scholarly journals Chemical, microbial and antioxidant activity of Cola lepidota K. Schum fruits

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 11-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Solomon Oranusi ◽  
Adeola Onibokun ◽  
Oluwatoyosi Afolabi ◽  
Chineme Okpalajiaku ◽  
Anita Seweje ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Cardiac Glycosides ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Antimicrobial Effect ◽  
Antioxidant Property ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Feed Production ◽  
Pseudomonas Species ◽  
Carbohydrate Contents

This research was to investigate the chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and microbial profiles of Cola lepidota fruits. One hundred grams each of the fruit exocarp, mesocarp and endocarp were blended and analyses were carried out by the following standard methods. Active acidity and vitamin C contents were 5.5 and 6.34 mg 100 g<sup>–1</sup> in endocarp, 4.5 and 14.39 mg 100 g<sup>–1</sup> in mesocarp and 6.7 and 10.02 mg 100 g<sup>–1</sup> for exocarp. Moisture and carbohydrate contents of 12.31 and 68.72% were in the mesocarp while protein and crude fibre contents of 8.13 and 26.18% were in the exocarp and endocarp. Iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) contents were 1.79, 0.27 and 0.57 mg 100 g<sup>–1</sup> in exocarp while lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and chromium (Cr) were absent in the endocarp. Predominant isolates were Aspergillus niger, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus flavus, Bacillus, Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas species. C. lepidota had no antimicrobial effect against the tested organisms. Tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenols, coumarins and anthocyanins were present while alkaloids, quinolones, glycosides, steroids and cardiac glycosides were absent. The fruit was observed to have antioxidant property by hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity. This study presents C. lepidota as good for human consumption and can be exploited for animal feed production.

scholarly journals Halalan Toyyiban Poultry Feed: an Appraisal from the Maqasid Shariah Perspective

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3.21) ◽  
pp. 306
Author(s):  
Amalina Mohd Ashraf ◽  
Fadilah Abd Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Animal Feed ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Poultry Feed ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Feed Production ◽  
Halal Food ◽  
Meat And Eggs

Animal feed is one of the essential elements in the production of Halal food products. In choosing animal-based Halal food products, a Muslim should be concerned not only about the sources of the animals and the slaughtering process, but also the way the animals were raised and fed. This is due to the emerging issues related to animal feeding, in which animals were being fed with unsuitable, unnatural feed, mainly because of the so-called ‘economic considerations’. Nevertheless, even though animal feed is an important element in Halal animal production, the position of Halalan toyyiban (permissible and safe) feed has often been neglected and less attention has been given to this matter. Halalan toyyiban poultry feed promises Halal and safe poultry meat and eggs for human consumption according to the injunctions of Shariah. Review of the literatures show that Halalan toyyiban issues include among others the issue of feed containing of non-Halal ingredients or filth, the development of pathogenic enteric microbes through antimicrobial resistance (AMR) bacteria in feed, genetically modified feed (GMF), the accumulation of mycotoxin, dioxin, heavy metals, pesticides and both medicated and non-medicated feed additives in poultry meat and eggs as well as physical hazards in farming areas. This paper attempts to examine the position of poultry feed from the Shariah point of view. More specifically, it appraises the position of current practice in poultry feed production from the Maqasid Shariah (Objectives of the Shariah) perspective. In so doing, it first reviews some of the literatures that highlight the emerging Halal and safety issues surrounding poultry feed. This is then followed by the description of the meaning and concept of Maqasid Shariah. Finally, the position of current practices in poultry feed production and feeding is appraised from the Maqasid Shariah viewpoint. It is further recommended that the safety, quality, cleanliness and the ingredients used in the production of animal feed must be regulated so as to ensure that poultry meat and its produce meet the safety requirements. To protect the interest of the Muslim consumers particularly in Malaysia, it is also recommended that a Halal standard for Animal Feed Production should be developed. By having this standard, growers of Halal livestock can have choices of feed and further, Muslim consumers can be rest assured that the poultry meats or its produce that they consumed are truly Halal.  

Nutraceutical potential of ripe and unripe plantain peels: A comparative study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chem Int
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Glycosides ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Aqueous Acetone ◽  
Acetone Extract ◽  
Food Wastes ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Standard Methods ◽  
Ethanol Extracts ◽  
Carbohydrate Contents

This study investigated the nutraceutical potential of ripe and unripe plantain fruit peels which are commonly discarded as food wastes. Proximate and mineral analyses of the samples were performed as per the standard methods of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Preliminary phytochemical screening of aqueous, acetone and methanol extracts of the peels was also carried out in accordance to standard methods. From the results of the study, acetone extract of the unripe peel showed the presence of eight phytochemicals while its ripe peel showed the presence of four. Aqueous and ethanol extracts of both peels showed the presence of same phytochemicals i.e., terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, reducing sugars and saponins. Meanwhile, tannins was absent in all three solvent extracts of both peels. Fat, ash, crude fibre and carbohydrate contents of the unripe peel were higher than those of the ripe. However, moisture and protein contents of the ripe peel were significantly higher (P &lt; 0.05) than those of the unripe. Of all the nine essential minerals assayed (K, Na, Mg, Ca, P, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu), concentrations of all except calcium were significantly higher (P &lt; 0.05) in the unripe peel than those of the ripe peel. Notably, none of the heavy metals (Co, Cr, Cd, Pb, Ni) assayed was detected in both samples. This study concludes that ripe and unripe plantain fruit peels could serve as promising sources of nutrients and bioactive compounds essential for the health of both livestock and humans.

Characterization of non polar-polar solvent extracts from some tea plantation shade tree leaves with special reference to antioxidant and antibacterial activities

2020 ◽  
pp. 15-21
Author(s):  
Arindam Ghosh ◽  
Soumya Majumder ◽  
Sumedha Saha ◽  
Malay Bhattacharya
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Glycosides ◽  
Polar Solvent ◽  
Reducing Power ◽  
Scavenging Activity ◽  
Shade Trees ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Shade Tree ◽  
Dpph Scavenging Activity ◽  
Dpph Scavenging

Beneficial properties of shade trees of tea plantations other than their medicinal properties have been extensively studied. This research was initiated to explore the properties of some shade trees with special emphasis on their antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Leaves from shade tree like Dalbergia sissoo (DS), Cassia siamea (CS), Derris robusta (DR), Leucaena leucocephala (LL), Acacia lenticularis (AL) and Melia azedarach (MA) were used for the study. Characterization of shade tree leaves by determination of moisture, crude fibre and ash content and tests of non polar – polar solvent extracts for steroid, tannins, cardiac glycosides and coumarin, free radical scavenging, ferric reducing power, NO scavenging activities, quantification of Flavonoids and antibacterial activity were conducted. The average moisture, crude fibre and ash percentage of shade tree plants were found to be 62.95, 11.28 and 1.86 respectively. Methanol, ethanol, acetone and ethyl acetate respectively proved to be the most potent solvent for various phytochemical extractions as it gave positive results for tests like tannin, steroid, cardiac glycosides and coumarin. AL (91.46%), DR (92.69%), LL (94.32%) and MA (93.34%) leaf extracts showed a high level of DPPH scavenging activity in their water extracts. In DS (88.11%) and CS (83.23%) maximum DPPH scavenging activity was observed in Diethyl ether and Methanol extracts respectively.  Acetone extracts were more active than the water extracts in exhibiting ferric reducing power and NO scavenging activity. Summation of the quantity revealed that DS showed maximum presence of flavonoids and acetone as most potential for isolation of flavonoids. The decreasing order of summative antibacterial activity was recorded in DS, followed by CS, DR, AL, MA and LL. Chloroform showed the highest summative inhibition zone followed by ethanol, ethyl acetate, diethyl ether, acetone, water,  hexane, benzene and methanol. The antioxidant and antibacterial potential of shade trees were established.

The sugar and alcohol industry in the biofuels and cogeneration era: a paradigm change (part II)

2014 ◽  
pp. 97-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Electo Eduardo Silv Lora ◽  
Mateus Henrique Rocha ◽  
José Carlos Escobar Palacio ◽  
Osvaldo José Venturini ◽  
Maria Luiza Grillo Renó ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Process Integration ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Alcohol Industry ◽  
Feed Production ◽  
Steam Parameters

The aim of this paper is to discuss the major technological changes related to the implementation of large-scale cogeneration and biofuel production in the sugar and alcohol industry. The reduction of the process steam consumption, implementation of new alternatives in driving mills, the widespread practice of high steam parameters use in cogeneration facilities, the insertion of new technologies for biofuels production (hydrolysis and gasification), the energy conversion of sugarcane trash and vinasse, animal feed production, process integration and implementation of the biorefinery concept are considered. Another new paradigm consists in the wide spreading of sustainability studies of products and processes using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and the implementation of sustainability indexes. Every approach to this issue has as an objective to increase the economic efficiency and the possibilities of the sugarcane as a main source of two basic raw materials: fibres and sugar. The paper briefly presents the concepts, indicators, state-of-the-art and perspectives of each of the referred issues.

scholarly journals Effects of Fumonisin-Contaminated Corn on Growth Performance of 9 to 28 kg Nursery Pigs

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 604
Author(s):  
Zhong-Xing Rao ◽  
Mike D. Tokach ◽  
Jason C. Woodworth ◽  
Joel M. DeRouchey ◽  
Robert D. Goodband ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Linear Response ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
Feed Production ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Effect Of Feeding

Fumonisin contamination in corn is an emerging issue in animal feed production. Fumonisin disrupts the metabolism of sphingolipids and reduces growth performance. This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of feeding fumonisin-contaminated corn on growth performance and sphinganine (SA) to sphingosine (SO) ratios of 9 to 28 kg pigs. A total of 350 pigs, were used with 5 pigs/pen and 14 pens/treatment. Dietary treatments contained fumonisin-contaminated corn (50 mg/kg of fumonisin B1 + B2) blended with low fumonisin corn (10 mg/kg of fumonisin B1 + B2) to provide dietary fumonisin concentrations of 7.2, 14.7, 21.9, 32.7, and 35.1 mg/kg. From day 0 to 28, increasing fumonisin concentration decreased (linear, p < 0.001) average daily gain, average daily feed intake (linear, p = 0.055), and gain:feed ratio (linear, p = 0.016). Although these response criteria tested linear, the greatest reduction in performance was in pigs fed with 32.7 and 35.1 mg/kg of fumonisin (B1 + B2). Increasing fumonisin concentration increased the serum SA:SO ratio (linear, p < 0.001) on day 14 and 28. In summary, for 9 to 28 kg nursery pigs, increasing fumonisin linearly decreased average daily gain and gain:feed ratio. However, despite the linear response, diets containing up to 21.9 mg/kg of fumonisin did not have as dramatic a decrease in growth performance as those fed more than 32.7 mg/kg. Further research is warranted to determine the effect of fumonisin concentrations between 21.9 and 32.7 mg/kg.

scholarly journals Measuring antioxidant activity in yellow corn (Zea mays L.) inbreds from three different geographic regions

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hwan-Hee Bae ◽  
Gibum Yi ◽  
Young Sam Go ◽  
Jun Young Ha ◽  
Yuchan Choi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Zea Mays ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Easy Method ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Kernel Color ◽  
Nutritional Components ◽  
Yellow Corn ◽  
Corn Inbred ◽  
Corn Kernels

AbstractCorn (Zea mays L.) provides a major source of calories for human consumption and therefore, the nutritional components of corn have a large impact on human health. For example, corn kernels contain antioxidants, such as polyphenols (including anthocyanins and other flavonoids) and carotenoids. Such compounds represent useful targets for biofortification breeding. In this study, we used 34 corn inbred lines from three different regions (East Asia, Southern Asia, and subtropical regions) and 11 F1 hybrids derived from the inbreds to investigate antioxidant activity in yellow corn. We compared different methods for measuring antioxidant activity to test their consistency and to determine whether color could be used as an indicator of antioxidant activity. We also measured carotenoid levels in yellow corn. No difference in antioxidant activity was detected between inbred corn lines from temperate vs. tropical regions. We determined that carotenoid is a major contributor to antioxidant activity in yellow corn and that kernel color, especially yellowness, could be used as an indicator of antioxidant activity in yellow corn. These findings lay the foundation for the biofortification of yellow corn by providing information about the correlations among kernel color, carotenoid contents, and antioxidant activity and by identifying an easy method to assess antioxidant activity in yellow corn.

scholarly journals Cubing Fabrication/Costing and Machine Performance on African Fermented Condiment Quality Attributes Compared with Commercial Bouillon Types

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 481
Author(s):  
Eunice O. Uzodinma ◽  
Chigozie F. Okoyeuzu ◽  
Nneka N. Uchegbu ◽  
Charles Odilichukwu R. Okpala ◽  
Waheed A. Rasaq ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Food Processing ◽  
Quality Attributes ◽  
The Other ◽  
Throughput Capacity ◽  
Quality Attribute ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Machine Performance ◽  
Calcium Iron ◽  
Carbohydrate Contents

Cubing machines in food processing have evolved over the years, which have made products like Star®, Knorr®, and Chicken® bouillon cubes become commercially available today, even in many parts of Africa. On the other hand, the fermented mesquite seed “okpeye” food condiment, traditionally produced by well-trained artisans and widely utilised in Nigeria, requires further product development in order to compete with bouillon cubes. Quality comparisons between the cubed “okpeye” condiment and commercially available bouillon cube products have not yet been reported. Therefore, cubing fabrication/costing and machine performance on African fermented “okpeye” condiment quality attributes, compared with commercial bouillon types, were done. The processing of mesquite seeds into the “okpeye” condiment resembled those of artisans. Bouillon cube products involved the Star®, Knorr®, and Chicken® types. Quality attributes involved proximate, micronutrient, phytochemical, and microbial aspects. Results showed that the throughput capacity of a cubing machine increased with an efficiency of 48 condiment cubes/min, forming properly without separation. Across all studied samples, the protein, ash, moisture, crude fat, crude fibre, and carbohydrate contents were in the range of 1.45–42.50%, 5.29–6.75%, 8.50–12.29%, 2.56–18.54%, 2.45–3.19%, and 18.16–25.56%, respectively. The protein, fat, moisture, calcium, iron, magnesium, and manganese contents of “okpeye” condiment were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those of bouillon cubes. Fair amounts of vitamins B1, B2, B3, and E were found, with the “okpeye” condiment higher in vitamin E. Besides the flavonoids (0.12–0.18%), alkaloids (0.08–0.15%), saponins (0.19–0.55%), and tannins (0.69–0.93%) present, the microbial loads were similar (p > 0.05) across all samples. Indeed, the “okpeye” condiment can be cubed, and by quality attribute, it competes favourably, and very promising substitute to commercial bouillon cubes.

scholarly journals Effect of Parinari curatellifolia Peel Flour on the Nutritional, Physical and Antioxidant Properties of Biscuits

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1262
Author(s):  
Shonisani Eugenia Ramashia ◽  
Felicia Matshepho Mamadisa ◽  
Mpho Edward Mashau
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Polyphenolic Compounds ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Yellowness Index ◽  
Antioxidant Power ◽  
Parinari Curatellifolia ◽  
Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power ◽  
The Impact

This study investigated the impact of Parinari curatellifolia peel flour on the nutritional, physical and antioxidant properties of formulated biscuits. Biscuits enriched with 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% of Parinari (P). curatellifolia peel flour were formulated and characterised. Thermal, physicochemical, polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant properties of flour and biscuits were determined. The incorporation of P. curatellifolia peel flour significantly increased (p < 0.05) thermal properties (onset, peak and conclusion temperatures) of flour. However, enthalpy of gelatinisation, viscosity and pH of flour samples decreased. Nutritional analysis revealed an increase in ash (0.74% to 2.23%) and crude fibre contents (0.39% to 2.95%) along with an increase of P. curatellifolia peel flour levels. Protein content and carbohydrates decreased while moisture content was insignificantly affected by the addition of P. curatellifolia peel flour. The L*, b* values and whiteness index of formulated biscuits decreased while parameter a* value (10.76 to 21.89) and yellowness index (69.84 to 102.71) decreased. Physical properties such as diameter (3.57 mm to 3.97 mm), spread ratio (2.67 to 3.45) and hardness (1188.13 g to 2432.60 g) increased with the inclusion levels of peel flour while weight and thickness decreased. The inclusion of P. curatellifolia improved the polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of biscuits with values of total flavonoids content ranging from 0.028 to 0.104 mg CE/g, total phenolic content increasing from 20.01 mg to 48.51 mg GAE/g, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) increasing from 108.33 mg to 162.67 mg GAE/g and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) from 48.70% to 94.72%. These results lead to the recommendation of the utilisation of P. curatellifolia peel flour to enhance the nutritional value, polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of bakery products such as biscuits.

Cultivation of rice for animal feed with circulated irrigation of treated municipal wastewater for enhanced nitrogen removal: comparison of cultivation systems feeding irrigation water upward and downward

2015 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 579-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Muramatsu ◽  
H. Ito ◽  
A. Sasaki ◽  
A. Kajihara ◽  
T. Watanabe
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Removal ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Rice Plant ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Paddy Fields ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Cultivation System ◽  
Treated Municipal Wastewater

To achieve enhanced nitrogen removal, we modified a cultivation system with circulated irrigation of treated municipal wastewater by using rice for animal feed instead of human consumption. The performance of this modified system was evaluated through a bench-scale experiment by comparing the direction of circulated irrigation (i.e. passing through paddy soil upward and downward). The modified system achieved more than three times higher nitrogen removal (3.2 g) than the system in which rice for human consumption was cultivated. The removal efficiency was higher than 99.5%, regardless of the direction of circulated irrigation. Nitrogen in the treated municipal wastewater was adsorbed by the rice plant in this cultivation system as effectively as chemical fertilizer used in normal paddy fields. Circulated irrigation increased the nitrogen released to the atmosphere, probably due to enhanced denitrification. Neither the circulation of irrigation water nor its direction affected the growth of the rice plant and the yield and quality of harvested rice. The yield of rice harvested in this system did not reach the target value in normal paddy fields. To increase this yield, a larger amount of treated wastewater should be applied to the system, considering the significant amount of nitrogen released to the atmosphere.

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