scholarly journals VOICE PROBLEMS: VOICE AS A GRAMMATICAL ABSTRACTION (A RUSSIANBULGARIAN JUXTAPOSITION)

2020 ◽  
pp. 88-95
Author(s):  
Encho TILEV
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Intermediate Position ◽  
Grammatical Category ◽  
Classical Models ◽  
Abstract Notion ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Verb Categories ◽  
Over Time

It is well-known that voice as a grammatical abstraction is one of the oldest verb categories that can be found in languages around the globe. Even in Egyptian (from 3200 BC) and Akkadian (from 3000 BC) one can find grammatical expressions of this abstract notion which signifies its coming before the separation of tense from aspect. One could also observe a reflection of classical models over time on Russian and Bulgarian grammatical systems in the 19th century. Closely related to the category of voice in Russian and Bulgarian is the division of verbs into transitive and intransitive. The presented opposition is inherent to many language families but it can function and be expressed differently in various languages. In this study the opposition is not understood as a phenomenon of categorical nature – they are not categories but oppositions based on different signs or properties. Additionally, a mention is made of the opinion held by some linguists that the opposition transitivity ~ intransitivity is justified by certain lexico-semantic word-forming and grammatical peculiarities of verbs. Voice as a grammatical category in Russian, just like case, occupies an intermediate position between morphology and syntax which makes it necessary for a wider investigation.

scholarly journals Supraglacial debris-transport variability over time: examples from Switzerland and Iceland

1996 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 181-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.B. Whalley ◽  
C.F. Palmer ◽  
S.J. Hamilton ◽  
D. Kitchen
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Little Ice Age ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Debris Transport ◽  
Actual Volume ◽  
Glacier Ice ◽  
Rock Glaciers ◽  
Slow Moving ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Over Time

The volume of debris in the left-lateral, Little Ice Age (LIA:AD1550–1850) moraine of the Feegletscher, Valais, Switzerland was compared with the actual volume being transported currently by the glacier. The latter is smaller by a factor of about two. In Tröllaskagi, north Iceland, a surface cover of debris on top of a very slow moving glacier ice mass (glacier noir, rock glacier) has been dated by lichenometry. The age of the oldest part is commensurate with LIA moraines in the area. Knowing the volume of debris of a given age allows an estimate of the debris supply to the glacier in a given time. Again, there appears to have been a significant reduction in debris to the glacier since the turn of the 19th century. Debris input in the early LIA seems to have been particularly copious and this may be important in the formation of some glacier depositional forms such as rock glaciers.

scholarly journals KRYASHENS OF UDMURT PRIKAMYE REGION IN THE LAST THIRD OF THE XVIII - MIDDLE XIX CENTURY

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 485-494
Author(s):  
Nikolai Viktorovich Pislegin ◽  
Vladimir Sergeevich Churakov
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Group ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Territorial Unit ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
Udmurt Republic ◽  
Class Status ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Over Time

The article comes to view the development of Kryashens, which are connected with Udmurts or with the territory of the modern Udmurt Republic, in the last third of the 18th - middle 19th century. The area in question is the Malmyzh and Elabuga counties of Vyaka province and Mamadysh county of Kazan province. The “Udmurt old-christened” ethno-class status of the inhabitants of the settlements of the Srednekushket volost’ of the Malmyzh county, noted by the sources, was to some extent a “tribute to tradition”. In Mamadysh county in 1834 historically associated with the Udmurts Kryashen settlements were located in 3 volosts; the tendency for their assimilation, which was reflected in the middle of the 18th century, was completed here even earlier, in the first third of the 19th century. In Yelabuga county since its formation there was a old-christened small administrative-territorial unit. In the historical settlements of Kryashens, located in our days in the territory of the Udmurt Republic (Grakhov and Kizner districts), their Udmurt origin, with few exceptions, is not traced. The appearance of this sub-ethnic group of Tatars here was mainly due to migration processes from the nearest southern territory. In this period the norm for the Kryashens was shared with other peoples - Tatars, Mari, Udmurts, and later - Russians. The presence of Russians in historical Kryashen villages steadily increased over time. From the late 18th century the Kryashen volosts often included villages with different ethnic-caste identity. From the second quarter of the 19th century the disappearance of the Kryashen small administrative-territorial units began. It was caused, first of all, by transformations of the state in this sphere.

scholarly journals Seyyid Mehmet Ağa Vakfiyesinde Bulunan Yapıların 19. Yüzyılda Yaptırılma Süreçleri ve Günümüzdeki Durumları Hakkında Tespitler / An Evaluation of Construction Processes of the Buildings Which Existed in Sayyid Mehmet Aga's Foundations in the 19th Century and Current Situations

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 455
Author(s):  
Mustafa Eyyamoğlu ◽  
Nuran Kara Pilehvarian
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Islamic Culture ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
National Archives ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Directorate General ◽  
Turkish Cypriot ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Republic Of Turkey ◽  
Over Time

<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>In this study, reconstruction activities in Cyprus were investigated according to the information given in the El-Hac Es-Sayyid Mehmet Ağa Foundation (1826). El-Hac Es-Seyyid Mehmet Ağa was a former guardian in Ottoman Palace (İstanbul) who was appointed as a tax officer Cyprus in the early 19th century. Seyyid Mehmet Aga, during his stay in Cyprus constructed Mosque, Tekke, Mescit, and schools and he has foundations related to these structures. These foundations are available in the TRNC Vakıflar Administration, TRNC Girne National Archives and Research Department, Republic of Turkey Directorate General of Foundations Achieves. Most of the Islamic buildings registered in the Seyyid Mehmet Ağa foundation are made up of the pre-existing, inadequate and ruined structures re-constructed and brought to the use of the Muslim Turkish Cypriot people. Nicosia Dükkanlarönü Mosque, Fethiye Mosque, Tahtakale Mosque, Lapta Mosque and Famagusta Kutup Osman Efendi Tomb are the architectural venues where the Turkish Cypriot Islamic culture has been performed and it is understood from archival documents that they are supported by various mites and foundations. Within the scope of the study, prior and restructuring processes of these structures were determined and findings were made about the current situation. These structures are the living documents of the Ottoman Period in Cyprus over 300 years, which describe the structuring of the Islam and Ottoman identity in island. These structures are important documents of the Turkish Cypriot Islamic Heritage. Due to political changing over time they lost their incomes and original shapes.</p><p><strong>Öz</strong></p><p>Bu çalışmada 19, yüzyıl başlarında Kıbrıs’a muhassıl olarak atanan Dergâh-ı Âli Kapıcı başlarından El-Hac Es- Seyyid Mehmet Ağanın 1826 tarihli Vakfiyelerinde geçen bilgilere bağlı olarak Kıbrıs’taki imar faaliyetleri incelenmiştir. Kıbrıs’ta bulunduğu süre zarfında Cami, Tekke, Mescit, Sıbyan Mektebi yaptıran Seyyid Mehmet Ağa’nın bu yapılar ile ilgili vakfiyeleri mevcuttur. Bu vakfiyeler KKTC Vakıflar İdaresinde, KKTC Girne Milli Arşiv ve Araştırma Dairesinde, TC Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü ve TC Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivlerinde bulunmaktadır. Seyyid Mehmet Ağa vakfiyesinde kayıtlı bulunan İslami eserlerin çoğu önceden var olan, yetersiz ve harap durumda olan yapıların yeniden düzenlemelerle genişletilip Müslüman Türk halkının kullanımına kazandırılmış yapılardır. Seyyid Mehmet Ağa’nın yeniden yaptırmış olduğu Lefkoşa Dükkânlar Önü Camii, Fethiye Camii, Tahtakale Camii, Lapta Camii ve Mağusa Kutup Osman Efendi Türbesi Kıbrıs Türk İslam kültürünün icra edildiği mimari mekânlar olup çeşitli akarlar ve vakıflar ile desteklenmiş oldukları arşiv belgelerinden anlaşılmaktadır.</p><p>Çalışma kapsamında söz konusu yapıların önceden ve yeniden yaptırılma süreçleri belirlenerek günümüzdeki durumları hakkında tespitler yapılmıştır. Osmanlı Hâkimiyetinin adada var olduğu 300 yılı aşkın zaman diliminde, gerek devlet eli gerekse adada görev alan memurlar sayesinde Kıbrıs’ta İslam ve Osmanlı kimliğinin yapılandırılarak etkisinin genişletildiğini anlatan ve Osmanlı Devleti’nin Kıbrıs’ta yaşayan belgeleri niteliğinde olan bu yapılar, Kıbrıs Türk İslam Mirasının vazgeçilmeyen önemli ögeleridir. Zaman içerisinde değişen siyasal yapıya bağlı olarak gelirleri kesilen ve terk edilen bu eserler bakımsızlık nedeni ile orijinal hallerini yitirmişerdir.</p>

scholarly journals L'essor de la pratique clinique dans les armées européennes (1750-1800)

Gesnerus ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 54 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 37-58
Author(s):  
Othmar Keel ◽  
Philippe Hudon
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Medical Practice ◽  
Clinical Teaching ◽  
Pathological Anatomy ◽  
Surgical Experience ◽  
Medical Practitioners ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Military ◽  
Over Time

This article demonstrates that, before the 19th century and the Paris Clinical School, new medical practice and new clinical teaching based on pathological anatomy (of organs and of tissues) and surgical experience and therapeutic experimentation developed in the military milieu, specifically because of the "auspicious" conditions found there. Over time, this military clinical experience permeated civilian medical practice as military practitioners often moved into civilian practice and collaborated and exchanged experience with their civilian or ex-military colleagues. These conditions, in different forms and at different rhythms, in the great European powers, also favoured a rapprochement between the different groups of medical practitioners - physicians, apothecaries and surgeons - initially in the military milieu, and subsequently in civilian society as well. Finally, the article shows that the coercive disciplinary structure of the military, where sick or wounded soldiers were particularly constrained to act as subjects of experience, expérimentation, clinical teaching and anatomico-pathological research, was one of the conditions propitious to this growth of clinical practice.

scholarly journals O kształtowaniu się polskiej terminologii gramatycznej

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (5/2020(774)) ◽  
pp. 60-75
Author(s):  
Wanda Decyk-Zięba
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
Polish Culture ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Over Time ◽  
The Middle Ages

The fi rst Polish grammatical terms came into existence as early as in the Middle Ages. Due to the role played by Latin in the Polish culture and science, the relations between the Polish terminology under forma tion and the already formed Latin terminology are signifi cant. This is noticeable not only in bilingual (Latin–Polish) grammar book by E. Donat but also in the fi rst Polish-language grammar books by W. Szylarski and O. Kopczyński. The latter rendered considerable services to the codifi cation of grammatical terminology. In the 19th century, it was impossible to popularise J. Przybylski’s and A. Morzycki’s innovative terminological propositions. The development of the Polish scientifi c linguistics gives rise to a revision of the earlier grammatical systematics, which results also in a change in the nomenclature. The distinctness of grammatical lexis is evidenced by the glossaries attached to the grammar books. Some of the terms have entered the vocabulary common to various varieties of Polish over time.

Girlhood in Africa

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Bellows-Blakely
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Female Circumcision ◽  
Vantage Point ◽  
Gender And Sexuality ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
The World ◽  
European Colonization ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Feminist Movements ◽  
Over Time

There is no singular or universal experience of girlhood in Africa. Conceptions of childhood, youth, generation, gender, and sexuality have differed across the continent and around the world over time. Since the 19th century, varying understandings of African girlhood have been deeply connected to the growth of racist hierarchies of human societies, the European colonization of Africa, African nationalisms, transnational feminist movements, and crises in capitalism. Case studies of two areas concerning African girlhood—female circumcision and the emergence of the girls’ rights movement—show how politicized girlhood in Africa has been. These two topics provide a distinct vantage point from which to understand far-reaching political processes and how these processes have uniquely played out in and through debates over girls’ bodies.

scholarly journals Unconventional Views of Racial Brains in the 19th Century

Nuncius ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 602-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Pogliano
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Common Sense ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Over Time

Abstract In this article two protagonists of nineteenth-century anthropological culture, Samuel George Morton and Paul Broca, are presented as the embodiment of mainstream stances on the relationship between brain and race. More or less close to their successful raciological tenets, a host of other names might be recalled. However, the main purpose here is to point out some ‘deviant’ opinions that challenged the scientific common sense of an epoch, starting with the nigrophilie expressed by the abbé Grégoire early in the century, to then discuss the cautious ‘egalitarianism’ professed by James Cowles Prichard and William Hamilton or the more explicit view sustained, over time, by Friedrich Tiedemann and Luigi Calori. Their focus was the influence of the brain – its shape, volume, and weight – on intellectual and moral manifestations: a tormented issue that for decades was addressed in different ways and with outcomes that always proved inconclusive.

scholarly journals The The Emigration of Muslims from the Greek state in the 19th century. An Outline

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 97-122
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Popek
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
War Of Independence ◽  
Modern Greek ◽  
The Future ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Over Time

Modern Greek statehood began to take shape with the War of Independence that broke out in 1821 and continued with varying intensity for the next years. As a result of these events, the Greeks cast of the foreign rule, which for many not only meant separation from the Ottoman Empire, but also the expulsion of Muslims living in these lands. During the uprising, about 25 000 Muslims lost their lives, and a similar number emigrated from the territory of the future Greek state. The next great exodus of Muslims from Greek lands was related to the annexation of Thessaly by the Hellenic Kingdom, which was to a larger extent spread over time. Since the region was incorporated into Greece until the beginning of the 20th century, the 40 000-strong Islamic community had virtually disappeared.

scholarly journals El Banco de Santander, 1857-1934: las particularidades de un banco local

2020 ◽  
pp. 7-18
Author(s):  
Andrés Hoyo Aparicio
Keyword(s):  
Risk Aversion ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Financial Policy ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Family Ties ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Siglo Xix ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Siglo Xx ◽  
Over Time

Este artículo tiene por objetivo identificar las razones que pueden explicar cómo un modesto banco local, fundado por un grupo de comerciantes que desempeñaban su actividad en el puerto de Santander en los años centrales del siglo XIX, pudo mantenerse en el tiempo hasta, avanzado ya el siglo XX, lograr estar en condiciones de entrar a formar parte en el selecto club de los “siete grandes” de la banca española. Se concluye que fueron los fuertes vínculos familiares y de amistad instrumental entre sus gestores, junto con el diseño de una política financiera con marcada aversión al riesgo, y el talante proteccionista, los que conforman los tres principales rasgos a tener en consideración para explicar el porqué de su longevidad y prolongado acomodo al ámbito de lo local a lo largo del periodo considerado. Estos rasgos caracterizadores empezaron a perfilarse ya en sus orígenes como banco emisor. This paper aims to identify the reasons can help us to explain how a modest local bank, founded by a group of merchants that carried out their activity in the port of Santander in the central years of the 19th century, was able to sustain over time until joining the select club of the “big seven” of Spanish banking. It is concluded that three distinctive features should take into account in order to explain its longevity and prolonged accommodation to the local sphere throughout this long period: the strong family ties and instrumental friendship between its managers, the design of a financial policy with marked risk aversion and a protectionist attitude, against all competition. These distinctive features began to emerge in its very origins as an issuing bank.

scholarly journals The replacement of diminutive suffixes in the New High German period

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfred Lameli
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Time Series Analysis ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Computational Linguistics ◽  
Initial Phase ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Language Variation And Change ◽  
Replacement Process ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Over Time

Abstract This article addresses the replacement of the diminutive form ‑lein by ‑chen as the leading suffix in written German during the New High German period. A large sample of diminutives from 1600–1900, retrieved from the DTA corpus, forms the basis of this investigation. The study aims to provide a detailed periodization of the replacement process with regard to both types and tokens. By using methods from computational linguistics and time series analysis, clear patterns of language variation and change are demonstrated; these patterns are to some extent interrelated and staggered throughout time. The study additionally shows that there are transfers between genres that coincide with the transition from ‑lein to ‑chen. This indicates that the replacement is due to a strengthening of the semantic effort of the diminutive suffix. Finally, information regarding the writers’ origins is used to map the areal distribution of diminutive forms over time. The maps illustrate the importance of geography as a factor, particularly in the initial phase of the replacement; however, it seems to be without any impact by the end of the 19th century. In doing so, the study offers a particular framework for the analysis of word formation based on historical corpora.

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