scholarly journals Biosynthesis of food constituents: Lipids. 1. Fatty acids and derivated compounds – a review

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 193-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Velíšek ◽  
K. Cejpek
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Secondary Alcohols ◽  
Positional Isomers ◽  
Epoxy Fatty Acids ◽  
Branched Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Reaction Schemes

This review article gives a survey of the principal biosynthetic pathways that lead to the most important common fatty acids and their derivatives occurring in foods and feeds. Fatty acids are further subdivided to saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids. This review is focused on the less common fatty acids including geometrical and positional isomers of unsaturated fatty acids, acetylenic fatty acids, branched-chain fatty acids, alicyclic fatty acids, epoxy fatty acids, hydroxy fatty acids, and oxo fatty acids. A survey is further given on the biosynthesis of the aliphatic very-long-chain components (alkanes, primary and secondary alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and esters) of plant cuticular wax derived from saturated fatty acids. Subdivision of the topics is predominantly via biosynthesis. There is extensive use of reaction schemes, sequences, and mechanisms with enzymes involved and detailed explanations using chemical principles and mechanisms.  

scholarly journals STREPTOMYCES AVERMITILIS: COMPONENT COMPOSITION, PROPERTIES

2020 ◽  
pp. 57-66
Author(s):  
Ol'ga Stepanovna Brovko ◽  
Dmitriy Vladimirovich Zhil'tsov ◽  
Artem Dmitriyevich Ivakhnov ◽  
Mikhail Vladislavovich Bogdanov
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Component Composition ◽  
Streptomyces Avermitilis ◽  
Polysaccharide Complex ◽  
Branched Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
High Sorption ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Composition Properties ◽  
Cladonia Rangiferina

The component composition of S. avermitilis biomass was studied, including avermectin, lipids, proteins, and a polysaccharide complex (murein). It was established that the composition of lipids of S. avermitilis contains predominantly saturated fatty acids – 86%, the content of monounsaturated (palmitic and vaccine) and polyunsaturated (linoleic and α-linolenic) fatty acids is the same and is about 7%. It should be noted the presence of a significant amount of branched chain fatty acids (isoforms) – more than 70% of the total amount of fatty acids. A technique has been developed for isolating the polysaccharide complex from S. avermitilis biomass. Using IR spectroscopy, it was found that the S. avermitilis polysaccharide complex, as well as the chitin-glucan complex isolated from the thallus of the epigeneic lichen of the species Cladonia rangiferina, is built from chitin units – β-N-acetylglucosamine. It was shown that the polysaccharide complex (murein) has a polyampholytic nature and has high sorption properties with respect to the main (methylene blue) and acid (Congo red) dyes. It was also established that the sorption capacity with respect to the dyes under study for the polysaccharide complex S. avermitilis is 2.8–7.6 times higher than for the chitin – glucan complex Cladonia rangiferina. This indicates a significantly higher content of active functional groups (sorption centers) in the murein structure, which allows us to recommend it for use as an effective sorbent (enterosorbent).

Fatty acid composition and primer specificity of de novo fatty acid synthetase in Bacillus globispores, Bacillus insolitus, and Bacillus psychrophilus

1983 ◽  
Vol 29 (12) ◽  
pp. 1634-1641 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshi Kaneda ◽  
Eleanor J. Smith ◽  
Devarray N. Naik
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthetase ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Straight Chain ◽  
Branched Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

The fatty acid compositions of three psychrophilic species of Bacillus were determined by gas–liquid chromatography. The proportions of straight-chain fatty acids, branched-chain fatty acids, and unsaturated fatty acids were found to be 13.3, 86.7, and 26.1 % of the total cellular fatty acids for Bacillus globispores, 36.6, 63.4, and 25.1 % for Bacillus insolitus, and 6.9, 93.1, and 18.4% for Bacillus psychrophilus, respectively. In all three organisms the de novo fatty acid synthetase specificity towards acyl-CoA primers was butyryl-CoA > propionyl-CoA [Formula: see text] acetyl-CoA. This shows that B. insolitus, which has an unusually large proportion of straight-chain fatty acids for Bacillus, does not possess a different de novo fatty acid synthetase than the other two organisms. Therefore, the greater proportion of straight-chain fatty acids in B. insolitus may be explained by a large supply of straight-chain primer.

The Fatty Acid Composition of Vernix caseosa

1963 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 679 ◽  
Author(s):  
DT Downing
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Vernix Caseosa ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

The fatty acids obtained on hydrolysis of sebum from newly-born babies contained approximately equal amounts of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and 10% of α-hydroxyacids. Gas chromatographic examination showed that the saturated fatty acids (C12 to C30) contained 78% branched-chain and 22% normal compounds, while the unsaturated acids (C12 to C32) contained 15% branched and 85% normal compounds. The a-hydroxyacids (C10 to C26) contained 79% branched-chain and 21% normal components and had little if any unsaturation. The high proportion of branched-chain acids suggests that these are not likely to be exogenous.

scholarly journals The use of clustering techniques in the elucidation or confirmation of metabolic pathways Application to the branched-chain fatty acids present in the milk fat of lactating goats

1981 ◽  
Vol 196 (2) ◽  
pp. 611-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
A M Massart-Leën ◽  
D L Massart
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Straight Chain ◽  
Branched Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Lactating Goats ◽  
Mathematical Techniques ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

The aim of this paper is 2-fold. (1) To propose the use of a group of mathematical techniques, called clustering, in the elucidation of complex metabolic relationships. (2) To apply clustering for the identification of related groups of saturated fatty acids having a common metabolic pathway for their biosynthesis in the milk fat of lactating goats. In this way, four groups of branched-chain fatty acids and two groups of straight-chain fatty acids are identified; the odd-numbered iso-, the even-numbered iso-, the anteiso-acids and the branched-chain fatty acids with methyl substitution in the chain, the odd-numbered straight-chain and the even-numbered straight-chain fatty acids. The long-chain fatty acids are not part of any group. The different metabolic pathways for their biosynthesis are discussed. From the results, it is concluded that clustering is indeed a potentially useful tool in the study of complex metabolic relationships.

scholarly journals A lipA (yutB) Mutant, Encoding Lipoic Acid Synthase, Provides Insight into the Interplay between Branched-Chain and Unsaturated Fatty Acid Biosynthesis in Bacillus subtilis

2009 ◽  
Vol 191 (24) ◽  
pp. 7447-7455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Martin ◽  
Esteban Lombardía ◽  
Silvia G. Altabe ◽  
Diego de Mendoza ◽  
María C. Mansilla
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Lipoic Acid ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Membrane Properties ◽  
Δ5 Desaturase ◽  
Branched Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

ABSTRACT Lipoic acid is an essential cofactor required for the function of key metabolic pathways in most organisms. We report the characterization of a Bacillus subtilis mutant obtained by disruption of the lipA (yutB) gene, which encodes lipoyl synthase (LipA), the enzyme that catalyzes the final step in the de novo biosynthesis of this cofactor. The function of lipA was inferred from the results of genetic and physiological experiments, and this study investigated its role in B. subtilis fatty acid metabolism. Interrupting lipoate-dependent reactions strongly inhibits growth in minimal medium, impairing the generation of branched-chain fatty acids and leading to accumulation of copious amounts of straight-chain saturated fatty acids in B. subtilis membranes. Although depletion of LipA induces the expression of the Δ5 desaturase, controlled by a two-component system that senses changes in membrane properties, the synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids is insufficient to support growth in the absence of precursors for branched-chain fatty acids. However, unsaturated fatty acids generated by deregulated overexpression of the Δ5 desaturase functionally replaces lipoic acid-dependent synthesis of branched-chain fatty acids. Furthermore, we show that the cold-sensitive phenotype of a B. subtilis strain deficient in Δ5 desaturase is suppressed by isoleucine only if LipA is present.

DEVELOPMENT OF AN EXPERIMENTAL MODEL OF AVITAMINOSIS F

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 38-40
Author(s):  
A. Levitsky ◽  
A. Lapinska ◽  
I. Selivanskaya
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Experimental Model ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
The Body ◽  
Regulatory Function ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
White Rats ◽  
Arachidonic Acids

The article analyzes the role of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), especially omega-3 series in humans and animals. The biosynthesis of essential PUFA in humans and animals is very limited, so they must be consumed with food (feed). Тhe ratio of omega-3 and omega-6 PUFA is very important. Biomembranes of animal cells contain about 30% PUFA with a ratio of ω-6/ ω-3 1-2. As this ratio increases, the physicochemical properties of biomembranes and the functional activity of their receptors change. The regulatory function of essential PUFA is that in the body under the action of oxygenase enzymes (cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase) are formed extremely active hormone-like substances (eicosanoids and docosanoids), which affect a number of physiological processes: inflammation, immunity, metabolism. Moreover, ω-6 PUFA form eicosanoids, which have pro-inflammatory, immunosuppressive properties, and ω-3 PUFAs form eicosanoids and docosanoids, which have anti-inflammatory and immunostimulatory properties. Deficiency of essential PUFA, and especially ω-3 PUFA, leads to impaired development of the body and its state of health, which are manifestations of avitaminosis F. Prevention and treatment of avitaminosis F is carried out with drugs that contain PUFA. To create new, more effective vitamin F preparations, it is necessary to reproduce the model of vitamin F deficiency. An experimental model of vitamin F deficiency in white rats kept on a fat –free diet with the addition of coconut oil, which is almost completely free of unsaturated fatty acids, and saturated fatty acids make up almost 99 % of all fatty acids was developed. The total content of ω-6 PUFA (sum of linoleic and arachidonic acids), the content of ω-3 PUFA (α-linolenic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids) in neutral lipids (triglycerides and cholesterol esters) defined. Тhe content of ω-6 PUFA under the influence of coconut oil decreased by 3.3 times, and the content of ω-3 PUFA - by 7.5 times. Тhe influence of coconut oil, the content of ω-6 PUFA decreased by 2.1 times, and the content of ω-3 PUFA - by 2.8 times. The most strongly reduces the content of ω-3 PUFA, namely eicosapentaenoic, coconut oil, starting from 5 %. Consumption of FFD with a content of 15 % coconut oil reduces the content of eicosapentaenoic acid to zero, ie we have an absolute deficiency of one of the most important essential PUFAs, which determined the presence of vitamin F deficiency.

EFFECT OF GINGER, LEMURU FISH OIL SAPONIFICATION AND OLIVE OIL ON COMPOSITION FATTY ACID OF BEEF

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-39
Author(s):  
Siwitri Kadarsih
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Olive Oil ◽  
Rice Bran ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Omega 6

The objective was to get beef that contain unsaturated fatty acids (especially omega 3 and 6), so as to improve intelligence, physical health for those who consume. The study design using CRD with 3 treatments, each treatment used 4 Bali cattle aged approximately 1.5 years. Observations were made 8 weeks. Pasta mixed with ginger provided konsentrat. P1 (control); P2 (6% saponification lemuru fish oil, olive oil 1%; rice bran: 37.30%; corn: 62.70%; KLK: 7%, ginger paste: 100 g); P3 (lemuru fish oil saponification 8%, 2% olive oil; rice bran; 37.30; corn: 62.70%; KLK: 7%, ginger paste: 200 g). Konsentrat given in the morning as much as 1% of the weight of the cattle based on dry matter, while the grass given a minimum of 10% of the weight of livestock observation variables include: fatty acid composition of meat. Data the analyzies qualitative. The results of the study showed that the composition of saturated fatty acids in meat decreased and an increase in unsaturated fatty acids, namely linoleic acid (omega 6) and linolenic acid (omega 3), and deikosapenta deikosaheksa acid.Keywords : 

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