The Concept of Inchoativity in Works of Latin Grammarians

2021 ◽  
pp. 47-54
Author(s):  
Vlada A. Chernysheva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Digital Library ◽  
Grammatical Category ◽  
Verbal Inflection ◽  
Tense And Aspect ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Textual Databases ◽  
Verbal Category ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Grammatical Tradition

This article touches upon the idea of inchoativity in the works of Roman grammarians. It aims to observe the development of the usage of the term inchoativus in the Roman grammatical tradition. The study is based on Latin grammatical treatises dating back to the 3rd-7th centuries A.D., the most part of which was published by Heinrich Keil in the second half of the 19th century. Besides Keil's edition, the article refers to recent editions of grammatical treatises. The study was conducted using three digital textual databases including Corpora Corporum, Digital Library of Latin Texts, and PHI Latin Texts. The Latin adjective inchoativus (or inco-hativus, а less common spelling), which literally means ‘inceptive, initial', is attested in three meanings and is used in collocations concerning verbal tense, verbal inflection, and conjunctions respectively. The first two usages were widespread and refer to verbal categories, while the last one is attested only once. The article is divided into two parts. The first one discusses collocations with types of verbal tense such as gradus ‘grade, degree', distantia ‘distance', differentia ‘difference', discertio ‘difference', species ‘aspect' and tempus ‘tense' itself. The second part deals with Roman grammatical categories including forma ‘form', qualitas ‘quality', species ‘aspect', genus ‘voice', figura ‘figure'. The study draws a conclusion that the adjective inchoativus/incohativus is used with categories of tense and aspect only in the works of early grammarians including Probus, Sacerdos, Diomedes, Charisius, and PseudoProbus. However, these grammarians also mention this term with regard to verb forms ending in -sco. Mostly, inchoativity is bound with the Roman verbal category of forma, which can be observed in the works by Dositheus, Phocas, Eutyches, Audax, Pseudo-Victorinus, Donatus and his commentators Sergius, Servius, Pompeius, Cledonius, and Julian of Toledo, and species (Macrobius, Priscian), which is not to be confused with the species of tense mentioned above. Pseudo-Asper is the only Roman grammarian who exceptionally puts inchoativity into the category of figura and spells inchoativus as incohativus. If the category of forma is absent, inchoativity is reckoned to be a verbal quality (Diomedes). Inchoativity is included into the category of voice in case voice is regarded as a subcategory of quality (Sacerdos, Pseudo-Probus, and Cledonius). In respect to forms ending in -sco, inchoativity is a manifestation of the so-called grammatical category of quality.

La Nueva gramática de la lengua castellana de martínez de noboa

1997 ◽  
Vol 24 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 115-138
Author(s):  
Marina Maquieira
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Grammatical Tradition ◽  
Philosophical Grammar

Summary This paper examines a treatise on Spanish grammar, i.e., a particular grammar which follows the tradition of French philosophical grammar. Bachiller D. Antonio Martínez de Noboa’s work, published in 1839, appears in a century when the Spanish grammatical tradition is at its best. Texts like Vicente Salvá’s (1786–1849) and of course Andrés Bello’s (1781–1865) have in recent years attracted the attention of researchers. However, Martínez de Noboa’s work is much less known, although Gómez Asencio (1981, 1985) did highlight its importance in his two indispensable studies of the period between 1771 and 1847. The Nueva Gramática de la lengua Castellana is indebted to the framework set by José Gómez de Hermosilla (1835) and Jacobo Saqueniza (1828), although it does include some original observations. This paper examines the structure of the work in question and aims to show how it is in global terms a unified text combining different aspects, of which the most striking is without doubt the syntactic one. With this aim in mind certain specific examples of the analogy pertaining to syntax have been studied. First those he himself highlighted, e.g., the article/pronoun and verb and then those comments on syntax which are logically pertinent, e.g., conjunctions. Noboa himself was cited as was Saqueniza as having been responsible for the introduction of distinction between coordinate and subordinate conjunctions in Spanish grammar, along with the distinction between simple and complex clauses. On the purely syntactic level, it was also Noboa who refined the whole notion of verbal government. Finally, there is a brief summary of the section dedicated to pronunciation and spelling which are also considered by the author to be in some way related to the other parts of the grammar. In sum, what makes this work particularly interesting is undoubtedly the emphasis on syntax as more studies had been carried out on morphology than in any other area up until the 19th century and continued after Noboa to monopolise questions concerning grammar throughout this century.

Los Epígonos Del Racionalismo en España

1997 ◽  
Vol 24 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 95-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilio Ridruejo
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Systematic Treatment ◽  
Port Royal ◽  
The One ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Andres Bello ◽  
Grammatical Tradition

Summary French philosophical grammmar and grammatical rationalism developed from the 17th-century Port Royal Grammar, but they were not adopted by Spanish grammarians until early in the 19th century. Of works responsible for the introduction of French grammatical philosophy in Spain, one of the earliest and the most important one is the Principios de gramática general (Madrid 1835), by José Gómez Hermosilla (1771–1837/38?). The work was very well received; by 1841 it already was into a third edition. Even before first appearing in print, a manuscript of the Gramática General was used to adapt Gómez Hermosilla’s ideas to the 1828 Castilian grammar of Jacobo Saqueniza (anagram for Joaquín Cabezas). The most important of the Castilian grammars influenced by the work of Gómez Hermosilla were the one just mentioned and the one by Antonio Martinez de Noboa, published in 1839. The application of Hermosilla’s theories to descriptive grammars of Castilian required adapting both the theory and the description to achieve a reasonable fit between universal and language specific aspects. Other adjustments were required of the writers of descriptive grammars in order to avoid conflicts with a long and well established grammatical tradition. Nevertheless, grammars like those of Saqueniza and Noboa show innovations which resulted from their relationship with the theories of Hermosilla which will produce a deictic interpretation of articles, possesives and demonstratives, and will affect the theory of verb tenses, as well as the definitions of prepositions and conjunctions, and the classification of sentences. Additionally, Noboa’s Castilian Gramática, whose title makes a claim to be in accordance with grammatical philosophy, includes the most extensive and systematic treatment of syntax prior to the appearance of the work of Andres Bello (1781–1865) in 1847.

El tratamiento del orden de palabras en algunas gramáticas españoles de los siglos XIX y XX

2000 ◽  
Vol 27 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 415-436
Author(s):  
Eugenia Casielles
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Word Order ◽  
Word Order Variation ◽  
Order Variation ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Grammatical Tradition

SummaryThis paper examines the treatment of word order in some of the most influential grammars of Spanish from the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century, with special attention given to the interpretation they offer of displaced elements, particularly subjects and objects. Although there was not much in the grammatical tradition about this topic that these authors could build upon, a careful reading of their works reveals an awareness of the difficulties involved in explaining word order variation. Furthermore, we find very valuable suggestions regarding the topical nature of some displacements, and the emphatic or focal interpretation of others.RésuméDans cet article, on examine de quelle manière les plus influentes grammaires espagnoles de la fin du XIXe et du début du XXe siècle traitaient de la question de l’ordre des mots, accordant une attention particulière à l’interprétation offerte des éléments disloqués, surtout les sujets et les compléments d’objet. Bien qu’il n’y avait pas grand-chose dans la tradition grammaticale d’alors qui pouvait servir de base aux auteurs, une lecture attentive de leurs oeuvres montre qu’on avait conscience des difficultés liées à l’explication de la variation dans l’ordre des mots. De plus, on trouve sur ces dislocations de précieuses suggestions quant à la nature ‘topicalisée’ des unes et la nature emphatique ou ‘focalisée’ des autres.ZusammenfassungDer Beitrag untersucht die Behandlung der Wortstellung in den einflußreichsten Grammtiken des Spanischen aus dem 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhundert, unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Erklärungen, die sie für sog. versetzbare Elemente anbieten, insbesondere, was Subjekt und Objekt angeht. Obgleich es kaum eine grammatische Tradition gab, auf der diese Autoren sich hätten stützen können, fördert eine sorgfältige Lektüre ihrer Werke doch ein Bewußtsein der Probleme zutage, die beim Erklären der Wortstellungsvariation auftreten. Darüberhinaus finden sich in ihnen auch eine Reihe wertvoller Vorschläge bezüglich der herausstellenden Natur solcher versetzbarer Elemente sowie der emphatischen und fokussierenden Auslegung anderer.

scholarly journals Аб магчымым уплыве грэцкай мовы на развіццё дзеепрыметнікаў залежнага стану цяперашняга часу ў славянскіх мовах

2021 ◽  
pp. 165-175
Author(s):  
Анатоль Багдзевіч
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Greek Language ◽  
Grammatical Category ◽  
Slavic Languages ◽  
Present Tense ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Voice ◽  
The Russian Language

The passive participles of the present tense have been actively used only in Russian out of all Slavic languages since the 19th century and are a grammatical category that is not accepted by all native speakers of the standard Belarusian language as a normative one. During the development of Slavic languages, it has been experiencing two opposite tendencies: decline and revival. The article examines extralinguistic and intralinguistic factors that could have influenced the development of this verb form in a number of Slavic languages. According to the author, the bilingual Slavic-Greek consciousness of the creators of Slavic writing could have influenced the strengthening of these forms in the Russian language. The article analyzes possible connections of the Slavic participles of the present tense with the medial and passive participles of the Greek language in the light of their common origin from the Indo-European participle, as well as the process of development of participles during the restructuring of the voice category and in connection with the development of the aspect category.

scholarly journals VOICE PROBLEMS: VOICE AS A GRAMMATICAL ABSTRACTION (A RUSSIANBULGARIAN JUXTAPOSITION)

2020 ◽  
pp. 88-95
Author(s):  
Encho TILEV
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Intermediate Position ◽  
Grammatical Category ◽  
Classical Models ◽  
Abstract Notion ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Verb Categories ◽  
Over Time

It is well-known that voice as a grammatical abstraction is one of the oldest verb categories that can be found in languages around the globe. Even in Egyptian (from 3200 BC) and Akkadian (from 3000 BC) one can find grammatical expressions of this abstract notion which signifies its coming before the separation of tense from aspect. One could also observe a reflection of classical models over time on Russian and Bulgarian grammatical systems in the 19th century. Closely related to the category of voice in Russian and Bulgarian is the division of verbs into transitive and intransitive. The presented opposition is inherent to many language families but it can function and be expressed differently in various languages. In this study the opposition is not understood as a phenomenon of categorical nature – they are not categories but oppositions based on different signs or properties. Additionally, a mention is made of the opinion held by some linguists that the opposition transitivity ~ intransitivity is justified by certain lexico-semantic word-forming and grammatical peculiarities of verbs. Voice as a grammatical category in Russian, just like case, occupies an intermediate position between morphology and syntax which makes it necessary for a wider investigation.

El tratamiento del orden de palabras en algunas gramáticas Españoles de los siglos XIX y XX

2000 ◽  
Vol 27 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 415-436
Author(s):  
Eugenia Casielles Suárez
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Word Order ◽  
Word Order Variation ◽  
Order Variation ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Grammatical Tradition

Summary This paper examines the treatment of word order in some of the most influential grammars of Spanish from the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century, with special attention given to the interpretation they offer of displaced elements, particularly subjects and objects. Although there was not much in the grammatical tradition about this topic that these authors could build upon, a careful reading of their works reveals an awareness of the difficulties involved in explaining word order variation. Furthermore, we find very valuable suggestions regarding the topical nature of some displacements, and the emphatic or focal interpretation of others.

scholarly journals The Grammatica da Lingua Italiana para os Portuguezes by Antonio Prefumo: between the traditional and the conversational method

2021 ◽  
pp. 430-451
Author(s):  
Monica Lupetti ◽  
Matteo Migliorelli
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Practical Reasons ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Social ◽  
Intellectual Context ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Grammatical Tradition

Within the Italian FL grammatical tradition, the 19th century is a very fruitful period. In other contributions, we have highlighted how several Portuguese and Italian figures connected to the circle of the S. Carlos Theatre in Lisbon act as preceptors and compose some grammars, which contain a strong normative part and, at the same time, connect themselves to the conversational tradition: among these works, the Grammatica da Lingua Italiana para os Portuguezes by Antonio Prefumo (Lisbon, 1829) plays a central role, as it goes through four editions over almost forty years. The paper analyses the social and intellectual context of production of this text, besides outlining the author’s profile and providing a philological reconstruction of the sources and models adopted. Furthermore, the paper attempts an analysis of the Grammatica that, on the one hand, highlights both the heritage of the vernacular and Enlightenment grammatical traditions and its innovative aspects and, on the other hand, compares the various editions through the study of their macro-textual areas. The methodology underlying our description follows that proposed by Swiggers (2006, 168) being based on four aspects: the analysis of the author, the audience, the subject described and its form. This approach places the author at the centre of a historical conjuncture in which the traditional grammatical method was associated with that of conversation, responding to the demand of an audience that increasingly approached the study of FL for practical reasons, rather than to meet the traditional educational demands of the upper classes.

scholarly journals Genus-Zuweisung bei der Pronominalisierung von Personen in den Südwalser Dialekten

2021 ◽  
Vol 107 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-245
Author(s):  
Peter Zürrer
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
Verbal Inflection ◽  
Subject Clitics ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Linguistic Islands

The Alemannic dialects in linguistic islands in Northern Italy have been undergoing strong changes since the second half of the 20th century. One of these changes concerns the assignment of gender with persons. Generalized neuter abolishes the coupling of gender with male/female and transfers both female and male persons into neuter. This in turn has its effect on verbal inflection. The post-verbal subject clitics mutate in the 3rd person singular to verb endings void of male/female connotations. This change, as it is now spreading, is not in itself a recent phenomenon. In early written dialectal records it already occurs in single documents even at the beginning of the 19th century.

Grammatical Descriptions in Manchu Grammar Books from the Qing Dynasty

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-55
Author(s):  
Takashi Takekoshi
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Qing Dynasty ◽  
The Qing Dynasty ◽  
Chinese Scholars ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The 19Th Century

In this paper, we analyse features of the grammatical descriptions in Manchu grammar books from the Qing Dynasty. Manchu grammar books exemplify how Chinese scholars gave Chinese names to grammatical concepts in Manchu such as case, conjugation, and derivation which exist in agglutinating languages but not in isolating languages. A thorough examination reveals that Chinese scholarly understanding of Manchu grammar at the time had attained a high degree of sophistication. We conclude that the reason they did not apply modern grammatical concepts until the end of the 19th century was not a lack of ability but because the object of their grammatical descriptions was Chinese, a typical isolating language.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document