate change policy from promoting the deployment of renewable energy sources to curtailing the use of fossil fuels. This will be a change to the current global approach, from a relative passive one to a strategically dynamic and proactive one. Such a curtailment should be based on actual volumes of fossil fuels used and not on percentages. Finally, conclusions are preliminary applied to the European Union policies for net zero by 2050 based on a two-fold strategy: continuing and reinforcing the implementation of the Renewable Energy Directive to 2035, while adopting a new directive for fixed and over time increasing curtailment of fossils as of 2025 until 2050.

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The Importance of Maritime Transport for Economic Growth in the European Union: A Panel Data Analysis

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13147961 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (14) ◽

pp. 7961

Author(s):

Alexandra Fratila (Adam) ◽

Ioana Andrada Gavril (Moldovan) ◽

Sorin Cristian Nita ◽

Andrei Hrebenciuc

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

European Union ◽

Panel Data ◽

Panel Data Analysis ◽

Maritime Transport ◽

The European Union ◽

Panel Data Regression ◽

Green Investment ◽

Port Infrastructure ◽

The Impact

Maritime transport is one of the main activities of the blue economy, which plays an important role in the EU. In this paper, we aim to assess the impact of maritime transport, related investment, and air pollution on economic growth within 20 countries of the European Union, using eight panel data regression models from 2007 to 2018. Our results confirm that maritime transport, air pollutants (NOx and SO2) from maritime transport, and investment in maritime port infrastructure are indeed positively correlated with economic growth. In other words, an increase of 10% in these factors has generated an associated increase in economic growth rate of around 1.6%, 0.4%, 0.8%, and 0.7% respectively. Alongside the intensity of economic maritime activities, pollution is positively correlated with economic growth, and thus it is recommended that policymakers and other involved stakeholders act to diminish environmental impacts in this sector using green investment in port infrastructure and ecological ships, in accordance with the current European trends and concerns.

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Are Business Regulations Improving Economic Growth? Case Study between ASEAN and European Union

Jurnal Pendidikan Ekonomi Dan Bisnis (JPEB) ◽

10.21009/jpeb.009.1.5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 44-53

Author(s):

Karuniana Dianta Arfiando Sebayang ◽

Belinda Febrina

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

European Union ◽

Gross Domestic Product ◽

Quantitative Research ◽

Domestic Product ◽

The European Union ◽

Doing Business ◽

Ease Of Doing Business ◽

Business Regulations ◽

The Impact

Economic activities require a transparent regulatory and policy environment that is accessible to all levels of society. This study aims to explain the impact of ease of doing business on economic growth in both ASEAN and the European Union since doing business indicators applied globally. Gross Domestic Product is used as a proxy variable for economic growth as Gross Domestic Product is an indicator to measure economic growth. This study uses a descriptive quantitative research model and uses multiple regressions to determine the effect of ease of doing business on economic growth in ASEAN and the European Union by comparing the result of each ASEAN and European Union. In this study it was found that in ASEAN, there are four indicators of doing business have significant impact to economic growth, while in the European Union five indicators have significant impact to economic growth.

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THE CONTRIBUTION OF MIGRATION TO ECONOMIC GROWTH: THE EXAMPLE OF THE CITY OF ZAGREB

EMC Review - Časopis za ekonomiju - APEIRON ◽

10.7251/emc2101201m ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Vinko Miličević ◽

Danijel Knežević ◽

Zoran Bubaš

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

European Union ◽

Economic Activity ◽

Economic Benefits ◽

Gdp Per Capita ◽

The European Union ◽

Per Capita ◽

The Republic ◽

The Impact ◽

The City

The problems in this paper belong to the field of migration and economy. The connection between migration and the economy has been proven on a global level, and as far as the Republic of Croatia is concerned, it is especially important to observe it through the City of Zagreb, which is the most important migration and economic center in the Republic of Croatia. Also, the accession of the Republic of Croatia to the European Union emphasized the observation and research of this connection because it created the preconditions for freer movement and employment of the population of the Republic of Croatia and the City of Zagreb within the European Union. The aim of this paper is to determine the contribution of migration to the economic growth of the City of Zagreb. The hypothesis presented in the paper is that there is a significant contribution of migration to the economic growth of the City of Zagreb. The disposition of the paper consists of six parts. The introduction explains the relevance of the topic, states the aim of the paper and hypotheses, explains the empirical part, the contribution of the paper and the disposition. The second part of the paper refers to the theoretical framework of the impact of migration on economic growth. The third part of the paper presents the migration processes of the City of Zagreb in the period from 2011 to 2018. The fourth part deals with economic activity in the City of Zagreb in the period from 2011 to 2017. The observed indicators of economic activity in the City of Zagreb are GDP and GDP per capita, and the graph in this part of the paper shows that GDP and GDP per capita in the observed period are higher at the end of the period than at the beginning. The fifth part of the paper refers to the empirical research of the contribution of migration to the economic growth of the City of Zagreb. The empirical part of the paper is based on correlations and regression analyses. This paper proves the hypothesis because the results indicate a significant impact of the variables of total and external migration on the GDP of the City of Zagreb and GDP per capita of the City of Zagreb. Decision-makers in the City of Zagreb can use the results of the research as a basis for maximizing the economic benefits they can get from migration. The conclusion provides an overview of the aim of the work, the results of the research, the limitations, the implications and the recommendations for future research.

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The Development of Electromobility in Poland and EU States as a Tool for Management of CO2 Emissions

Energies ◽

10.3390/en12152942 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (15) ◽

pp. 2942 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Karol Tucki ◽

Olga Orynycz ◽

Antoni Świć ◽

Mateusz Mitoraj-Wojtanek

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

European Union ◽

Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽

Power Plants ◽

Primary Energy ◽

Original Method ◽

Pollutant Emissions ◽

The European Union ◽

Car Market ◽

The Impact

The article analyzes the dynamics of the development of the electromobility sector in Poland in the context of the European Union and due to the economic situation and development of the electromobility sector in the contexts of Switzerland and Norway. On the basis of obtained data, a forecast was made which foresees the most likely outlook of the electric car market in the coming years. The forecast was made using the creeping trend method, and extended up to 2030. As part of the analysis of the effect of the impact of electromobility, an original method was proposed for calculating the primary energy factor (PEF) primary energy ratio in the European Union and in its individual countries, which illustrates the conversion efficiency of primary energy into electricity and the overall efficiency of the power system. The original method was also verified, referring to the methods proposed by the Fraunhofer-Institut. On the basis of all previous actions and analyses, an assessment was made of the impact of the development of the electromobility sector on air quality in the countries studied. Carbon dioxide tank-to-wheels emission reductions which result from the conversion of the car fleet from conventional vehicles to electric motors were then calculated. In addition to reducing carbon dioxide emissions, other pollutant emissions were also calculated, such as carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM). The increase in the demand for electricity resulting from the needs of electric vehicles was also estimated. On this basis, and also on the basis of previously calculated primary energy coefficients, the emission reduction values have been adjusted for additional emissions resulting from the generation of electricity in power plants.

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