Carpatho-Ukraine’s Defeat as a Precursor of WWII Part 2

Rusin ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 136-158
Author(s):  
A.I. Kudriachenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
The State ◽  
The Political ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
World War ◽  
Hybrid War ◽  
The Military ◽  
First Time ◽  
Second World ◽  
Significant Factors

The author emphasizes that the growing national self-identification and selfawareness of the Ukrainians, the political balance of powers at the turn of 1938– 1939 in Czechoslovakia and the international arena were significant factors in the state aspirations of the residents of the Transcarpathian region. At the same time, the processes of autonomization, formation, and liquidation of Carpatho-Ukraine were determined not only by its socio-economic position, but also by the latent diplomatic and geopolitical confrontation. The establishment of Carpatho-Ukraine was associated with the military confrontation and, for the first time, was accompanied not only by a number of military operations, but also by the massive heroism of its defenders, who opposed the invaders. According to the current definitions, all this constituted the hybrid war, which became the harbinger and real percursor of the Second World War.

Development of Interethnic Relations in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the First Decades after the Second World War

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 87-96
Author(s):  
Elena Yu. Guskova
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Identity ◽  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Second World War ◽  
The State ◽  
World War ◽  
Interethnic Relations ◽  
The Republic ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
First Time ◽  
Second World

The article is devoted to the analysis of interethnic relations in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) in the 1940s and 1960s. The article is based on materials from the archives of BiH, Croatia, Slovenia, Yugoslavia. The documents show the state of affairs in the Republic – both in the economy and in ideology. In one or another way, all of them reflect the level of tension in the interethnic relations. For the first time, the article presents the discussion on interethnic relations, on the new phenomenon in multinational Yugoslavia – the emergence of a new people in BiH under the name of “Muslim”. The term “Muslims” is used to define the ethnic identity of Bosniaks in the territory of BiH starting from the 1961 census.

scholarly journals Sometimes, when we talk about Damaged Buildings-it can be controversial

2019 ◽  
Vol 265 ◽  
pp. 05017
Author(s):  
Talal Awwad ◽  
Vladimir Ulitsky ◽  
Alexey Shashkin
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
The State ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
World War ◽  
The World ◽  
Restoration Practice ◽  
Second World ◽  
Modern Technologies ◽  
Civilized World

The entire civilized world follows the state of unique monuments of the east, including Syria, where military operations are not yet over. Separate monuments of antiquity have been destroyed, which require immediate examination and, at a minimum, preventing structural elements from collapse. Naturally, publications of the time of the Second World War (Russia, Japan, Poland…) most fully represented the world restoration practice of destruction from mass bombardments and shelling. For these works, it is possible to systematize the degree of danger of the state of the objects at the time of their possible restoration and to estimate the damage caused by the enlarged parameters. Unfortunately, today, the revision of this practice, taking into account modern technologies of engineering restoration of damaged and reconstructing lost monuments, becomes urgent. Without this, it is impossible to defeat the vandals of the 21st century.

The State and the Jews: Reflections on Difficult Freedom

2006 ◽  
Vol 14 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 109-130
Author(s):  
Annette Aronowicz
Keyword(s):  
Jewish People ◽  
Second World War ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Political ◽  
Modern State ◽  
World War ◽  
Political Dimension ◽  
Second World ◽  
Do So

AbstractThis essay examines the contrast between two conceptions of the universal, one represented by the modern State and the other by the Jewish people. In order to do so, it returns to the collection of essays on Judaism Levinas wrote in the approximately two decades after the Second World War, Difficult Freedom. Its aim is to focus specifically on the political dimension within this collection and then to step back and reflect on how his way of speaking of the political appears to us a full generation later. As is well known, Levinas's approach to the political has a way of escaping that realm, while nonetheless remaining relevant to it. This is what we shall try to capture and to evaluate.

scholarly journals Polish Delegations in Kazakhstan During the Second World War in Documents of the Almaty and Semipalatinsk Archives

2020 ◽  
pp. 84-96
Author(s):  
Mara Gubaidullina ◽  
Laura Issova ◽  
Almagul Kulbayeva
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Large Space ◽  
East Kazakhstan ◽  
History Of ◽  
Country Analysis ◽  
Civilian Employees ◽  
The Military ◽  
First Time ◽  
Second World

Introduction. The article investigates the versatile activities of Polish diplomats on the example of the representative offices of the embassy of Poland (delegations) in Alma-Ata (Almaty) and Semipalatinsk (Semey). Documents in the Kazakhstani archives indicate the presence of nine delegations created during the war in Kazakhstan to facilitate the formation of the Polish army (Anders Army). Polish “delegates” – diplomats, military, civilian employees – helped to rescue the Poles from places of detention and settlements, to draw up their documents for further sending to the army. Materials. Documents of the “especially valuable” fund of the Semipalatinsk Archive (currently the Documentation Center of Modern History of the East Kazakhstan Region, Semey), which are put into scientific circulation for the first time, testify to the versatile activities of Polish delegations in a large space in the east of the country. Analysis and Results. Polish delegates organized not only military-political and consular issues, but also economic, social, humanitarian activities. Polish employees worked in contact with Soviet institutions. They provided social support to both the military and displaced, evacuated, orphans, and disabled people. The organization of orphanages and shelters for Polish children was carried out, including by the efforts of Polish diplomats. The Poles who returned after the war to their homeland organized societies of the so-called “sybyraki”. Today they act as a kind of bridge in relations between Kazakhstan and Poland.

Abe's Constitution revision plans will soon take shape

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Prime Minister ◽  
Olympic Games ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Opposition Party ◽  
The Military ◽  
First Time ◽  
Second World ◽  
Public Opposition

Subject Efforts to amend Japan's Constitution. Significance Prime Minister Shinzo Abe has a long-stated ambition to amend Japan's Constitution for the first time since its introduction under US occupation after the Second World War. Abe made a speech last month in which he called on his party to draw up proposals by year-end, and set Tokyo's hosting of the Olympic games in 2020 as a deadline for making the amendment. Impacts The main opposition party will use public opposition to Constitution revision to rally support and differentiate themselves. Discussion of amendments related to the military will strain Tokyo's relations with Seoul and Beijing. Washington will quietly support amendments that make Japan more useful as a military ally. Large public protests are likely and could weaken Abe's apparently unassailable leadership of his party and country.

scholarly journals DO MEMORIAL SITES FROM THE SECOND WORLD WAR POSSESS POTENTIAL FOR TOURISM DEVELOPMENT – EXAMPLES FROM CROATIA AND BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

2015 ◽  
pp. 130-141
Keyword(s):  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Tourism Development ◽  
Second World War ◽  
The State ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
World War ◽  
Current State ◽  
Protected Natural Areas ◽  
Memorial Sites ◽  
Second World

This paper researches memorial sites built in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina in a planned manner to mark the Second World War sufferings or military operations. Most of the analysed sites were planned, designed and built following an urban-architectural competition. All of these sites were designed by the best local planners and artists of the time. Nearly all of them are located in protected natural areas (of varying degrees of protection). Depending on the significance of a particular memorial site at the time, it was planned and constructed as a memorial, educational and/or tourist centre with numerous recreational and accommodation facilities, restaurants and other facilities. This paper examines the role memorial sites played, the current state of memorial sites as a whole, the state of the natural heritage, the state of the cultural heritage, the state of buildings and infrastructure and the present possibilities for tourism development. Memorial sites from Croatia included in the analysis are: Jasenovac, Podgariš, Kalnik, Petrova Gora, Kumrovec, Brezovica, Korenica, Matiš Poljana etc. Memorial sites located in Bosnia and Herzegovina and included in the analysis are: Sutjeska, Kozara, Jablanica, Makljen, Sanski Most, Konjuh Planina, Drvar etc. Taking into consideration that planned memorial sites from the Second World War lost their political significance, the conclusion summarizes the state of memorial sites by site, country and the potential for tourism development.

scholarly journals Problems of Foreign Policy Choice of the State Center of the Ukrainian People’s Republic in 1939–1940

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-142
Author(s):  
Vasyl Yablonskyi
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World Politics ◽  
The State ◽  
World War ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
Political Forces ◽  
First Time ◽  
Second World

The Second World War was viewed by Ukrainians abroad and in Ukraine as a potential chance to restore Ukraine’s independence. At the beginning of the war, the main political forces of the Ukrainian emigration interfered in a state of mutual confrontation. Each of them tried to attract international contacts for support. The article examines the process of finding foreign policy allies by the State Center of the Ukrainian People’s Republic in exile at the first stage of World War II (1939–1940). The main attention is paid to the political processes in this part of the Ukrainian emigration, the disunity and the presence of three governing centers (in France, Czechoslovakia and Poland) and the foreign policy orientations of the emigration government of the Ukrainian People’s Republic. For the first time, the document”Letters from the leading circles of the UPR” is published, which attempts to justify the need for a foreign policy alliance with Germany and criticizes the “francophilism” of some figures of the State Center of the UPR in Europe and America. The hypothetical circle of emigration politicians who could be the authors of these documents and their addressees is outlined. Attention is drawn to the fact that the conclusion of foreign policy agreements with Germany in the interwar period was a well-established practice for many countries at that time (France, England, the USSR, etc.). The reasons for the disinterest of the main players in world politics at this stage in the restoration of Ukraine’s independence are emphasized. As the government’s emigration status and military actions did not help preserve the archives, documents belonging to this period of Ukrainian history and diplomacy have come down to us in limited numbers. Publication and analysis of documents of the Ukrainian People’s Republic in exile, which relate to the foreign policy concepts of the Ukrainian emigration government, allow to more fully reveal the vision of ways to restore Ukraine’s independence after its territories were part of the USSR, Poland, Romania and Czechoslovakia.

Development of the Concepts for Providing Close Air Support

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-74
Author(s):  
Hristov Manush
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Air Force ◽  
The United States ◽  
Second World War ◽  
The State ◽  
World War ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
Combat Experience ◽  
Second World

AbstractThe main objective of the study is to trace the perceptions of the task of an aviation component to provide direct aviation support to both ground and naval forces. Part of the study is devoted to tracing the combat experience gained during the assignment by the Bulgarian Air Force in the final combat operations against the Wehrmacht during the Second World War 1944-1945. The state of the conceptions at the present stage regarding the accomplishment of the task in conducting defensive and offensive battles and operations is also considered. Emphasis is also placed on the development of the perceptions of the task in the armies of the United States and Russia.

EDUCATING YOUNG PEOPLE IN PRESERVING THE MEMORY OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 83-88
Author(s):  
Davlatbek Qudratov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Second World War ◽  
The State ◽  
World War ◽  
Educational Activities ◽  
Soviet State ◽  
Military Mobilization ◽  
Second World

The article analyzes the state of schools and education in General during the Second World war. The slogan "Everything for the front, everything for victory!" defined the goal not only of all military mobilization activities of the Soviet state, but also became the center of all organizational, ideological, cultural and educational activities of the party and state bodies of Uzbekistan.

B'nai B'rith on the European continent after World War Two

1992 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-126
Author(s):  
Hans Levy
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
The State ◽  
Jewish Organization ◽  
World War Two ◽  
World War ◽  
European Continent ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Of Israel ◽  
Second World

The focus of this paper is on the oldest international Jewish organization founded in 1843, B’nai B’rith. The paper presents a chronicle of B’nai B’rith in Continental Europe after the Second World War and the history of the organization in Scandinavia. In the 1970's the Order of B'nai B'rith became B'nai B'rith international. B'nai B'rith worked for Jewish unity and was supportive of the state of Israel.

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