Amino acid levels in muscle tissue of eight meat cattle breeds

Ten clinically healthy bulls equal in weight were chosen from eight meat cattle breeds maintained in the same geographical conditions using the extensive grazing method. After slaughtering, muscle tissue samples were taken from the musculus longissimus and pars thoracis, and dry matter, nitrogenous substances, fat, and the levels of essential (EAAs) and non-essential (NEAAs) amino acids were determined. Significant differences were found between the monitored genotypes in the contents of dry matter, nitrogenous substances, fat, EAAs, and NEAAs (P ≤ 0.05). The highest concentrations of nitrogenous substances in muscle tissue were detected in the Limousine breed and the lowest in the Aberdeen Angus breed; the highest fat content was found in Aberdeen Angus and the lowest in Galloway. Out of the total sum of EAAs, the highest percentage in the dry matter of muscle tissue in all genotypes was found for Lys (8.8–10.4%), the lowest percentage was found for Met (2.4–2.9%). The value of Thr was approximately 4.6, Val 5.1, Ile 4.8, Leu 8.2, Phe 4.1, His 4.2, and Arg 8.0%. Significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) between the monitored breeds were found in all EAAs, except for Val and Leu. Regarding NEAAs, out of the total protein, the highest percentage was found for Glu (13.9–15.1%). Conversely, the lowest values were detected for Ser (3.8–4.1%) and Tyr (3.8–4.4%). The values of other NEAAs were approximately 9.3 for Asp, 4.0 for Ser, 5.3 for Pro, 5.5 for Gly, and 6.1% for Ala. Significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) were found between the monitored genotypes in all NEAAs except for Pro and Ala. In the dry matter of muscle tissue, out of the total protein, the sum of EAAs ranged from 50.6 (Meat Simmental) to 52.0% (Limousine), and NEAAs ranged from 48.0 (Limousine) to 49.4% (Meat Simmental). Apart from its effect on the biological value of meat, representation of individual amino acids is important to enhance its taste or smell.

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The influence of selected cultivation on the content of total protein and amino acids in the potato tubers

Plant Soil and Environment ◽

10.17221/4102-pse ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 49 (No. 3) ◽

pp. 131-134 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

J. Mitrus ◽

C. Stankiewicz ◽

E. Steć ◽

M. Kamecki ◽

J. Starczewski

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Total Protein ◽

Total Protein Content ◽

Row Spacing ◽

Quality Changes ◽

Potato Tubers ◽

Biological Value ◽

Potato Varieties ◽

Limiting Amino Acid

The aim of study was to determine the effect of selected cultivation operations, such as nitrogenous fertilization (60,90 kgN/ha), row spacing (62, 82,102 cm), compaction of soil with wheels of farm aggregates (the numbers of passing 2×, 5×, 8×), on quality changes of two potato varieties (Irga and Ekra). The total protein content in the tubers of the tested potato varieties increased with the increase of the nitrogenous fertilization (90 kgN/ha). Genotype features of the tested potato tubers define the amino acid limiting the protein biological value (CS) to be leucine in Irga variety and isoleucine in Ekra variety. It is also genotype that influences the second limiting amino acid. It is the sum of sulphuric amino acids (Cys + Met) in respect to Irga variety and valine in respect to Ekra variety. The dose of90 kgN/ha decreases the protein biological value (EAAI) of the tubers of Ekra variety, which is high in starch.

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RESEARCH OF TECHNO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GYMNOCANTHUS HERZENSTEINI

VESTNIK OF ASTRAKHAN STATE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY SERIES FISHING INDUSTRY ◽

10.24143/2073-5529-2021-3-150-160 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 (3) ◽

pp. 150-160

Author(s):

Alevtina Yugay ◽

Tatyana Boitsova ◽

Alexander Pechnikov

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Muscle Tissue ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Food Products ◽

Commercial Fish ◽

Biological Value ◽

Study Results ◽

By Catch ◽

Far Eastern

The article considers the problem of the rational use of aquatic biological resources in the modern fishing process, which can be partially solved by the complex processing of hydrobionts, the by-catch being underutilized. Gobies or sculpins make about 22% of the by-catch in the catch of commercial fish species in the Far Eastern fishery basin. It is a promising fishing object, the biological value of which was studied earlier and proved in the recent studies. Despite the available reserves, gobies are not used for developing the food products or feed flour. The frequent reasons for low demand for products from such non-commercial raw materials can be: the lack of modern data on the chemical composition of the edible part, data on biological safety, methods of technological processing of raw materials and technology for obtaining food products. There are presented the study results on the size, mass and technological characteristics of Far Eastern stag-horn sculpin belonging to gobies Cottidae Gymnocanthus (Gymnocanthus Herzensteini). There is shown the relationship between the fish mass and the mass of muscle tissue, between the fish length and weight, and the fish weight and mass of the head. The yield of secondary raw materials (heads, entrails, bones, fins) has been determined. Based on the conducted chemical analysis, it was found out that Far Eastern staghorn sculpin belongs to the protein species of fish (19%) with a low lipid content (up to 2%). For the first time, the amino acid and fatty acid composition of proteins and lipids of fish muscle tissue has been investigated. It has been stated that the muscle tissue contains all essential amino acids, the rate of which is more than 100%. The objective indicators of the biological value of muscle tissue proteins were determined: the coefficients of difference between the amino acid rate, utility of amino acids, protein-water and lipid-protein coefficients were calculated. The content of macro- and micro-elements has been studied. It was inferred that the maximum permissible concentration of arsenic, cadmium, mercury and lead do not exceed the maximum permissible level.

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Amino acid composition of muscle tissue pedicated and hybrid pigs under conditions continental climate of Russia

Agrarian Bulletin of the ◽

10.32417/article_5db430cb30bca8.95126056 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 40-46

Author(s):

Лариса Морозова ◽

Larisa Morozova ◽

И. Миколайчик ◽

I. Mikolaychik ◽

А. Ильтяков ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Amino Acid Composition ◽

Acid Composition ◽

Muscle Tissue ◽

Protein Quality ◽

Essential Amino Acids ◽

Tissue Samples ◽

Technological Factors ◽

Pure Breed

Abstract. In 2011, the Iltyakov V. N. farm in the Chastozoozersky district of the Kurgan region (Russia) brought from Canada pure breeds of three breeds – Landrace, Duroc and Yorkshire. The aim of the research was a comprehensive assessment of the amino acid composition of the muscle tissue of purebred and hybrid young animals obtained in the conditions of the Kurgan region, and reflecting the process of adaptation of pigs imported from Canada to new climatic and technological factors. The scientific novelty of the research was that for the first time in the conditions of the Kurgan region, the adaptation of Canadian selection pigs to new climatic and technological factors was studied by studying the amino acid composition of their longest back muscle. Methods: The amino acid composition of the longest muscle of the back was determined on an LC-20 Prominence instrument (Shimadzu, Japan) according to the method M-02-902-142-07 „Method for measuring the mass fraction of amino acids by high-performance liquid chromatography“. The results indicate that three-breed hybrids exceeded their analogues in the amount of interchangeable amino acids in muscle tissue samples (13.577 %) by 0.496 and 0.031 %, respectively. A similar pattern was revealed by the sum of essential amino acids. Their advantage was noted in the samples of muscle tissue of three-breed hybrids (8.984 %), which is 0.364 and 0.111 % more than pure-breed landrace and two-breed hybrids, respectively. In the sum of essential amino acids, regardless of the breed of young animals, aspartic acid (1.964–2.273 %) and glutamine (3.011–3.459 %) are present in the largest amount in muscle samples. The amino acid index and the protein-quality indicator of muscle tissue of three-breed hybrids are 0.27 and 33.55 % (P ≤ 0.05) more than pure-breed landrace and 0.67 and 53.33 % compared with two-breed hybrids, respectively.

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Comparative analysis of muscle tissue amino acid composition of sturgeon breeded under natural and industrial conditions

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ◽

10.1088/1755-1315/937/3/032041 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 937 (3) ◽

pp. 032041

Author(s):

Yulia Guseva ◽

Alexander Korobov ◽

Petr Tarasov ◽

Alexey Vasilyev ◽

Oksana Gurkina

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Muscle Tissue ◽

Fish Farming ◽

Quantitative Composition ◽

Important Indicator ◽

Biological Value ◽

Volgograd Reservoir ◽

Natural Temperature ◽

The Difference

Abstract The article presents comparative data on the chemical and amino acid analysis of the muscle tissue of sturgeons of the natural ichthyofauna of the Volgograd reservoir and those grown in a cage farm in the natural temperature regime of the 4th zone of fish farming in the Russian Federation using balanced feeding. The results obtained indicate the saturation of the muscle tissue of sturgeons consuming artificial feed with amino acids. The difference in nutrition is reflected in the biological value of meat. An important indicator of the biological value of a product is the qualitative and quantitative composition of muscle tissue amino acids. The natural nutrition of the Volgograd Reservoir does not fully satisfy the sturgeon’s need for protein nutrition. Industrial methods of cultivation make it possible to optimally organize biologically complete feeding of fish, which contributes to the maximum manifestation of their genetic potential and production of functional products.

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Interrelationship between hepatic ureagenesis and gluconeogenesis in early sepsis

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.1991.260.3.e453 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 260 (3) ◽

pp. E453-E458 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Y. Ohtake ◽

M. G. Clemens

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Substrate Preference ◽

Hormone Sensitivity ◽

Urea Production ◽

Urea Release ◽

Amino Acid Levels ◽

Early Sepsis ◽

Septic Group

This study was performed to investigate the interrelationship between gluconeogenesis and ureagenesis during sepsis. In isolated perfused livers, gluconeogenesis was assessed using either lactate or a combination of lactate, glutamine, and alanine as substrate. Ureagenesis was assessed using either NH4Cl or glutamine plus alanine as substrate. NH4Cl stimulated urea production in livers from both septic and sham-operated control rats. Urea release was approximately 1.2 and 2.0 mg urea nitrogen.g-1.h-1 for 1 and 5 mM NH4Cl, respectively, and was equal for both groups. With amino acids as substrate, urea production was significantly greater in livers from septic animals compared with controls. Phenylephrine stimulated urea production in the sham-operated group by about twofold, whereas in the septic group urea release was slightly inhibited. Gluconeogenesis from lactate was inhibited by NH4Cl (1 and 5 mM) in both groups, with no difference between groups. In contrast to enhanced ureagenesis from amino acids in septic rats, gluconeogenesis was decreased by approximately 24% (P less than 0.5). Similarly, phenylephrine (1 microM) stimulated gluconeogenesis by 13 +/- 1 mumol.g-1.h-1 in sham-operated rats but only by 9 +/- 1 mumol.g-1.h-1 in septic rats (P less than 0.02). These results suggest that hepatic gluconeogenic and ureagenic pathways are intact in sepsis but that altered substrate preference and hormone sensitivity may result in decreased gluconeogenesis in the presence of elevated amino acid levels.

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Amino acids whose intracellular levels change most during aging alter chronological lifespan of fission yeast

10.1101/2020.08.18.256164 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Charalampos Rallis ◽

Michael Mülleder ◽

Graeme Smith ◽

Yan Zi Au ◽

Markus Ralser ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Fission Yeast ◽

Yeast Cells ◽

Total Amino Acid ◽

Wild Type ◽

Chronological Lifespan ◽

Biomarkers Of Aging ◽

Concentration Changes ◽

Amino Acid Levels

AbstractAmino acid deprivation or supplementation can affect cellular and organismal lifespan, but we know little about the role of concentration changes in free, intracellular amino acids during aging. Here, we determine free amino-acid levels during chronological aging of non-dividing fission yeast cells. We compare wild-type with long-lived mutant cells that lack the Pka1 protein of the protein kinase A signalling pathway. In wild-type cells, total amino-acid levels decrease during aging, but much less so in pka1 mutants. Two amino acids strongly change as a function of age: glutamine decreases, especially in wild-type cells, while aspartate increases, especially in pka1 mutants. Supplementation of glutamine is sufficient to extend the chronological lifespan of wild-type but not of pka1Δ cells. Supplementation of aspartate, on the other hand, shortens the lifespan of pka1Δ but not of wild-type cells. Our results raise the possibility that certain amino acids are biomarkers of aging, and their concentrations during aging can promote or limit cellular lifespan.

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Amino Acid Composition of Milk from Cow, Sheep and Goat Raised in Ailano and Valle Agricola, Two Localities of ‘Alto Casertano’ (Campania Region)

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10102431 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 2431

Author(s):

Nicola Landi ◽

Sara Ragucci ◽

Antimo Di Maro

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Glutamic Acid ◽

Protein Content ◽

Total Protein ◽

Free Amino ◽

Raw Milk ◽

Total Amino Acid ◽

Total Protein Content ◽

Campania Region

Cow, sheep and goat raw milk raised in Ailano and Valle Agricola territories (‘Alto Casertano’, Italy) were characterized (raw proteins, free and total amino acids content) to assess milk quality. Raw milk with the highest total protein content is sheep milk followed by goat and cow milk from both localities. Total amino acid content in cow, goat and sheep raw milk is 4.58, 4.81 and 6.62 g per 100 g, respectively, in which the most abundant amino acid is glutamic acid (~20.36 g per 100 g of proteins). Vice versa, the free amino acids content characteristic profiles are different for each species. In particular, the most abundant free amino acid in cow, sheep and goat raw milk is glutamic acid (9.07 mg per 100 g), tyrosine (4.72 mg per 100 g) and glycine (4.54 mg per 100 g), respectively. In addition, goat raw milk is a source of taurine (14.92 mg per 100 g), retrieved in low amount in cow (1.38 mg per 100 g) and sheep (2.10 mg per 100 g) raw milk. Overall, raw milk from ‘Alto Casertano’ show a high total protein content and are a good source of essential amino acids.

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Apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids and metabolisable energy value in grains for broilers

Agricultural and Food Science ◽

10.2137/145960605775897704 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 325 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

S. PERTTILÄ ◽

J. VALAJA ◽

T. JALAVA

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Nitrogen Excretion ◽

Ileal Digestibility ◽

Metabolisable Energy ◽

Feed Protein ◽

Digestible Amino Acids

Using ileal digestible amino acids in feed optimising will intensify feed protein utilizing and decrease nitrogen excretion to the environment. The study determined the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) coefficients of amino acids in barley, wheat, oats, triticale, maize, and dehulled oats in the diets of 180 Ross broiler chickens (aged 2435 days). The birds were fed semi-purified diets that contained grain as the sole protein source and chromium-mordanted straw as an indigestible marker. The AID coefficients of the nutrients were assessed using the slaughter technique, and the apparent metabolisable energy (AME) was determined using total excreta collection. The ileal digestibility of the dry matter and organic matter were the highest in maize. The AME of maize was higher than that of other cereals. The ileal digestibility of crude protein was higher in wheat than that in barley, oats and dehulled oats. The AME of wheat was similar to that of barley and oats but lower than that of triticale and dehulled oats. The amino acid AID was highest in wheat (0.86) and triticale (0.85) and lowest in oats (0.79) and barley 0.77). The average amino acid AID was 0.81 in dehulled oats. The threonine AID was the same in all tested ingredients. The lysine, methionine, and cystine AID coefficients were 0.81, 0.79, and 0.71 respectively for barley; 0.86, 0.84, and 0.38 respectively for oats; 0.87, 0.86, and 0.53 respectively for dehulled oats; 0.84, 0.90, and 0.66 respectively for maize; 0.89, 0.88, and 0.77 respectively for triticale; and 0.87, 0.85, and 0.71 respectively for wheat. Results indicated that AME values of domestic grains (barley, oats and wheat) are in the same level. Especially, low AME value of wheat needs further investigation.;

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Biochemical processes in cows and the biological value of milk under influence of cobalt citrate

Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology ◽

10.15421/nvlvet7437 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 19 (74) ◽

Author(s):

M. Khomyn ◽

I. Kovalchuk ◽

S. Kropyvka ◽

M. Tsap

Keyword(s):

Milk Production ◽

Total Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Inorganic Phosphorus ◽

Animal Blood ◽

Biological Value ◽

Biochemical Processes ◽

Mineral Supplements ◽

Daily Milk Production ◽

Daily Milk

The aim of research was to study the effect of different amounts of cobalt citrate produced by nanotechnology on biochemical processes in cows, their productivity and biological value of milk in the first two months of lactation. To achieve this goal the subsequent problems have been solved. We investigated the effect of different amounts of cobalt citrate on biochemical parameters of blood and milk of cows and controlled their average daily yield. The experiment has been conducted in 3 groups of cows (5 cows each) of Ukrainian black and white dairy cattle, analogue by body weight (590–620 kg), performance (6,5–6,8 thousand kg of milk per past lactation) and lactation (3–4 lactation). Unlike the control cows, animals experimental (ІІ) group for two months were fed by mineral supplements in the form of cobalt citrate in an amount of 19 mg Co/kg of dry matter of diet and research (ІІІ) – cobalt citrate in an amount of 34 mg Co/kg of dry matter of diet. Duration of cobalt citrate feeding of cows of research groups was 2 months. In all groups of cows the samples of venous blood were taken in preparation for feeding additives period and during 60 day of additives feeding period in order to determine the concentration of total protein, ceruloplasmin, sialic acids, hexoses bound to proteins and activity of amino transferases. The milk production has been controlled in days of sampling with the definition of daily milk yield per cow and taking an average sample for the determination of milk fat, protein, lactose, inorganic phosphorus and calcium. It has been established that the inclusion in the diet of cows of experimental (ІІ) group of mineral supplements contributed to an increase in animal blood total protein content by 11.9% (P < 0.05), inorganic phosphorus by 15.3% (P < 0.05) and hexoses bound protein by 8.8% (P < 0.05). Under these conditions milk content of inorganic phosphorus increased by 5.6% (P < 0.05) and average daily milk production increased by 4.5%. The use of mineral additives in third experimental group of animals within two months contributed to an increase in blood ceruloplasmin content by 5.1% (P < 0.05) and hexoses bound protein by 11.5% (P < 0.01). Mineral supplements promote 5.4% raise of average daily milk production and increase it to the lactose content by 0.10% (in absolute).

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Justification of unconventional protein-containing raw materials for the construction of milk chocolate formulas with increased biological value

Vestnik MGTU ◽

10.21443/1560-9278-2020-23-3-205-213 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 23 (3) ◽

pp. 205-213

Author(s):

N. V. Linovskaya ◽

E. V. Mazukabzova ◽

O. S. Rudenko ◽

T. V. Savenkova

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Amino Acid Composition ◽

Whey Protein ◽

Acid Composition ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Whey Protein Concentrate ◽

Protein Concentrate ◽

Milk Chocolate ◽

Biological Value

Milk chocolate is particularly popular with different age groups. It is characterized by low protein content with a large amount of fats and carbohydrates determining the food imbalance of the product. In conditions of high-grade animal proteins deficiency the selection of high-quality protein-containing ingredients for food production is very relevant. The aim of this work is to study the protein adequacy of various components of milk chocolate to enhance its biological value. The amino acid scale method has been used to assess the biological value of proteins; it is based on the determination of amino acid (chemical) score. It has been found that the limiting biological value amino acid for classical white raw ingredients of milk chocolate (cocoa products and milk powder) is methionine + cysteine. For constructing chocolate formulas with increased biological value it is advisable to use protein-containing raw materials (whey protein concentrate, oat flour, etc.) to compensate for the limiting amino acids. The indicator of amino acids utilitarianity of proteins of raw milk chocolate components has been calculated. On the basis of the utilitarian index we have established the coefficient of utilitarian of the amino acid composition of the raw materials characterizing essential amino acids' balance. We have determined the biological value of protein and the amino acid composition imbalance coefficient. It has been found that the amino acid composition of milk and whey protein concentrates is most balanced compared to the amino acid composition of traditional protein-containing raw components of milk chocolate. The limiting acid of whey protein concentrate is valine, which makes its use in the manufacture of chocolate products more attractive compared to milk protein concentrate (the limiting amino acid is methionine + cysteine). In the group of vegetable non-conventional raw materials oat and buckwheat flour are characterized by the best indicators of biological value. The amino acid adequacy of oat flour is comparable to the qualitative protein indicators of cocoa products, the limiting amino acid is lysine. Buckwheat flour is characterized by the smallest imbalance in amino acid composition, which distinguishes the proteins of this raw material with the highest degree of digestibility compared with the proteins of all the studied protein-containing components of milk chocolate.

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