scholarly journals Biosynthesis of food constituents: Vitamins. 2. Water-soluble vitamins: Part 1 - a review

2008 ◽  
Vol 25 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 49-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Velíšek ◽  
K. Cejpek
Keyword(s):  
Nicotinic Acid ◽  
Pantothenic Acid ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathways ◽  
Reaction Schemes

This review article gives a survey of the generally accepted biosynthetic pathways that lead to water-soluble vitamins in microorganisms, plants and some animals. The biosynthetic pathways leading to the B-group vitamins (thiamin, riboflavin, nicotinic acid and nicotinamide, pantothenic acid, vitamin B<sub>6</sub>) are described in detail using the reaction schemes, sequences, and mechanisms with the enzymes involved and detailed explanations based on chemical principles and mechanisms. Keywords:

scholarly journals Biosynthesis of food constituents: Vitamins. 2. Water-soluble vitamins: Part 2 − a review

2008 ◽  
Vol 25 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 101-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Velíšek ◽  
K. Cejpek
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin C ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathways ◽  
Reaction Schemes

This review article gives a survey of the biosynthetic pathways that lead to water-soluble vitamins in microorganisms, plants and some animals. The biosynthetic pathways leading to some the B-group vitamins (biotin, folacin, cobalamins) and to vitamin C are described in detail using reaction schemes and mechanisms with enzymes involved and detailed explanations based on chemical principles and mechanisms.

B-COMPLEX VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION OF PIG RATIONS BASED ON BARLEY GROWN ON GREY WOODED SOILS

1962 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. D. Owen ◽  
A. Reddon ◽  
F. Whiting
Keyword(s):  
Nicotinic Acid ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Pantothenic Acid ◽  
Vitamin Supplementation ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Peace River ◽  
River Region ◽  
B Vitamin

Ninety-two sows and two hundred and sixteen pigs were employed in four gestation-lactation and three growing-finishing experiments to determine the adequacy of barley grown on the Grey Wooded soils of the Peace River region in northwestern Canada, as a source of riboflavin, pantothenic and nicotinic acid in swine rations. Vitamin B12 was assessed as a dietary essential in the all-plant rations. In the gestation-lactation experiments sow gains during gestation were greater in the B-vitamin supplemented lot and a trend toward heavier weaning weights of pigs was evident. Vitamin supplementation increased the level of vitamin B12 in sow’s milk collected 1 week post-partum and of both riboflavin and pantothenic acid collected 1 week and 6 weeks post-partum. Nicotinic acid content of sows’ milk was unaffected by supplementation. There was a highly significant decrease in riboflavin level in both control and supplemented lots between 1 and 6 weeks following parturition. The decrease was greatest in the unsupplemented lot.B-vitamin supplementation did not affect growing period gains or pig carcass quality in the growing-finishing experiments. However, certain significant growth responses were noted in the finishing period.The data indicate that the basal rations employed contained adequate riboflavin, pantothenic and nicotinic acid to support normal gestation, lactation and growth in Yorkshire swine.

scholarly journals Biosynthesis of food constituents: Saccharides. 1. Monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and related compounds – a review

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 129-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Velíšek ◽  
K. Cejpek
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathways ◽  
Sugar Alcohols ◽  
Sugar Nucleotides ◽  
Sugar Phosphates ◽  
Related Compounds ◽  
Reaction Schemes ◽  
Scientific Advances

This review article presents a survey of selected principal biosynthetic pathways that lead to the most important monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, sugar alcohols, and cyclitols in foods and in food raw materials and informs nonspecialist readers about new scientific advances as reported in recently published papers. Subdivision of the topics is predominantly via biosynthesis. Monosaccharides are subdivided to sugar phosphates, sugar nucleotides, nucleotide-glucose interconversion pathway sugars, nucleotide-mannose interconversion pathway sugars, and aminosugars. The part concerning oligosaccharides deals with saccharose, trehalose, raffinose, and lactose biosynthesis. The part devoted to sugar alcohols and cyclitols includes the biosynthetic pathways leading to glucitol, inositols, and pseudosaccharides. Extensively used are reaction schemes, sequences, and mechanisms with the enzymes involved and detailed explanations employing sound chemical principles and mechanisms. &nbsp; &nbsp;

735. The B-vitamin content of milk in relation to breed of cow and stage of lactation

1958 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret E. Gregory ◽  
J. E. Ford ◽  
S. K. Kon
Keyword(s):  
Nicotinic Acid ◽  
Pantothenic Acid ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Vitamin Content ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Breed Difference ◽  
Microbiological Methods ◽  
Breed Differences ◽  
The Mean ◽  
B Vitamin

1. Microbiological methods were used to measure biotin, nicotinic acid, pantothenic acid, riboflavin, ‘vitamin B6’ and vitamin B12 in milk from Guernsey, Friesian and Shorthorn cows.2. A study was made of day-to-day variations and breed differences in the B-vitamin content of such milk. Fluctuations in each vitamin were observed from one day to the next in milk from individual cows, these variations being especially marked with biotin and vitamin B12. In addition, the variations in the mean vitamin levels of milk from cows of the same breed were generally greater than any breed difference.3. Samples of milk from ten Friesian and ten Shorthorn cows were taken at intervals throughout one complete lactation and analysed for each of the vitamins mentioned above. The results of this study of lactational trends are presented in detail.

scholarly journals Biosynthesis of food constituents: Vitamins. 1. Fat-soluble vitamins - a review

2008 ◽  
Vol 25 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Velíšek ◽  
K. Cejpek
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Vitamin K ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathways ◽  
Fat Soluble Vitamins ◽  
Reaction Schemes

This review article gives a survey of the generally accepted biosynthetic pathways that lead to fat-soluble vitamins (vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin K, the corresponding provitamins, and the closely related ubiquinones and plastoquinones) in animals, plants, and microorganisms. Extensively used are reaction schemes, sequences, and mechanisms with the enzymes involved, with detailed explanations using chemical principles and mechanisms.

scholarly journals The B-vitamin content of baboon (Papio cynocephalus) milk

1977 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 507-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. H. BUSS ◽  
J. E. Ford ◽  
K. J. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Nicotinic Acid ◽  
Pantothenic Acid ◽  
B Vitamins ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Papio Cynocephalus ◽  
Mature Milk ◽  
Vitamin Content ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
B Vitamin

1. The B-vitamins in milk from baboons (Papio cynocephalus) at various stages of lactation were measured microbiologically.2. Mature milk contained, on average (μg/ml): thiamin 0.18, riboflavin 0.74, nicotinic acid 3.2, folate 0.03, vitamin B6 0.70, vitamin B12 0.002, pantothenic acid 2.63, biotin 0.0065.3. Colostrum contained much less vitamin B6 and pantothenic acid than mature milk; otherwise, there were only slight changes in composition as lactation progressed. Neither these changes, nor the absolute values, resembled those for human or cow's milk.4. The average daily secretion of B-vitamins in milk represented less than 10% of the mother's dietary intake; that of folate was less than 0.5% of the mother's dietary intake.5. Baboon milk was calculated to provide infants with approximately the following quantities of B-vitamins (/d): thiamin 0.06 mg, riboflavin 0.25 mg, nicotinic acid 1.1 mg, folate 10 μg, vitamin B6 0.25 mg, vitamin B12 0.7 μg, pantothenic acid 0.9 mg, biotin 2.2 μg.

scholarly journals Biosynthesis of food constituents: Natural pigments. Part 2 – a review

2008 ◽  
Vol 26 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 73-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Velíšek ◽  
J. Davídek ◽  
K. Cejpek
Keyword(s):  
Review Article ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathways ◽  
Natural Pigments ◽  
Reaction Schemes

This review article is a part of the survey of the generally accepted biosynthetic pathways that lead to the most important natural pigments in organisms closely related to foods and feeds. The biosynthetic pathways leading to xanthones, flavonoids, carotenoids, and some minor pigments are described including the enzymes involved and reaction schemes with detailed mechanisms.

scholarly journals The B-vitamins in malnutrition with alcoholism: A model of intervitamin relationships

1976 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-159
Author(s):  
D. K. Dastur ◽  
N. Santhadevi ◽  
E. V. Quadros ◽  
F. C. R. Avari ◽  
N. H. Wadia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nicotinic Acid ◽  
Pantothenic Acid ◽  
Serum Vitamin ◽  
Liver Function Tests ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Moderate Increase ◽  
Total Vitamin ◽  
B Vitamin

1. The B-vitamin status of fifty-nine patients, mainly from the lower socio-economic classes in Bombay, with a history of chronic malnutrition, and of alcoholism of 1·5–20 years’ duration, was studied before and during treatment, and in relation to their clinical, especially neurological, condition. These patients were divided into two neurological categories: (1) those with peripheral neuropathy (mainly sensory and distal) alone, (2) those with mental changes (mainly confusion and disorientation) also. Both categories frequently showed pellagrous pigmentation and mucocutaneous signs of B-vitamin deficiency.2. Thiamin and erythrocyte transketolase (EC 2.2.1.1) activity, riboflavin, nicotinic acid, pantothenic acid, total and pyridoxal fraction of vitamin B6, folate and total vitamin B12 were estimated in the blood and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of these patients, and also in the blood of sixty-nine control subjects and in the CSF of some of them. The concentrations of all the vitamins, except vitamin B12, were highly significantly lower in the blood of patients of category 1 compared to the controls, and erythrocyte transketolase activity and pyridoxal concentration in patients of category 2 were significantly lower than those of category 1 patients. Blood pantothenic acid and folate concentrations were reduced less consistently.3. Serum vitamin B12 concentration was significantly increased (though within normal range) in the patients compared to the control group, probably because of the moderate hepatic insufficiency (as assessed by liver function tests) in the former.4. The concentrations of thiamin, riboflavin, nicotinic acid and total vitamin B6 were also highly significantly lower in the CSF in patients of category 1 compared with controls. Furthermore, thiamin, nicotinic acid and total vitamin B6 concentrations were significantly lower in patients of category 2 than those of category 1 patients, indicating that CSF levels reflect better the neurological status of these patients.5. There was a moderate increase in the blood concentration of all the vitamins tested, after a relatively poor hospital diet alone. There was a concurrent increase in the blood levels of thiamin, riboflavin, nicotinic acid and pantothenic acid after parenteral treatment with either thiamin or nicotinic acid. The administration of pyridoxine resulted in a significant increase in the blood levels of riboflavin and the pyridoxal fraction of vitamin B6.

scholarly journals Biosynthesis of food constituents: Lipids. 2. Triacylglycerols, glycerophospholipids, and glyceroglycolipids – a review

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 241-254
Author(s):  
J. Velíšek ◽  
K. Cejpek
Keyword(s):  
Review Article ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathways ◽  
Important Food ◽  
Reaction Schemes

This review article gives a survey of the principal biosynthetic pathways that lead to the most important food glycerolipids, i.e. triacylglycerols, glycerophospholipids, and glyceroglycolipids as reported in recently published papers. Glycerophospholipids are further subdivided to phosphatides, lysophosphatides, and plasmalogens. The subdivision of the topics is predominantly via biosynthesis. Reaction schemes, sequences, and mechanisms with the enzymes involved are extensively used as well as detailed explanations based on chemical principles and mechanisms. &nbsp;

Nutritive properties of freshly prepared and stored evaporated milks manufactured by a normal commercial procedure or by reduced thermal processes in the presence of nisin

1964 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret E. Gregory ◽  
Kathleen M. Henry ◽  
S. K. Kon
Keyword(s):  
Nicotinic Acid ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Pantothenic Acid ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Thermal Processes ◽  
Biological Value ◽  
True Digestibility

SummaryFrom a batch of raw milk, evaporated milk was prepared commercially by 3 procedures: A, a normal commercial procedure involving holding the filled cans at a maximum temperature of 113 °C for 15 min; B, with nisin added and holding at a maximum temperature of 105 °C for 15 min; C, with nisin added and holding at a maximum temperature of 113 °C for 3 min. The content of B vitamins in the raw and evaporated milks was measured microbiologically; the nutritive value of the proteins was determined in rat tests.In milk A, 83% of the vitamin B12, 38% of the vitamin B6 and 20% of the thiamine were destroyed during processing. In milk B, the losses were 67, 30 and 19%, respectively, only the loss of vitamin B12 being significantly lower than in milk A. In milk C, the losses were 67, 23 and 14%, respectively, each of them being significantly lower than in milk A. There was no further loss of thiamine on storage of the milks for 12 months at 4 °C, but at room temperature and at 37 °C further losses occurred in all the milks. Similarly, the vitamin B6 activity of the milks decreased on storage, the loss being greatest at 37 °C, but also detectable at 4 °C. No change in the vitamin B12 content occurred on storage, and no losses of biotin, nicotinic acid, pantothenic acid or riboflavin were detected during manufacture or storage of the evaporated milks.The biological value and true digestibility of the proteins of the evaporated milks were slightly lower than for the raw milk. Neither nisin treatment nor storage at room temperature for a year affected these characteristics.

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