scholarly journals Biosynthesis of food constituents: Natural pigments: Part 1

2008 ◽  
Vol 25 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 291-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Velíšek ◽  
J. Davídek ◽  
K. Cejpek
Keyword(s):  
Review Article ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathways ◽  
Natural Pigments ◽  
Reaction Schemes

This review article gives a survey of the generally accepted biosynthetic pathways that lead to the most important natural pigments in organisms closely related to foods and feeds. The biosynthetic pathways leading to hemes, chlorophylls, melanins, betalains, and quinones are described using the enzymes involved and the reaction schemes with detailed mechanisms.

scholarly journals Biosynthesis of food constituents: Natural pigments. Part 2 – a review

2008 ◽  
Vol 26 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 73-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Velíšek ◽  
J. Davídek ◽  
K. Cejpek
Keyword(s):  
Review Article ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathways ◽  
Natural Pigments ◽  
Reaction Schemes

This review article is a part of the survey of the generally accepted biosynthetic pathways that lead to the most important natural pigments in organisms closely related to foods and feeds. The biosynthetic pathways leading to xanthones, flavonoids, carotenoids, and some minor pigments are described including the enzymes involved and reaction schemes with detailed mechanisms.

scholarly journals Biosynthesis of food constituents: Saccharides. 1. Monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and related compounds – a review

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 129-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Velíšek ◽  
K. Cejpek
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathways ◽  
Sugar Alcohols ◽  
Sugar Nucleotides ◽  
Sugar Phosphates ◽  
Related Compounds ◽  
Reaction Schemes ◽  
Scientific Advances

This review article presents a survey of selected principal biosynthetic pathways that lead to the most important monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, sugar alcohols, and cyclitols in foods and in food raw materials and informs nonspecialist readers about new scientific advances as reported in recently published papers. Subdivision of the topics is predominantly via biosynthesis. Monosaccharides are subdivided to sugar phosphates, sugar nucleotides, nucleotide-glucose interconversion pathway sugars, nucleotide-mannose interconversion pathway sugars, and aminosugars. The part concerning oligosaccharides deals with saccharose, trehalose, raffinose, and lactose biosynthesis. The part devoted to sugar alcohols and cyclitols includes the biosynthetic pathways leading to glucitol, inositols, and pseudosaccharides. Extensively used are reaction schemes, sequences, and mechanisms with the enzymes involved and detailed explanations employing sound chemical principles and mechanisms.    

scholarly journals Biosynthesis of food constituents: Vitamins. 1. Fat-soluble vitamins - a review

2008 ◽  
Vol 25 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Velíšek ◽  
K. Cejpek
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Vitamin K ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathways ◽  
Fat Soluble Vitamins ◽  
Reaction Schemes

This review article gives a survey of the generally accepted biosynthetic pathways that lead to fat-soluble vitamins (vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin K, the corresponding provitamins, and the closely related ubiquinones and plastoquinones) in animals, plants, and microorganisms. Extensively used are reaction schemes, sequences, and mechanisms with the enzymes involved, with detailed explanations using chemical principles and mechanisms.

scholarly journals Biosynthesis of food constituents: Lipids. 2. Triacylglycerols, glycerophospholipids, and glyceroglycolipids – a review

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 241-254
Author(s):  
J. Velíšek ◽  
K. Cejpek
Keyword(s):  
Review Article ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathways ◽  
Important Food ◽  
Reaction Schemes

This review article gives a survey of the principal biosynthetic pathways that lead to the most important food glycerolipids, i.e. triacylglycerols, glycerophospholipids, and glyceroglycolipids as reported in recently published papers. Glycerophospholipids are further subdivided to phosphatides, lysophosphatides, and plasmalogens. The subdivision of the topics is predominantly via biosynthesis. Reaction schemes, sequences, and mechanisms with the enzymes involved are extensively used as well as detailed explanations based on chemical principles and mechanisms.  

scholarly journals Biosynthesis of food constituents: Vitamins. 2. Water-soluble vitamins: Part 2 − a review

2008 ◽  
Vol 25 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 101-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Velíšek ◽  
K. Cejpek
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin C ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathways ◽  
Reaction Schemes

This review article gives a survey of the biosynthetic pathways that lead to water-soluble vitamins in microorganisms, plants and some animals. The biosynthetic pathways leading to some the B-group vitamins (biotin, folacin, cobalamins) and to vitamin C are described in detail using reaction schemes and mechanisms with enzymes involved and detailed explanations based on chemical principles and mechanisms.

scholarly journals Biosynthesis of food constituents: Vitamins. 2. Water-soluble vitamins: Part 1 - a review

2008 ◽  
Vol 25 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 49-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Velíšek ◽  
K. Cejpek
Keyword(s):  
Nicotinic Acid ◽  
Pantothenic Acid ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathways ◽  
Reaction Schemes

This review article gives a survey of the generally accepted biosynthetic pathways that lead to water-soluble vitamins in microorganisms, plants and some animals. The biosynthetic pathways leading to the B-group vitamins (thiamin, riboflavin, nicotinic acid and nicotinamide, pantothenic acid, vitamin B<sub>6</sub>) are described in detail using the reaction schemes, sequences, and mechanisms with the enzymes involved and detailed explanations based on chemical principles and mechanisms. Keywords:

scholarly journals Biosynthesis of food constituents: Saccharides. 2. Polysaccharides – a review

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 173-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Velíšek ◽  
K. Cejpek
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathways ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharides ◽  
Reaction Schemes ◽  
Scientific Advances

This review article gives a survey of the selected principal biosynthetic pathways that lead to the most important polysaccharides occurring in foods and in food raw materials and informs non-specialist readers about new scientific advances as reported in recently published papers. Subdivision of the topic is predominantly done via biosynthesis and includes reserve polysaccharides (starch and glycogen, fructans), plant cell wall polysaccharides (cellulose and callose, pectin), and animal polysaccharides (chitin and glycosaminoglycans). Extensively used are the reaction schemes, sequences, and mechanisms with the enzymes involved and detailed explanations using sound chemical principles and mechanisms. &nbsp;

scholarly journals Carotenoid Profiling of a Red Seaweed Pyropia yezoensis: Insights into Biosynthetic Pathways in the Order Bangiales

Marine Drugs ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. 426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiro Koizumi ◽  
Naoki Takatani ◽  
Noritoki Kobayashi ◽  
Koji Mikami ◽  
Kazuo Miyashita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
1H Nmr ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Pyropia Yezoensis ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathways ◽  
Red Seaweed ◽  
Red Seaweeds ◽  
Natural Pigments ◽  
Photosynthetic Organisms ◽  
Metabolic Products ◽  
Β Carotene

Carotenoids are natural pigments that contribute to light harvesting and photo-protection in photosynthetic organisms. In this study, we analyzed the carotenoid profiles, including mono-hydroxy and epoxy-carotenoids, in the economically valuable red seaweed Pyropia yezoensis, to clarify the detailed biosynthetic and metabolic pathways in the order Bangiales. P. yezoensis contained lutein, zeaxanthin, α-carotene, and β-carotene, as major carotenoids in both the thallus and conchocelis stages. Monohydroxy intermediate carotenoids for the synthesis of lutein with an ε-ring from α-carotene, α-cryptoxanthin (β,ε-caroten-3’-ol), and zeinoxanthin (β,ε-caroten-3-ol) were identified. In addition, β-cryptoxanthin, an intermediate in zeaxanthin synthesis from β-carotene, was also detected. We also identified lutein-5,6-epoxide and antheraxanthin, which are metabolic products of epoxy conversion from lutein and zeaxanthin, respectively, by LC-MS and 1H-NMR. This is the first report of monohydroxy-carotenoids with an ε-ring and 5,6-epoxy-carotenoids in Bangiales. These results provide new insights into the biosynthetic and metabolic pathways of carotenoids in red seaweeds.

scholarly journals Bacterial Pigments: The Bioactivities and as an Alternative for Therapeutic Applications

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1801301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adzzie-Shazleen Azman ◽  
Christina-Injan Mawang ◽  
Sazaly Abubakar
Keyword(s):  
Food Industry ◽  
Good Alternative ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Synthetic Dyes ◽  
Anticancer Activities ◽  
Natural Pigments ◽  
Synthetic Pigments ◽  
Coloring Agents ◽  
Bacterial Pigments

Synthetic pigments have been widely used in various applications since the 1980s. However, the hyperallergenicity or carcinogenicity effects of synthetic dyes have led to the increased research on natural pigments. Among the natural resources, bacterial pigments are a good alternative to synthetic pigments because of their significant properties. Bacterial pigments are also one of the emerging fields of research since it offers promising opportunities for different applications. Besides its use as safe coloring agents in the cosmetic and food industry, bacterial pigments also possess biological properties such as antimicrobial, antiviral, antioxidant and anticancer activities. This review article highlights the various types of bacterial pigments, the latest studies on the discovery of bacterial pigments and the therapeutic insights of these bacterial pigments which hopefully provides useful information, guidance and improvement in future study.

scholarly journals Biosynthesis of food constituents: Lipids. 1. Fatty acids and derivated compounds – a review

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 193-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Velíšek ◽  
K. Cejpek
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Secondary Alcohols ◽  
Positional Isomers ◽  
Epoxy Fatty Acids ◽  
Branched Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Reaction Schemes

This review article gives a survey of the principal biosynthetic pathways that lead to the most important common fatty acids and their derivatives occurring in foods and feeds. Fatty acids are further subdivided to saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids. This review is focused on the less common fatty acids including geometrical and positional isomers of unsaturated fatty acids, acetylenic fatty acids, branched-chain fatty acids, alicyclic fatty acids, epoxy fatty acids, hydroxy fatty acids, and oxo fatty acids. A survey is further given on the biosynthesis of the aliphatic very-long-chain components (alkanes, primary and secondary alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and esters) of plant cuticular wax derived from saturated fatty acids. Subdivision of the topics is predominantly via biosynthesis. There is extensive use of reaction schemes, sequences, and mechanisms with enzymes involved and detailed explanations using chemical principles and mechanisms. &nbsp;

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