scholarly journals  Hydrocephalus in dogs: a review

2013 ◽  
Vol 58 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 73-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Przyborowska ◽  
Z. Adamiak ◽  
M. Jaskolska ◽  
Y. Zhalniarovich
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Spin Echo ◽  
Brain Area ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Slice Thickness ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Mri Scans ◽  
The Brain

Hydrocephalus is a multifactoral disorder that was rarely diagnosed in dogs until the availability of advanced imaging techniques in veterinary practice. This article reviews recent advances in the understanding of canine hydrocephalus including pathogenesis, clinical symptoms, diagnostic methods, and treatment solutions. The advantages and disadvantages of USG, RTG, CT and MRI as advanced diagnostic methods are discussed. For now Low-field Magnetic Resonance Imaging is the most useful tool in investigating hydrocephalus. The recommended sequences for MRI are T1-weighting images Spin echo, Field echo 3D with TR 380–750 ms, TE 12–25 ms, slice thickness 1–6 mm and with an interslice gap of 0–2 mm. The evaluation of cerebral ventricular system morphology in obtained MRI scans involves measuring the height, area and volume of the brain and lateral ventricles. The results are classified as normal state if the ratio of ventricular height to the brain height is above 14%, the ratio of ventricular area to the brain area amounts to above 7%, and the ventricular to brain volume ratio is above 5%. However, there are still problems relating to inter- and intrabreed comparison among examined dogs. Treatment solutions in hydrocephalus are also discussed in this review. The medical treatment of hydrocephalus aims to decrease CSF production and is based on using acetazolamide, furosemide and prednisone. Surgical management aims to place the ventriculoperitoneal shunt for CSF flow control. Postsurgical complications are also described in this review.  

Imaging

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Laureno
Keyword(s):  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Mri Scans ◽  
Cross Sectional Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Cellular Pathology ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

This chapter on “Imaging” examines the relative advantages and disadvantages of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. It compares the modalities to each other and to gross neuropathology. For several decades, neurologists have been able to view cross-sectional images of living patients. Analogous to gross neuropathology, cross-sectional imaging displays the brain as an entire organ but does not demonstrate microscopic tissue or cellular pathology. By allowing practitioners to view sections of brain and spinal cord in vivo, imaging has improved neurologic practice and facilitated clinical research. This chapter deals with imaging topics that are important to the neurologist. The timing of scans, the effects of gravity, and the importance of plane of section are considered. Imaging is compared to gross neuropathology, and MRI is compared to CT.

scholarly journals Inter-rater and inter-session reliability of lumbar paraspinal muscle composition in a mobile MRI device

2021 ◽  
pp. 20210141
Author(s):  
Anne Schomöller ◽  
Lucie Risch ◽  
Hannes Kaplick ◽  
Monique Wochatz ◽  
Tilman Engel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spin Echo ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Relaxation Times ◽  
Lumbar Vertebrae ◽  
Erector Spinae ◽  
Paraspinal Muscle ◽  
Slice Thickness ◽  
Systematic Bias ◽  
Reliable Assessment ◽  
Mri Scans

Objective: To assess the reliability of measurements of paraspinal muscle transverse relaxation times (T2 times) between two observers and within one observer on different time points. Methods: 14 participants (9f/5m, 33 ± 5 years, 176 ± 10 cm, 73 ± 12 kg) underwent 2 consecutive MRI scans (M1,M2) on the same day, followed by 1 MRI scan 13–14 days later (M3) in a mobile 1.5 Tesla MRI. T2 times were calculated in T2 weighted turbo spin-echo-sequences at the spinal level of the third lumbar vertebrae (11 slices, 2 mm slice thickness, 1 mm interslice gap, echo times: 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 ms) for M. erector spinae (ES) and M. multifidius (MF). The following reliability parameter were calculated for the agreement of T2 times between two different investigators (OBS1 & OBS2) on the same MRI (inter-rater reliability, IR) and by one investigator between different MRI of the same participant (intersession variability, IS): Test–Retest Variability (TRV, Differences/Mean*100); Coefficient of Variation (CV, Standard deviation/Mean*100); Bland–Altman Analysis (systematic bias = Mean of the Differences; Upper/Lower Limits of Agreement = Bias+/−1.96*SD); Intraclass Correlation Coefficient 3.1 (ICC) with absolute agreement, as well as its 95% confidence interval. Results: Mean TRV for IR was 2.6% for ES and 4.2% for MF. Mean TRV for IS was 3.5% (ES) and 5.1% (MF). Mean CV for IR was 1.9 (ES) and 3.0 (MF). Mean CV for IS was 2.5% (ES) and 3.6% (MF). A systematic bias of 1.3 ms (ES) and 2.1 ms (MF) were detected for IR and a systematic bias of 0.4 ms (ES) and 0.07 ms (MF) for IS. ICC for IR was 0.94 (ES) and 0.87 (MF). ICC for IS was 0.88 (ES) and 0.82 (MF). Conclusion: Reliable assessment of paraspinal muscle T2 time justifies its use for scientific purposes. The applied technique could be recommended to use for future studies that aim to assess changes of T2 times, e.g. after an intense bout of eccentric exercises.

scholarly journals Metode Pengukuran Volume Perdarahan Pemeriksaan MSCT Kepala pada Kasus Intraserebral Hemmorhage

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Siti Masrochah ◽  
Rinda Yuliana Lestar ◽  
Luthfi Rusyadi
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Intracerebral Hemorrhage ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Slice Thickness ◽  
Manual Method ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Bleeding Volume ◽  
Irregular Bleeding ◽  
Volume Method ◽  
The Brain

Background: Intracerebral hemorrhage is bleeding in the brain parenchyma. An accurate measurement of bleeding volume to determine the appropriate medical action. This study to determine the method of measuring the volume of intracerebral hemorrhage in MSCT examination of the head and determine the advantages and disadvantages between the manual method (Broderick, ABC's, Ellipsoid) and the software method (automatic volume, otsu).Methods: This type of descriptive qualitative research with the Literature Review. Data obtained by identifying problems then searching for keywords, looking for several journals sourced from databases such as Google Scholar, Science Direct, Springer. Data analysis by studying theoretically the method of measuring the volume of bleeding methods manually (Broderick, ABC’s, ellipsoid) and using software methods (automatic volume, otsu).Results: The results of measuring the volume of bleeding in the same patient with the manual method (Broderick) produce more bleeding volume (overestimate) that is 8750 mm3 from the 7960 mm3 automatic volume method. The manual method (Broderick, ABC’s, Ellipsoid) uses the ABC / 2 formula and uses 5 mm slice thickness, the automatic volume software method uses 1 mm slice thickness segmentation and technique, while the otsu software method uses 2.5 mm segmentation and slice thickness techniques.Conclusion: The advantages of the manual method (Broderick, ABC’s, ellipsoid) take approximately 1 minute to determine the estimated outcome of the bleeding volume, the weakness is higher in irregular bleeding. The advantages of the software method (automatic volume, otsu) in the use of precise segmentation techniques for accurate volume results, weaknesses are too long in determining the estimated bleeding volume results.

MARKERS OF NEUROVISULATION IN MIGRAINE DIAGNOSTICS

2019 ◽  
pp. 108-113
Author(s):  
M. P. Ostashko ◽  
T. I. Nasonova
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Clinical Medicine ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Techniques ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Neuroimaging Techniques

In clinical medicine, the diagnosis of migraine is based on anamnesis and symptoms, and instrumental diagnostic methods are considered non-informative. Numerous studies of the brain, during headaches and between them, have made a significant contribution to understanding the pathophysiology of migraines. Structural and functional changes in the migraine brain are revealed by advanced magnetic resonance imaging techniques, and attempts to detect the visualization markers of this disease progressively increase. This overview article aims to summarize the results of recent studies that reflect achievements in understanding the pathophysiology of migraine, as well as the possibility of using neuroimaging techniques in diagnosing migraines.

The Lewy body dementias

2020 ◽  
pp. 495-512
Author(s):  
Arvid Rongve ◽  
Dag Aarsland
Keyword(s):  
Dementia With Lewy Bodies ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Lewy Bodies ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Antipsychotic Medications ◽  
Esterase Inhibitors ◽  
Staging Systems ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Clinical Diagnostic Criteria

Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Parkinson’s disease dementia (PDD) belong to the α‎-synucleinopathies, a family of diseases pathologically characterized by aggregation of α‎-synuclein in Lewy bodies in the brain. This chapter presents the epidemiological data for both conditions including new data on MCI. It reviews clinical diagnostic criteria and considers the different neuropathology staging systems for DLB and PDD and the most important genetic findings. It describes biomarkers in DLB and PDD with particular focus on imaging techniques like CIT-SPECT and MRI. It presents in detail important clinical symptoms in both conditions and discusses the most important clinical differential diagnoses. Finally, it examines pharmacological and non- pharmacological treatment of different symptoms in both conditions, with particular emphasis on the choline esterase inhibitors and antipsychotic medications, and presents new data on memantine.

scholarly journals CYHV-3 Infection Dynamics in Common Carp (Cyprinus Carpio) – Evaluation of Diagnostic Methods

2012 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Matras ◽  
Jerzy Antychowicz ◽  
Jeannette Castric ◽  
Sven M. Bergmann
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Common Carp ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Antibody Detection ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Serological Examination ◽  
Infection Dynamics ◽  
The Brain

Abstract The KHV free carp were experimentally infected with CyHV-3 suspension by immersion at temperatures of 18ºC±1 and 25ºC±1. Skin, brain, gills, liver, spleen, kidneys, and leukocytes were investigated for the presence of KHV DNA, and sera for the presence of antibodies against the virus. Similar investigations were performed with non-infected carp, designed as control groups. The results of KHV DNA detection in the infected carp kept at 25ºC ±1 were compared with the results of the virus isolation onto common carp brain cells using leukocyte co-cultivation method and results of specific antibody detection. The appearance of specific antibodies at various time intervals after detecting the clinical symptoms of KHVD in naturally infected carp was additionally studied. At 18°C water temperature, KHV DNA was not detected up to the 6th d post infection (dpi). Then it was found in samples from skin, gill, liver, spleen, and kidneys and much later from the brain. At 25°C water temperature, KHV DNA was already detected on the 3rd dpi in samples from skin and gills, and from the 5th dpi it was found in all examined internal organs, except the brain where it was found at 6th dpi. At 25°C, isolations of CyHV-3 have succeeded between the 7th and 11th dpi. The first specific antibodies were found no sooner than on the 21st dpi. The serological examination performed in naturally infected carp in 15 carp pond farms showed that first specific antiviral antibodies can be detected 2 weeks after the appearance of clinical symptoms of KHVD.

scholarly journals Review on the laboratory diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 67-74
Author(s):  
Jin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Mycoplasma Pneumoniae ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Severe Pneumonia ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Mycoplasma Pneumoniae Infection

AbstractMycoplasma pneumoniae(MP) is an important pathogen of community-acquired pneumonia in children. As a type of self-limited disease, most MP infections cause mild clinical symptoms, but they can also lead to severe pneumonia or extrapulmonary complications. The resistance rate of MP has increased in recent years. Early and rapid diagnosis of MP infection is important for the treatment and prognosis of the disease. Current methods for diagnosing MP infection include isolation culture, serological diagnosis, and molecular biological diagnosis. This review summarizes the recent research progress in the internal and external laboratory diagnoses of MP infection both at home and abroad and the advantages and disadvantages of various diagnostic methods.

MARKERS OF NEUROVISULATION IN MIGRAINE DIAGNOSTICS

2019 ◽  
pp. 108-113
Author(s):  
M. P. Ostashko ◽  
T. I. Nasonova
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Clinical Medicine ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Techniques ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Neuroimaging Techniques

In clinical medicine, the diagnosis of migraine is based on anamnesis and symptoms, and instrumental diagnostic methods are considered non-informative. Numerous studies of the brain, during headaches and between them, have made a significant contribution to understanding the pathophysiology of migraines. Structural and functional changes in the migraine brain are revealed by advanced magnetic resonance imaging techniques, and attempts to detect the visualization markers of this disease progressively increase. This overview article aims to summarize the results of recent studies that reflect achievements in understanding the pathophysiology of migraine, as well as the possibility of using neuroimaging techniques in diagnosing migraines.

scholarly journals Imaging Techniques for Diagnosis of Thoracic Aortic Atherosclerosis

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wouter W. Jansen Klomp ◽  
George J. Brandon Bravo Bruinsma ◽  
Arnoud W. van ’t Hof ◽  
Jan. G. Grandjean ◽  
Arno P. Nierich
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Ascending Aorta ◽  
Aortic Atherosclerosis ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Manual Palpation ◽  
Valve Implantation ◽  
The Brain

The most severe complications after cardiac surgery are neurological complications including stroke which is often caused by emboli merging from atherosclerosis in the ascending aorta to the brain. Information about the thoracic aorta is crucial in reducing the embolization risk for both surgical open and closed chest procedures such as transaortic heart valve implantation. Several techniques are available to screen the ascending aorta, for example, transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), epiaortic ultrasound, TEE A-view method, manual palpation, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. This paper provides a description of the advantages and disadvantages of these imaging techniques.

scholarly journals Trends in diagnostic approach of scabies as a neglected tropical disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Reqgi First Trasia
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Tropical Disease ◽  
Neglected Tropical Disease ◽  
Parasitic Disease ◽  
Skin Reactions ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
The World

Scabies is a parasitic disease of the skin that is difficult to enforce if the clinical symptoms are not typical. The diagnosis relies on clinical symptoms to be less efficient and only has a sensitivity of less than 50% because it is difficult to distinguish active infestations, residual skin reactions, or reinfestations. Misdiagnosis results in wrong treatment and causes the patient to not recover and continues to be a source of infection for the environment. The exact diagnosis of scabies is determined by finding mites or eggs on laboratory tests, but mites are difficult to find because only a few mites infest sufferers. For this reason, various studies in the world have tried to develop diagnostic methods in the enforcement of scabies. This article will describe the trend of establishing a diagnosis of scabies, as well as the advantages and disadvantages in its application.

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