scholarly journals Perspective construal techniques in indirect non-referential naming

2020 ◽  
pp. 188-204
Author(s):  
M. I. Kiose ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Frame Of Reference ◽  
Frames Of Reference ◽  
Final Position ◽  
Reference Coordinate System ◽  
Complex Procedure ◽  
Focus Type ◽  
Comparative Constructions ◽  
Reference Distance ◽  
Fictive Motion

The research explores the perspective construal techniques applied in predicate indirect noun groups in Russian. In this case, the discourse perspective is construed with a highly salient ob-ject of perspective in the construed frame of reference. To achieve this effect, the speaker / narrator chooses a particular type of predicate indirect noun groups, such as predicate con-structions with the verbs of fictive motion, appearance, and being (existence) or comparative constructions. Each of these construction types demonstrates its own linguistic and cognitive features, which are used to apply various perspectivization techniques to ensure that its inter-pretation will proceed successfully. To detect these techniques, a complex procedure is applied. Hand-selected fragments analysis followed by corpus statistic and correlation analysis help define the parameters and values in predicate indirect noun group constructions. These parameters are referential (bodily modus type, referent type, referent focus type), lexical (first / repeated lexeme use, type of attribute in pre-position, intensifier type in pre-position), syntactic (sentence initial / final position, position before a clause, co-reference distance in words and propositions) and textual ones (textual role, new microevent introduction). Vari-ance analysis has revealed a group of parameters typical for the studied construction types of predicate indirect noun groups. Parametric results allow describe the typical techniques of object mental scanning, object construal, frames of reference (coordinate system) construal. These include the techniques of mental path shortening / prolongation, embodiment con- strual alleviation / constraining, animated / non-animated object construal, stability / instabil-ity of frames of reference, etc.

scholarly journals Errors in pointing are due to approximations in sensorimotor transformations

1989 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 595-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Soechting ◽  
M. Flanders
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Target Location ◽  
Frame Of Reference ◽  
Frames Of Reference ◽  
Final Position ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Extrapersonal Space ◽  
Sensorimotor Transformations ◽  
One Step ◽  
Intrinsic Frame

1. We define an extrinsic frame of reference to represent the location of a point in extrapersonal space relative to a human subject's shoulder, and we define an intrinsic frame of reference to represent the orientation of the arm and forearm. 2. We examined the relations between coordinates in the extrinsic and intrinsic frames of reference under two experimental conditions: when subjects made inaccurate movements by pointing to virtual targets in the dark and when they made accurate movements by pointing to actual targets in the light. 3. When subjects made inaccurate movements, there was a close-to-linear relationship between the orientation angles of the arm (intrinsic coordinates) at its final position and the extrinsic coordinates of the target. When they made accurate movements, these relationships were more nonlinear. 4. Specifically, arm and forearm elevations depended principally on target distance and elevation, whereas the two yaw angles depended mainly on the target's azimuth. 5. We propose that errors in pointing occur because subjects implement a linear approximation to the transformation from extrinsic to intrinsic coordinates and that this transformation is one step in the process of transforming a visually derived representation of target location into an appropriate pattern of muscle activity.

Frames of Reference for Hand Orientation

1995 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha Flanders ◽  
John F. Soechting
Keyword(s):  
Reference Frame ◽  
Neural Control ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Object Orientation ◽  
Frame Of Reference ◽  
Object Location ◽  
Frames Of Reference ◽  
Spatial Reference ◽  
Hand Orientation ◽  
Spatial Reference Frame

In reaching and grasping movements, information about object location and object orientation is used to specify the appropriate proximal arm posture and the appropriate positions for the wrist and fingers. Since object orientation is ideally defined in a frame of reference fixed in space, this study tested whether the neural control of hand orientation is also best described as being in this spatial reference frame. With the proximal arm in various postures, human subjects used a handheld rod to approximate verbally defined spatial orientations. Subjects did quite well at indicating spatial vertical and spatial horizontal but made consistent errors in estimating 45° spatial slants. The errors were related to the proximal arm posture in a way that indicated that oblique hand orientations may be specified as a compromise between a reference frame fixed in space and a reference frame fixed to the arm. In another experiment, where subjects were explicitly requested to use a reference frame fixed to the arm, the performance was consistently biased toward a spatial reference frame. The results suggest that reaching and grasping movements may be implemented as an amalgam of two frames of reference, both neurally and behaviorally.

Relationship between Frames of Reference and Mirror-Image Reversals

Perception ◽  
10.1068/p5529 ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 36 (7) ◽  
pp. 1049-1056 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hirokazu Yoshimura ◽  
Tatsuo Tabata
Keyword(s):  
Mirror Image ◽  
Frame Of Reference ◽  
The Other ◽  
Frames Of Reference ◽  
Physical Aspect ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Extended Problem ◽  
Left Right Asymmetry ◽  
Common Frame Of Reference ◽  
Intrinsic Frame

The mirror puzzle related to the perception of mirror images as left–right reversed can be more fully understood by considering an extended problem that includes also the perception of mirror images that are not left–right reversed. The purpose of the present study is to clarify the physical aspect of this extended problem logically and parsimoniously. Separate use of the intrinsic frame of reference that belongs to the object and one that belongs to its mirror image always leads to the perception of left–right reversal when the object has left–right asymmetry; on the other hand, the perception of left–right nonreversal is always due to the application of a common frame of reference to the object and its mirror image.

scholarly journals Toward Improved Communication in Laparoscopic Surgery: Accounting for Multiple Frames of Reference and Mental Rotations

2005 ◽  
Vol 49 (11) ◽  
pp. 999-1003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Rivera ◽  
Caroline G.L. Cao
Keyword(s):  
Laparoscopic Surgery ◽  
Collaborative Work ◽  
Frame Of Reference ◽  
Frames Of Reference ◽  
Mental Rotations ◽  
Multiple Frames ◽  
Vantage Points ◽  
The Right ◽  
Display Control ◽  
Common Frame Of Reference

This work is an examination of barriers to communication between the attending and assisting surgeons during laparoscopic surgery, where the same image of the surgical site is viewed from different vantage points with respect to the patient. Part of the problem lies with the multiple frames of reference each surgeon holds, and the mental rotations each must perform to construct a common frame of reference for communication and collaborative work. An experiment was conducted to demonstrate the effects of display-control incongruency on the performance of an aiming task in a simulated laparoscopic environment. Aiming performance was best when the camera was oriented at 0° perspective and worsened as the angle of deviation from 0° increased. Performance was affected to a greater degree by viewing perspectives from the left of the subject than viewing perspectives from the right. Results also suggest that when surgeons are facing each other, as is the case in many laparoscopic surgeries, one surgeon's performance will be worse than the other's. The mismatched display-control perspectives are compounded by ambiguous spatial references in verbal communication. From these findings, a case can be made for the importance of vocabulary that forces a common frame of reference during laparoscopic surgery.

Improvement in Psychotherapy and Adoption of the Therapist's Meaning System

1963 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Mike Nawas ◽  
A. W. Landfield
Keyword(s):  
Frame Of Reference ◽  
Personal Meaning ◽  
Frames Of Reference ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Meaning System

Twelve most improved and 8 least improved clients were used in testing the hypothesis that improvement in therapy is contingent upon the adoption by the client of the personal meaning system of his therapist. The hypothesis was rejected. There was a trend indicating that the most improved client tends to increase in his preference for his own frame of reference, that he tends to become more himself rather than an echo of his therapist. The least improved client tends to internalize the therapist's frame of reference. These conclusions are highly tentative, but suggest the importance of differentiating between “frames of reference” and “specific attitudes” and considering introjection in relationship to different therapeutic approaches.

scholarly journals Hoe praat ons oor/van God? Teologiese idiome van gister en van vandag

1992 ◽  
Vol 48 (3/4) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Van Aarde
Keyword(s):  
Frame Of Reference ◽  
Contextual Theology ◽  
Frames Of Reference ◽  
Reformed Theology ◽  
Liberal Theology ◽  
Conceptual Frame ◽  
The Past ◽  
Dialectical Theology

How does one speak about/of God? Theological idioms in the past and present In transitional stages theologians perceive that proven theories, models or methods become dated and that the specific idiom in which one speaks about/of God is not relevant any more. A theological idiom is defined as an example of the dicta used in the framework of a particular conceptual frame of reference. By presenting an overview of selected theological idioms used in the past and present, this article aims to propose a model for practising theology today. The selection is made from the following conceptual frames of reference: Middle Platonism, Aristotelian Scholasticism, Reformed Theology, Reformed Orthodoxy, Liberal Theology, Dialectical Theology and Contextual Theology.

Understanding Computer Security

2011 ◽  
pp. 918-924
Author(s):  
Steve Brown
Keyword(s):  
Computer Security ◽  
Mobile Devices ◽  
Personal Computer ◽  
Personal Information ◽  
Information Assurance ◽  
Frame Of Reference ◽  
Frames Of Reference ◽  
Large Field ◽  
Portable Devices ◽  
Main Theme

During the last several years a great deal has been written in academic and trade journals that has focused on security. There are several different terms often used, but the following—information security (InfoSec), computer security, and information assurance—are typically meant to be the same, that is, the protection of data, although information assurance is also expanded to include aspects such as personnel, plant, and equipment. While one main theme that has been written has been to improve the effectiveness and understanding of security, apply the various security concepts learned and understand the technologies developed, it is important to recognize that computer security may take on different meanings, dependent on the context that it is being discussed. Computer security is a very large field, and one that is often misunderstood. When we discuss computer security, are we discussing our personal computer at work or home? Are we discussing portable devices, such as mobile devices like Blackberries, PDAs, or laptops? Are we discussing security laws and regulations that might impact the safeguard of personal information, or could we be discussing, designing, and implementing, a risk-based security plan for an organization? It is therefore difficult to discuss computer security unless it is discussed in a frame of reference. Therefore, this paper will discuss some of the issues and concerns of computer security in different frames of reference, and the importance of teaching security with that focus in mind.

Which Class Matters? Juxtaposing Multiple Class Environments as Frames-of-Reference for Academic Self-Concept Formation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moritz Fleischmann ◽  
Nicolas Hübner ◽  
Herb Marsh ◽  
Jiesi Guo ◽  
Ulrich Trautwein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Concept Formation ◽  
Dominance Effect ◽  
Frame Of Reference ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Frames Of Reference ◽  
Regular Class ◽  
Class Level ◽  
Math Class ◽  
Local Dominance ◽  
Multiple Class

Equally able students have lower academic self-concept in high achieving schools or classes, a phenomenon known as the big fish little pond effect (BFLPE). The class (more so than the school) has been shown to be the pivotal frame-of-reference for academic self-concept formation—a local dominance effect. However, many school systems worldwide employ forms of course-by-course tracking, thus exposing students to multiple class environments. Due to the high correlation between multiple student environments, the frame-of-reference used for academic self-concept formation in course-by-course tracked systems is unclear to date. We addressed this unresolved issue by using data from a comprehensive survey that measured the entire population of Austrian eighth-grade students in the domain of mathematics in 2012. General secondary school students were in the core subjects (i.e., mathematics, German, and English) grouped according to ability, whereas regular class composition was the same in all other subjects. Using cross-classified multilevel models, we regressed math self-concept on average math achievement of students’ school, math class, and regular class. Consistent with the local dominance effect, we found the BFLPE on the school level to be weak after controlling for the class levels. We found a stronger BFLPE on the regular class level and the strongest BFLPE on the math class level. Our study demonstrates the importance of multiple class environments as frames-of-reference for academic self-concept formation.

The origin and use of positional frames of reference in motor control

1995 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 723-744 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anatol G. Feldman ◽  
Mindy F. Levin
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Physiological Mechanism ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Frame Of Reference ◽  
Frames Of Reference ◽  
Movement Trajectory ◽  
Control Variables

AbstractA hypothesis about sensorimotor integration (the λ model) is described and applied to movement control and kinesthesia. The central idea is that the nervous system organizes positional frames of reference for the sensorimotor apparatus and produces active movements by shifting the frames in terms of spatial coordinates. Kinematic and electromyographic patterns are not programmed, but emerge from the dynamic interaction among the system s components, including external forces within the designated frame of reference. Motoneuronal threshold properties and proprioceptive inputs to motoneurons may be cardinal components of the physiological mechanism that produces positional frames of reference. The hypothesis that intentional movements are produced by shifting the frame of reference is extended to multi-muscle and multi-degrees-of-freedom systems with a solution of the redundancy problem that allows the control of a joint alone or in combination with other joints to produce any desired limb configuration and movement trajectory. The model also implies that for each motor behavior, the nervous system uses a strategy that minimizes the number of changeable control variables and keeps the parameters of these changes invariant. Examples are provided of simulated kinematic and electromyographic signals from single- and multi-joint arm movements produced by suggested patterns of control variables. Empirical support is provided and additional tests of the model are suggested. The model is contrasted with others based on the ideas of programming of motoneuronal activity, muscle forces, stiffness, or movement kinematics.

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