scholarly journals Strength Abilities: Immediate and Delayed Training Effects of Orthogonal Modes of Strength Training in Boys Aged 8 Years

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-116
Author(s):  
Olha Ivashchenko ◽  
Oleg Khudolii ◽  
Krzysztof Prusik ◽  
Vasilios Giovanis
Keyword(s):  
Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Strength Training ◽  
Training Effects ◽  
Back Muscles ◽  
The Third ◽  
Study Materials ◽  
Leg Muscles ◽  
Shoulder Muscles ◽  
Strength Exercises ◽  
The Impact

The study purpose was to determine the dynamics of training effects of orthogonal modes of strength training in boys aged 8 years. Materials and methods. The study participants were 48 boys aged 8 years. The experiment was performed using a 22 factorial design. The study materials were processed using the IBM SPSS 22 statistical analysis program.Discriminant analysis was performed. The study examined the impact of four variants of strength training loads on the immediate (ITE) and delayed (DTE) training effects of orthogonal modes of strength exercises and rest intervals in 8-year-old boys. Results. In the first variant of strength training, the largest contribution to the dynamics of training effects is made by the work performed at the first place “exercises to strengthen arm and shoulder muscles”; in the second variant, the largest contribution to the dynamics of training effects is made by the work performed at the third place “exercises to strengthen back muscles”; in the third variant, the largest contribution to the dynamics of training effects is made by the work performed at the first “exercises to strengthen arm and shoulder muscles” and the third “exercises to strengthen back muscles” places; in the fourth variant, the largest contribution to the dynamics of ITE is made by thework performed at the first “exercises to strengthen arm and shoulder muscles” and the third “exercises to strengthen back muscles” places. The most significant changes in the DTE are associated with the fourth place’s work “exercises to strengthen leg muscles”. Conclusions. The response to strength training load includes immediate and delayed training effects. Thus it can be argued that training effects can be classified using the given battery of tests based on discriminant analysis. The efficiency of discriminant analysis increases when using 2k FFE active experiments.

scholarly journals Strength Abilities: Assessment of Training Effects of Strength Loads in Boys Aged 8 Years

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 174-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergii Iermakov ◽  
Olha Ivashchenko ◽  
Oleg Khudolii ◽  
Sergii Chernenko
Keyword(s):  
Physical Education ◽  
Strength Training ◽  
Training Effect ◽  
Abdominal Muscles ◽  
Training Effects ◽  
Study Materials ◽  
Leg Muscles ◽  
Shoulder Muscles ◽  
Primary School Pupils ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of this paper is to determine the impact of strength training modes on the dynamics of training effects in 8-year-old boys.  Materials and methods. The study participants were 48 boys aged 8. The experiment was performed using a 22 factorial design. The study implemented the first variant of the combined method for developing arm and shoulder muscles (station І), strength of abdominal muscles (station ІІ), strength of back muscles (station ІІІ), and strength of leg muscles (station IV). The study materials were processed using the IBM SPSS 22 statistical analysis program. Discriminant analysis was performed. The study examined the impact of four variants of strength load on the immediate training effect (ITE1) after performing exercises at four stations, the immediate training effect (ITE2) after training, and the delayed training effect (DTE) 24 hours after training.  Results. The findings indicate that each of the variants of strength load can be effectively used depending on educational objectives of both one or a series of physical education lessons, and also show that the ITE and DTE of strength training depend on the initial level of fitness and the total amount of strength training in a physical education lesson.  Conclusions. The findings point to the possibility of using a discriminant function to assess and predict the development of strength in 8-year-old boys. The study confirmed the effectiveness of using factorial designs to obtain objective data on the dynamics of training effects in primary school pupils.

Strength abilities: pattern recognition method in the management of the cumulative effect of strength loads in 8-year-old boys

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 253-260
Author(s):  
Olha Ivashchenko ◽  
Oleg Khudolii ◽  
Wladyslaw Jagiello
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Strength Training ◽  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
Training Effect ◽  
Pattern Recognition Method ◽  
Recognition Method ◽  
The Third ◽  
Strength Exercises ◽  
The Impact

Background and Study Aim. The purpose of the study was to determine the peculiarities of using pattern recognition method in the management of the cumulative effect of strength loads in 8-year-old boys. Materials and methods. The study participants were 48 boys aged 8. The experiment was conducted using a 22 factorial design. The study materials were processed by the IBM SPSS 22 statistical analysis program. Discriminant analysis was performed. The study examined the impact of four variants of strength load on the formation of the cumulative training effect of three, six, nine, and twelve classes in 8-year-old boys. Results. The discriminant analysis provided information about the impact of four orthogonal variants of strength loads on the formation of the cumulative training effect of strength exercises of three, six, nine, and twelve classes in 8-year-old boys. The obtained data make it possible to choose a load mode at each step of the CTE formation and to manage schoolchildren’s strength training. Conclusions. The verification of the obtained discriminant functions shows their high discriminative ability and value in interpretation with respect to the general population (p < 0.05). It was found that the formation of the CTE of three classes is most influenced by the third load variant, six classes – by the third load variant, nine classes – the third load variant, twelve classes – the first load variant. The discriminant function structure coefficients made it possible to identify the factor structure of the CTE of 3, 6, 9, 12 classes, to find that the CTE3, CTE6 are associated with the work at the first place “Exercises to strengthen arm muscles”, the CTE9, CTE12 – with the work at the third (“Exercises to strengthen back muscles”) and the fourth (“Exercises to strengthen leg muscles”) places. The CTE of three, six, nine, and twelve classes depends on the modes of strength exercises and has different focuses. The CTE3 – speed and strength focus; CTE6, 9 – comprehensive focus; CTE12 – explosive-strength focus. The obtained values of centroids for the CTE of 3, 6, 9, 12 classes enable the management of schoolchildren’s strength training.

scholarly journals Strength Abilities: Features of Their Development in Girls of Middle School Age

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Yu. Veremeenko
Keyword(s):  
Middle School ◽  
School Age ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Back Muscles ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Study Materials ◽  
Leg Muscles ◽  
Shoulder Muscles ◽  
8Th Grade ◽  
Student’S T

The study objective is to determine the dynamics of strength preparedness of middle school girls. Materials and methods. The participants in the study were 6th grade girls (n=20), 7th grade girls (n = 27), 8th grade girls (n = 30). The study used analysis and collation of scientific and methodological literature, pedagogical testing and methods of mathematical statistics for processing research results. The IBM SPSS 23 statistical analysis software was used to process the study materials. The study calculated the following parameters: arithmetic mean of the value (X); standard square deviation (s), mean difference. The probability of difference in statistical indicators was estimated using the Student’s t-test. Results. The analysis of the test results of the 6th-7th grade girls showed statistically significant differences in the set of tests (p<0.05). For the 7th grade girls, the largest increase was observed in the strength indicators of shoulder muscles, abdominal and back muscles, strength indurance of leg muscles. For the 6th-8th grade girls, statistically significant differences were observed in the strength and strength endurance indicators of shoulder muscles, abdominal and back muscles, leg muscles, speed qualities (p<0.05). The study did not observe any statistically significant differences in the set of tests (p>0.05) for the 7th-8th grade girls, there was only an increase in the strength endurance indicators of leg and back muscles. Statistically significant differences were observed in the frequency of arm movements test (p<0.001). Conclusions. The girls of middle school age demonstrate a positive dynamics in the development of motor preparedness. The largest increase is observed in the strength and strength endurance indicators of shoulder, abdominal, back, and leg muscles.

scholarly journals Strength Abilities: Programming for Strength and Strength Endurance Development in Middle-School-Aged Girls

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 180-193
Author(s):  
V. Yu. Veremeenko
Keyword(s):  
Middle School ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Circuit Training ◽  
Back Muscles ◽  
Combined Training ◽  
Leg Muscles ◽  
Training Cycle ◽  
Shoulder Muscles ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Experimental Group

The study purpose is to develop a technology of programming for strength and strength endurance development in middle-school-aged girls in a 2-week training cycle. Materials and methods. The study participants were 6thgrade girls (n=20), 7thgrade girls (n=27), 8thgrade girls (n=30). The paper used analysis and generalization of data of scientific and methodological literature, pedagogical testing and methods of mathematical statistics for processing research results. The study materials were processed by the IBM SPSS 23 statistical analysis software. The following parameters were calculated: arithmetic mean (X); standard deviation (s). The probability of difference in statistical indicators was estimated using the Student's t-test. Results. The analysis of the study results showed that after 1-3 circuit training classes, the girls in the experimental group demonstrate a statistically significant, but slight improvement of results in the set of tests (p<0.05). After 1-3 classes of combined training, the experimental group girls show a statistically significant improvement in the results of strength and strength endurance of shoulder muscles, abdominal and back muscles, leg muscles (p<0.05). The comparison between the levels of strength preparedness of the control group girls and experimental group girls after the experiment revealed that the experimental group girls demonstrate statistically significantly better results of strength and strength endurance of shoulder muscles, abdominal and back muscles, leg muscles (p<0.05). Conclusions. When using 1-3 circuit training classes and 1-3 combined training classes in a 2-week training cycle, the middle-school-aged girls show a positive dynamics of strength and strength endurance development of shoulder muscles, abdominal and back muscles, leg muscles. The method of circuit training is effective to develop general and local strength endurance, the dynamics of strength of the local muscle group is strongly influenced by the combined training.

scholarly journals Pattern Recognition: Impact of Exercises Modes on Developing a Small Ball Throwing Skill in Boys Aged 8

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-83
Author(s):  
Sergii Iermakov ◽  
Olha Ivashchenko ◽  
Oleg Khudolii ◽  
Sergii Chernenko ◽  
Viktoriia Veremeenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Prognostic Model ◽  
Rest Interval ◽  
Small Ball ◽  
Study Materials ◽  
Group 12 ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Statistical Analysis Software

The purpose of the study was to determine the impact of exercises modes on developing a small ball throwing skill in boys aged 8.  Materials and methods. The study participants were 21 boys aged 8, who were randomly divided into three groups of 7 people. The children and their parents were fully informed about all the features of the study and gave their consent to participate in the experiment. The study examined the influence of the number of repetitions on the effectiveness of teaching boys aged 8 throwing a small ball at a target. A pedagogical experiment examined the influence of 6, 12, and 18 repetitions with a 60-second rest interval on the increase in the level of proficiency in exercises of boys aged 8. In the first group, the boys repeated the task 6 times with a rest interval of 60 s, in the second group – 12 times with a rest interval of 60 s, in the third group 18 times with a rest interval of 60 s. When teaching throwing exercises during the class, the study evaluated the level of proficiency by the alternative method (“performed”, “failed”) and calculated the probability of exercise performance (p = n/m, where n is the number of successful attempts, m is the total number of attempts).  In teaching boys aged 8, the method of algorithmic instructions was used. The next exercise started after three successful attempts. Throwing a ball at a vertical target was taught. The study materials were processed by the IBM SPSS 20 statistical analysis software. During discriminant analysis, a prognostic model for group membership was created.  Results. Discriminant analysis made it possible to determine the impact of the number of repetitions on the effectiveness of developing the skills of throwing a small ball at a target; answer the question as to how significantly the modes of repetitions differ by the effectiveness of motor skills development, what class the object belongs to based on the values of discriminant variables. Conclusions. Based on the analysis of group centroids, it was found that in boys aged 8, six repetitions of the exercise (6 sets one time with a rest interval of 60 s) significantly influence the increase in the level of proficiency in exercises during physical education lessons. The results of group classification show that 85.7% of the original grouped observations were classified correctly. 

scholarly journals Pattern Recognition: Effectiveness of Teaching Girls Aged 14 the Cartwheel Authors

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 140-145
Author(s):  
Inna Kalistratova ◽  
Oleg Khudolii
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Physical Education ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Rest Interval ◽  
The Third ◽  
Second Mode ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
The Impact

Purpose. To determine the impact of exercise modes on the effectiveness of teaching girls aged 14 the cartwheel. Materials and methods. The study participants were 20 girls aged 14. The children and their parents were fully informed about all the features of the study and gave their consent to participate in the experiment. To solve the tasks set, the following research methods were used: study and analysis of scientific and methodological literature; pedagogical observation, timing of training tasks; pedagogical experiment, methods of mathematical statistics, discriminant analysis. Results. The study found that statistically significant differences in the number of repetitions were observed in performing all series of training tasks, except the third one (p < 0.05). The girls aged 14 who used the first mode (6 sets 1 time each with a rest interval of 60 s) needed fewer repetitions to master the movements of the first, second, fourth, fifth, and sixth series of tasks (p < 0.05). The girls aged 14 who used the second mode (6 sets 2 times each with a rest interval of 60 s) needed fewer repetitions to master the movements of the third series of tasks (p < 0.05). Conclusions. Discriminant analysis made it possible to determine the impact of the number of repetitions on the effectiveness of developing the cartwheel skill in girls aged 14. Based on the analysis of group centroids, it was found that exercise modes significantly influence the cartwheel skill development in girls aged 14 during physical education classes. The results of classification of the groups show that 100.0 % of the original grouped cases were classified correctly.

scholarly journals Discriminant Analysis: Impact of the Number of Repetitions on the Effectiveness of Teaching Boys Aged 7 Throwing a Small Ball

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-81
Author(s):  
Sergii Iermakov ◽  
Oleg Khudolii ◽  
Denys Chupikhin
Keyword(s):  
Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Prognostic Model ◽  
Rest Interval ◽  
Small Ball ◽  
Study Materials ◽  
Group 12 ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Statistical Analysis Software

The aim of the study was to determine the impact of the number of repetitions on the effectiveness of teaching boys aged 7 throwing a small ball. Materials and methods. The study participants were 27 boys aged 7, who were randomly divided into three groups of 9 people each. The children and their parents were informed about all the features of the study and gave their consent to participate in the experiment. The study examined the impact of the number of repetitions on the effectiveness of teaching boys aged 7 throwing a small ball at a target. A pedagogical experiment studied the impact of 6, 12, and 18 repetitions with a 60-second rest interval on the increase in the level of proficiency in exercises of boys aged 7. In the first group, the boys repeated the task 6 times with a rest interval of 60 s, in the second group – 12 times with a rest interval of 60 s, in the third group 18 times with a rest interval of 60 s. When teaching throwing exercises during the class, the study assessed the level of proficiency by the alternative method (“performed”, “failed”) and calculated the probability of exercise performance (p = n/m, where n is the number of successful attempts, m is the total number of attempts). In teaching boys aged 7, the method of algorithmic instructions was used. The next exercise started after three successful attempts. Throwing a ball at a vertical target was taught. The study materials were processed by the IBM SPSS 20 statistical analysis software. During discriminant analysis, a prognostic model for group membership was created. Results. Discriminant analysis made it possible to determine the impact of the number of repetitions on the effectiveness of developing the skills of throwing a small ball at a target; to answer the question as to how significantly the modes of repetition differ by the effectiveness of motor skills development, to which class the object belongs based on the values of discriminant variables. Conclusions. Based on the analysis of group centroids, it was found that 12 repetitions of the exercise (6 sets 2 time each with a rest interval of 60 s) significantly influence the increase in the level of proficiency in physical education classes. The results of group classification show that 94.4% of the original grouped observations were classified correctly.

scholarly journals Strength Abilities: Dynamics of Training Effect of Strength Exercises in Girls Aged 9

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 200-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. V. Ivashchenko ◽  
Yu. M. Nosko ◽  
V. S. Ferents
Keyword(s):  
Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Abdominal Muscle ◽  
Training Effect ◽  
Strength Development ◽  
Combined Method ◽  
Training Effects ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Back Muscle Strength ◽  
Strength Exercises

The study objective is to determine the influence of the combined method of strength development on the dynamics of training effect in girls aged 9 years. Materials and methods. The study involved 15 girls aged 9. The experiment was conducted according to the plan shown in Table 1. The study implemented the first variant of the combined method for developing arm and shoulder muscles (place I), abdominal muscle strength (place II), back muscle strength (place III), and leg muscle strength (place IV). The study materials were processed by the statistical analysis software – IBM SPSS 22. Discriminant analysis was performed. Results. The discriminant analysis indicates statistically significant changes in the training effect of strength exercises (places І–ІV, р < 0.001). The immediate and delayed training effect of strength exercises depends on the total amount of strength exercises in a physical education lesson. Thus, changes after training at each place of strength development are amplified by the subsequent exercises at other places, the differences between the testing indicators are statistically significant (p = 0.001). Conclusion. The study determined a positive training effect of strength exercises when using the combined method of strength development in the following modes: dynamic effort method – 3 repetitions, 30-s rest; maximum effort method – 1 repetition, 30-s rest; isometric effort method – 3 repetitions, 30-s rest; repeated effort method – 6 repetitions, 30-s rest. In strength load response, there are an immediate and delayed training effects. Thus it can be argued that it is possible to classify training effects by the presented battery of tests based on discriminant analysis.

scholarly journals Motor Abilities: Methods of Strength and Strength Endurance Development in Middle-School-Aged Boys

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Yu. Veremeenko
Keyword(s):  
Middle School ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Circuit Training ◽  
Back Muscles ◽  
Combined Training ◽  
Leg Muscles ◽  
Shoulder Muscles ◽  
Local Strength ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Experimental Group

The study purpose is to develop methods for strength and strength endurance development in middle-school-aged boys in a two-week physical training cycle. Materials and methods. The study participants were 6th grade boys (n = 36), 7th grade boys (n = 36), 8th grade boys (n = 33). The paper used analysis and generalization of data of scientific and methodological literature, pedagogical testing, and methods of mathematical statistics for processing research results. The study materials were processed by the IBM SPSS 23 statistical analysis software. The following parameters were calculated: arithmetic mean (X); standard deviation (s). The probability of difference in statistical indicators was estimated using the Student’s t-test. Results. The analysis of the study results indicates that after using the method of circuit training (1–3 classes), the experimental group boys show a statistically significant improvement of results in the set of tests (p < 0.05). The largest increase was observed in the indicators of strength endurance of shoulder flexors, abdominal and back muscles, and static endurance of leg muscles. After using a combined method (4–6 classes), the experimental group boys show a statistically significant improvement of the results of strength and strength endurance of shoulder muscles, abdominal and back muscles, leg muscles (p < 0.05). The comparison between the levels of strength preparedness of the control group boys and experimental group boys after the experiment revealed that the experimental group boys show statistically significantly better results of strength and strength endurance of shoulder muscles, abdominal and back muscles, leg muscles (p < 0.05). Conclusions. The methods of strength and endurance development that includes circuit training (1–3 classes) and combined training (4–6 classes) have a positive effect on the dynamics of indicators of strength and strength endurance of shoulder muscles, abdominal and back muscles, leg muscles of the middle-school-aged boys. The method of circuit training is effective to develop general and local strength endurance, the dynamics of strength of the local muscle group is strongly influenced by the method of combined training.

scholarly journals STRENGTH ABILITIES IN SPORTS SWIMMING A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

2021 ◽  
pp. 22-41
Author(s):  
Jarosław Nadobnik ◽  
Aleksander Wiażewicz
Keyword(s):  
Strength Training ◽  
Shoulder Girdle ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Muscle Properties ◽  
Search Terms ◽  
Shoulder Muscles ◽  
Shoulder Girdle Muscles ◽  
Increased Strength ◽  
Arm Strength ◽  
The Impact

Strength training is an important part of the preparation of competitive athletes. The subject of interest of the scientists connected of sports swimming was the level of strength ability of the competitors practising this sport and the influence of this ability on the final sports result. The purpose of this review is to describe and consider the impact of strength training of the shoulder muscles in sports swimming. A literature review was conducted in Embase, Medline PubMed, DOAJ, EBSCO and Google databases. Basic search terms are: training in sports swimming, strength tests, evaluation of muscle properties, rotation of the arm, strength measurement methods. Results: 235 results were found and 148 professional publications were selected and analysed. A thorough review of scientific publications indicates that strength parameters of the shoulder girdle muscles played a very important role on the sports performance of swimmers. The programmes combining swim training with 'on land' strength improvement or electrical stimulation are more effective than swim training alone. Significant fatigue of the rotator muscles can impair shoulder stability and result in injury. Increased strength in the internal rotation movement may result pathological conditions of the shoulder.

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