Eye tracking experiment for the difference of attention about visual image by sound availability

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 647-656
Author(s):  
Mahn-Woo Kwon
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Visual Image ◽  
The Difference

scholarly journals Visual Attention Patterns in Adults According to the Use of Things in Aided AAC VSDs: An Eye-tracking Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 718-726
Author(s):  
Jin Hui Lee ◽  
Ji Young Na ◽  
Su Hyang Lee ◽  
Bong Won Yi
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Target Object ◽  
Visual Scene ◽  
Partial Group ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Total Fixation ◽  
Object Usage ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Tracking Technology

Objectives: This study aims to investigate patterns of visual attention on a target object in VSDs (Visual Scene Displays) when they are designed with/without an action of usage of the object. We used eye-tracking technology to evaluate how the action of usage of an object in still photographs influenced the visual attention of adults without disabilities. We tried to examine visual attention on the contents of visual scene displays (VSDs).Methods: 25 college students participated in the study. Eye-tracking technology recorded point-of-gaze while participants viewed 20 photographs. Data from eye-tracking provided information on where participants were visually fixated and paid more attention on the presented VSDs including a target object.Results: Both total fixation duration and average fixation count were statistically significant. Participants visually fixated on the target object longer and more often when the object was being used in the presented VSDs. For AOI (Area Of Interest) time of the first fixation, after analyzing only a partial group that had the data match due to the difference in gaze pattern per subject, the average AOI time of the first fixation was shown to be faster when using an object in 6 out of 10 objects.Conclusion: This study supports the inclusion of an action of an object usage in VSDs suggesting that the act of object usage can partially influence the visual attention pattern of a user.

scholarly journals Faster Gaze before Telling Untruthful Narratives

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao S. Hu ◽  
Lunxin Yu ◽  
Xing Fan ◽  
Hark Huang ◽  
Ethan Weare ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Cognitive Demand ◽  
Cognitive Resources ◽  
Truth Telling ◽  
Cognitive Resource ◽  
Sensitive Index ◽  
The Difference

Assuming the total cognitive resource available always being the same, lying might require more allocation than telling the truth and thus reduce what is available for gaze movement, resulting in lower gaze velocity. To test this hypothesis, an eye-tracking study was conducted: the participants were preparing, and subsequently telling, a truthful or untruthful narrative. However, the results indicated that gaze velocity was significantly higher when preparing untruthful narratives than truthful narratives. Moreover, gaze velocity was significantly lower when preparing truthful narrative than telling truthful narratives; yet the difference between preparing and telling untruthful narratives was not significant. Therefore, the total cognitive resource available may rise with cognitive demand, and thus individuals may spend more cognitive resources altogether when lying, compared to truth-telling. Also, gaze velocity might be a sensitive index of total cognitive resource available, increasing or decreasing as the occasion demands.

scholarly journals Multivariate mapping for experienced users: comparing extrinsic and intrinsic maps with univariate maps

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jolanta Korycka-Skorupa ◽  
Izabela Gołębiowska
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Task Difficulty ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Cognitive Effort ◽  
Subjective Rating ◽  
Tracking Data ◽  
Three Solutions ◽  
Visual Variables ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Task Types

Abstract Multivariate mapping is a technique in which multivariate data are encoded into a single map. A variety of design solutions for multivariate mapping refers to the number of phenomena mapped, the map type, and the visual variables applied. Unlike other authors who have mainly evaluated bivariate maps, in our empirical study we compared three solutions when mapping four variables: two types of multivariate maps (intrinsic and extrinsic) and a simple univariate alternative (serving as a baseline). We analysed usability performance metrics (answer time, answer accuracy, subjective rating of task difficulty) and eye-tracking data. The results suggested that experts used all the tested maps with similar results for answer time and accuracy, even when using four-variable intrinsic maps, which is considered to be a challenging solution. However, eye-tracking data provided more nuances in relation to the difference in cognitive effort evoked by the tested maps across task types.

scholarly journals Intuitiveness of geospatial uncertainty visualizations: a user study on point symbols

Geografie ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 124 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Brus ◽  
Michal Kučera ◽  
Stanislav Popelka
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
User Study ◽  
User Preferences ◽  
Tracking Data ◽  
User Testing ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Point Symbol ◽  
User Centered

Be understanding of uncertainty, or the difference between a real geographic phenomenon and the user’s understanding of that phenomenon, is essential for those who work with spatial data. From this perspective, map symbols can be used as a tool for providing information about the level of uncertainty. Nevertheless, communicating uncertainty to the user in this way can be a challenging task. Be main aim of the paper is to propose intuitive symbols to represent uncertainty. Bis goal is achieved by user testing of specially compiled point symbol sets. Emphasis is given to the intuitiveness and easy interpretation of proposed symbols. Symbols are part of a user-centered eye-tracking experiment designed to evaluate the suitability of the proposed solutions. Eye-tracking data is analyzed to determine the subject’s performance in reading the map symbols. Be analyses include the evaluation of observed parameters, user preferences, and cognitive metrics. Based on these, the most appropriate methods for designing point symbols are recommended and discussed.

scholarly journals Predicting Spatial Visualization Problems’ Difficulty Level from Eye-Tracking Data

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 1949
Author(s):  
Xiang Li ◽  
Rabih Younes ◽  
Diana Bairaktarova ◽  
Qi Guo
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Spatial Visualization ◽  
Difficulty Level ◽  
Tracking Data ◽  
Multiple Choice Questions ◽  
Essential Information ◽  
E Learning ◽  
The Difference

The difficulty level of learning tasks is a concern that often needs to be considered in the teaching process. Teachers usually dynamically adjust the difficulty of exercises according to the prior knowledge and abilities of students to achieve better teaching results. In e-learning, because there is no teacher involvement, it often happens that the difficulty of the tasks is beyond the ability of the students. In attempts to solve this problem, several researchers investigated the problem-solving process by using eye-tracking data. However, although most e-learning exercises use the form of filling in blanks and choosing questions, in previous works, research focused on building cognitive models from eye-tracking data collected from flexible problem forms, which may lead to impractical results. In this paper, we build models to predict the difficulty level of spatial visualization problems from eye-tracking data collected from multiple-choice questions. We use eye-tracking and machine learning to investigate (1) the difference of eye movement among questions from different difficulty levels and (2) the possibility of predicting the difficulty level of problems from eye-tracking data. Our models resulted in an average accuracy of 87.60% on eye-tracking data of questions that the classifier has seen before and an average of 72.87% on questions that the classifier has not yet seen. The results confirmed that eye movement, especially fixation duration, contains essential information on the difficulty of the questions and it is sufficient to build machine-learning-based models to predict difficulty level.

3D photogrammetry of flooded mines and caves with the UX-1 series underwater exploration robots – The UNEXUP Project

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richárd Zoltán Papp ◽  
Krisztián Szentpéteri ◽  
Gergely Balázs ◽  
Boglárka Anna Topa ◽  
Norbert Zajzon
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Point Cloud ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Visual Image ◽  
Fluxgate Magnetometer ◽  
Light Sources ◽  
Original Design ◽  
Geospatial Information ◽  
Horizon 2020 ◽  
The Difference

<p>The UNEXUP project, funded under EIT Raw Materials, is a direct continuation of the Horizon 2020 UNEXMIN project. The aim of the project is to improve the original design of the UX-1 series robot prototypes (UX-1 a, b, c) built in the UNEXMIN project (2016-2019). Originally the effort was made to develop and test an innovative exploration technology for underground flooded mines cannot be obtained without high costs, or risks to human lives, in any other ways, and during the continuation, the main goal is to create market-ready robots and commercialize the technology.</p><p>The UX-1 series robots contain several different geoscientific instruments; a multispectral camera module, UV camera, gamma counter, water sampler, pH - EC measuring unit, fluxgate magnetometer and sub-bottom sonar. These instruments provide valid information about the water chemistry, the mineralogical and geological features of the explored mine during a dive. However, the use of this data requires the most accurate positioning and navigation possible, which robots also reveal to us using various tools: different short and long-range sonars and a so-called Structured Light Sensor (SLS) which provide a very detailed 3D point cloud. These complex and challenging navigational solutions are required to collect meaningful geospatial information for accessing not only safety conditions of the mines but, the primary focus the future economic potential of these mines if any. The occurrence and the orientation of mineralized rocks and structures (veins, faults, fractures, bedding) are imperative to understand for a successful new exploration program or reopening an old mine. The 3D underwater photogrammetry technique is of one the best currently available technologies that can provide such information for exploration companies.</p><p>The original UX-1 series robots have 5 built-in RGB cameras connected with simultaneously triggered light sources which also collect visual information from the underwater corridors. These images and videos can be used for photogrammetry. With the help of this technology, a 3D map can be built independently from the other navigational sensors. The difference of this technology is that a visual image is accompanied by the 3D surface thus geological information can be seen and directly collected from such surfaces (more like a digital compass). Photogrammetry 3D surfaces are somewhat tighter, but contain larger amounts of data, i.e. denser point cloud compared to other sensors results. For this reason, it may be viable to restrict such surveys to geologically important and or more informative sites i.e. where 3D orientation of geological structures can be easily seen than measured. Furthermore, photogrammetry surveys require a slightly different way of navigation i.e. constant drifting along walls, hemispherical scanning of AOI, that is planned to be automated in future robotic missions. This technology was tested with the UX-1 series robots in a flooded underground mine shafts (Ecton) and underwater cave (Molnar Janos Cave) and resulted in good geological details in selected areas. In future upgrades of the photogrammetry system, we plan to improve the camera specification (geometry, field of view) and navigational requirements to obtain more continuous sections and semi- or fully- automated acquisitions. </p>

Cleanliness and Environmental Protection: An Integral Issue

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (02) ◽  
pp. 127-130
Author(s):  
Bharat Raj Singh ◽  
Amar Jyoti Singh
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Visual Image ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Constituent Element ◽  
The Difference ◽  
City State

The environment is a constituent element of culture in all societies. It therefore must take precedence on over all efforts to boost development and quality of life by the autonomous value of the environment and the need to protect it and manage it properly. We owe it, nevertheless, to ourselves, but chiefly to our children and future generations. An effort such as this, which aims to improve the environment and assist it to recover from human exploitation, must involve citizens, above all. We must all adopt a positive instance towards the environment and make citizens aware not to do the impossible, but adopt few simple actions that can help make the difference every day. For instance, if we separate recyclable items and place them in the special blue bins, we are not only assisting to protect the environment but to conserve natural and financial resources. If we throw small items of garbage in wastebins rather than on the street, our city will immediately become cleaner. Additionally, by depositing rubbish in the bin, we improve the visual image of our city, reduce unpleasant odours and facilitate the movement of pedestrians and motor vehicles. This paper covers day to day need to adopt cleanliness and its impact on environmental protection. Our efforts should be continuous to create a clean, environmentally-friendly city, state, country and globe at large to make our children and future generations healthy.

scholarly journals Difference picture algorithms for the analysis of extracellular components of histological images.

1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 261-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
T F Knoll ◽  
L L Brinkley ◽  
E J Delp
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Section ◽  
Visual Image ◽  
Enzymatic Digestion ◽  
Chemical Degradation ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Validity Of Results ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Histological Images ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Extracellular Molecules

A computer-assisted method for objectively identifying and displaying the distribution of molecules that can only be positively identified by a combination of staining characteristics and susceptibility to specific enzymatic digestion or chemical degradation is presented. The visual image of an enzymatically digested tissue section is subtracted from that of an adjacent buffer-incubated control section and the distribution of the extracellular molecules removed from the tissue section displayed. Photomicrographs are taken using white light and narrow bandwidth filters of wavelengths at or near the maximum absorbance for the dye products used to visualize the extracellular matrix and cells. Each negative is standardized using reference gray levels. The cell and matrix images of both digested and undigested sections are then registered. The locations of cells in both control and digested sections are identified and set to an undefined gray level value in the matrix images. The cell-removed images of the control and digested sections are then registered and the difference in gray levels between the two images calculated and displayed. The validity of results obtained is primarily dependent on the soundness of the histological visualization and digestion techniques used, but is independent of investigator interpretation.

Reader expertise and the literary significance of small-scale textual features in prose fiction

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Parente ◽  
Kathy Conklin ◽  
Josephine Guy ◽  
Gareth Carrol ◽  
Rebekah Scott
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Attention Allocation ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Prose Fiction ◽  
Textual Features ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Effect Experiment ◽  
Difference Effect

Abstract We use eye tracking to investigate the attention readers pay to different textual features to determine their significance in the appreciation of prose fiction. Previous research examined attention allocation to lexical and punctuation variants, and the impact on reading dynamics for the remainder of the text, demonstrating that readers notice both kinds of variants but assign less value to the latter (Carrol, Conklin, Guy, & Scott, 2016). Here, in two experiments, we examine two conditions that may affect attention allocation: We investigate the influence of reader expertise (Experiment 1) and whether performance is influenced by a task-specific “spot-the-difference” effect (Experiment 2). We found that expertise plays little role in readers’ greater sensitivity to lexical rather than punctuation changes, and that the advantage for lexical changes persisted when the time interval between exposures is increased. These results confirm earlier findings: that small-scale features may not possess the creative significance predicated of them by critics and text-editors.

scholarly journals Differences in Thematic Map Reading by Students and Their Geography Teacher

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marketa Beitlova ◽  
Stanislav Popelka ◽  
Vit Vozenilek
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Grammar School ◽  
School Students ◽  
Thematic Map ◽  
Map Reading ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Cartographic Visualization ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Symbol Size

A school world atlas is likely the first systematic cartographic product which students encounter in their lives. However, only a few empirical studies have analysed school atlases in the context of map reading and learning geographical curricula. The present paper describes an eye-tracking study conducted on 30 grammar school students and their geography teacher. The study explored ten tasks using thematic world maps contained in the Czech school world atlas. Three research questions were posed: (i) Are students able to learn using these particular types of maps? (ii) Have the cartographic visualization methods in the school atlas been adequately selected? (iii) Does the teacher read the maps in the same manner as students? The results proved that the students were sufficiently able to learn using thematic maps. The average correctness of their answers exceeded 70%. However, the results highlighted several types of cartographic visualization methods which students found difficult to read. Most of the difficulties arose from map symbols being poorly legible. The most problematic task was estimating the value of the phenomenon from the symbol size legend. Finally, the difference between the students’ and teacher’s manner of reading maps in each task was analysed qualitatively and then quantitatively by applying two different scanpath comparison methods. The study revealed that the geography teacher applied a different method than her students. She avoided looking at the map legend and solved the task using her knowledge.

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