Assessing Storage Insect Pest infestations and Faecal dropping of Rodent in Stored Grains from two districts of Southwestern Ethiopia

This study was designed to assess the occurrence of major insects and rodent pest infestations in stored grain from two districts of Southwestern Ethiopia. Omo Nada and Bako Tibe districts were purposively selected because they are potential maize and sorghum growing regions with high postharvest losses. A total of 160 farmers’ stores from both the districts were randomly selected. The grain samples used in the present study were stored for five different time periods, ranging from 1 to 5 months and from the same farmers’ stores, to identify storage insect pest, determine grain weight loss and insect damage. The results showed that the dominant insect species in maize and sorghum grains were weevils (Sitophilus spp.) followed by the Angoumois gelechiid (Sitotroga cerealella Olivier) and flour beetles (Tribolium spp.). High number of insects were recorded from both plastered and un-plastered gombisa and polypropylene bags. Additionally, the amount of every insect pest in each storage container recorded per 100 g grain increased because the duration of grain storage increased. There have been 0.33-1.29g and 0.44-1g of rodent droppings per 100g sample of maize and sorghum grains, respectively. This showed that faecal dropping per 100 g grain increased along with increase in storage period. Grain damage showed significant (P<0.05) differences over the storage periods across the studied districts. A similar trend was observed for weight loss in each of the grains all districts. These results indicated that farmers are incurring a substantial grain loss to insects and rodent pests. Hence, there is an urgent need to devise appropriate tactics for protecting the losses in farm-stored maize and sorghum in Ethiopia.

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Assessing Storage Insect Pests and Faecal dropping of Rodent in Stored Grains in two districts of Southwestern Ethiopia

10.21203/rs.3.rs-670493/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Marid Tadesse ◽

Md Jamshed Ali

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Insect Pests ◽

Insect Pest ◽

Stored Grain ◽

Storage Container ◽

Southwestern Ethiopia ◽

Flour Beetles ◽

Grain Damage ◽

Sorghum Grain ◽

Western Ethiopia

Abstract This study was designed to assess major insects and occurrence of rodent infestation in stored grain in two districts of south western Ethiopia. Omo Neda and Bako Tibe districts were purposively selected supported their potential growing of maize and sorghum grain, and high postharvest losses in these selected areas. A total of 160 farmers’ stores from both districts were randomly selected. The grain samples used in the present study were stored for 5 different time periods, ranging from 1 to 5 months and from the same farmers’ stores, to identify storage insect pest and to determine grain weight loss and insect damage. The results showed that the dominant insect species in maize and sorghum grains were weevils (Sitophilus spp.) followed by the Angoumois gelechiid (Sitotroga cerealella Olivier) and flour beetles (Tribolium spp.). High numbers of insects were recorded from both plastered and un-plastered gombisa and polypropylene bags. Additionally, the amount of every insect pest in each storage container recorded per 100 g grain increased because the duration of grain storage increased. There have been 0.33–1.29 and 0.44-1g droppings per 100-g sample of maize and sorghum grain, respectively. Grain damage showed significant differences over the storage periods across the study districts. A similar trend was observed for weight loss for each of the grains in all districts. These results indicated that farmers are incurring a substantial grain loss to insects and rodent pests. Hence, there is an urgent need to devise appropriate tactics for protecting the losses in farm-stored maize and sorghum in Ethiopia.

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Assessing Storage Insect Pests and Faecal dropping of Rodent in Stored Grains in two districts of Southwestern Ethiopia

10.21203/rs.3.rs-670493/v2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Marid Tadesse ◽

Md Jamshed Ali

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Insect Pests ◽

Insect Pest ◽

Stored Grain ◽

Storage Container ◽

Southwestern Ethiopia ◽

Flour Beetles ◽

Grain Damage ◽

Sorghum Grain ◽

Western Ethiopia

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Reproductive performance of the larger grain borer Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) on three different food hosts

Nigeria Journal of Entomology ◽

10.36108/nje/9102/53.01.30 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 35 (1) ◽

pp. 19-30

Author(s):

B.T Sadiku ◽

K.A Kemabonta ◽

W.A Makanjuola

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Reproductive Performance ◽

Wood Species ◽

Smallholder Farmers ◽

Insect Pest ◽

Control Measures ◽

Prostephanus Truncatus ◽

Larger Grain Borer ◽

Grain Damage ◽

Cassava Varieties

The reproductive performance, damage and weight loss of the Larger Grain Borer (LGB), Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) on three food hosts namely cassava (TMS 30572, TME 419 and TMS98/0505), maize (SUWAN-1-SR-Y, BR 9943-DMR-SR and 2009 TZEWDT STR) and wood (Albizia glaberrima, Gmelina arborea and Tectona grandis) were investigated. Samples of 100g of the food host were weighed in four replicates into 250ml Kilner® jar and infested with 10 pairs of 1-5 day old LGB. The developmental period of LGB on each of the food host was noted and recorded. Similarly, weight loss and weight of damaged grains was determined as basis for determining the susceptibility of the food hosts to LGB infestation. Proximate composition of infested and un- infested food hosts of LGB were determined following the analytical procedures. Maize was the most preferred host, followed by cassava as indicated by the high number of adult LGB and grain damage recorded on them. The development of LGB was completed on all maize and cassava varieties but not on any of the wood species examined. Percent damage, weight loss, and percent dust were significantly (P<0.05) different among the food hosts. The mean percent damage (79.0), percent weight loss (57.0) and percent dust (25.0) recorded in cassava variety-TMS30572 was significantly (p<0.05) higher than on other food hosts. No weight loss was recorded on T. grandis. This study revealed the ability of P. truncatus to breed and feed on the maize and cassava varieties with no evidence of breeding on the three wood species. Carbohydrate contents were higher in the most preferred food host, maize (70.91) and less preferred food, cassava (82.02) than non-preferred wood species (13.56), indicating that carbohydrate was an essential component in most preferred food. Infestation of LGB caused significant reduction (P<0.05) in the nutritional component of the food hosts. This study showed that LGB still remains an economically important insect pest of maize and cassava. Considering the importance of these two crops to the livelihood of smallholder farmers, appropriate monitoring and control measures should therefore be put in place to safe guard maize and cassava from the ravages of this pest for the attendant enhancement of food security in Nigeria.

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Evaluation of Purdue Improved Crop Storage Triple Layer Hermetic Storage Bag against Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) and Sitophilus zeamais (Motsch.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Insects ◽

10.3390/insects10070204 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 204 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Kimondo Mutambuki ◽

Hippolyte Affognon ◽

Paddy Likhayo ◽

Dieudonne Baributsa

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Insect Pests ◽

Prostephanus Truncatus ◽

Stored Grain ◽

Maize Weevil ◽

Oxygen Levels ◽

Triple Layer ◽

Grain Damage ◽

Maize Grain ◽

Jute Bags

Hermetic technologies are being promoted in Africa as safer and more effective methods of grain storage on smallholder farms. However, farmers and policy makers lack knowledge of their efficacy in controlling major stored grain pests. An on-station study was conducted to evaluate the triple layer Purdue Improved Crop Storage (PICS) airtight bags against two major storage insect pests. Two sets each of PICS, jute and polypropylene bags were filled with 50 kg maize grain per bag. Each set was replicated four times. One set of PICS bags was each infested with 50 insects each of the larger grain borer P. truncatus and the maize weevil S. zeamais; while the other set was not. One set of jute and polypropylene woven bags was treated with a cocktail of 1.6% Pirimiphos methyl and 0.3% Permethrin, serving as positive controls; while the remaining sets with untreated maize grain formed negative controls. Gas analysis in the PICS bags followed the expected trend with oxygen levels falling sharply below 10% and carbon dioxide increasing to almost 10% after 12 weeks hence resulting in insect death. After 16 weeks, increase in oxygen levels may be attributed to perforation of the bags from outside by the P. truncatus. Results showed that PICS bags were significantly (P < 0.05) superior to treated and untreated controls of polypropylene and jute bags in suppressing insect development, maize grain damage and weight loss during storage. Weight loss in polypropylene and jute bags reached 40% and 41%, respectively, at 24 weeks after storage compared to PICS (2.4–2.9%). These results demonstrate that PICS bags can be used to store maize against P. truncatus and S. zeamais attack.

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Measuring the nutritional cost of insect infestation of stored maize and cowpea

Food Security ◽

10.1007/s12571-019-00997-w ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 285-308 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Tanya E. Stathers ◽

Sarah E. J. Arnold ◽

Corinne J. Rumney ◽

Clare Hopson

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Callosobruchus Maculatus ◽

Insect Pests ◽

Storage Period ◽

Nutritional Composition ◽

Prostephanus Truncatus ◽

Insect Infestation ◽

Protein Loss ◽

Stored Grain ◽

Iron And Zinc

AbstractOur understanding and prevention of postharvest losses are critical if we are to feed a growing global population. Insect infestation-related losses of stored commodities are typically considered only in terms of quantitative, physical weight loss. Insect infestation affects the nutritional value and some nutritional components are impacted more severely than others. We infested maize and cowpea grain with commonly occurring stored product insect pests, and mapped infestation levels against nutritional composition over a 4-to-6 month storage period to analyse how insect infestation relates to different macro- and micro-nutrient contents. Insect infestation decreased the carbohydrate content of the stored grains, causing a relative increase in the proportion of protein and fibre in the remaining grain, and moisture content also increased. Sitophilus zeamais preferentially fed in the floury endosperm of maize, resulting in more carbohydrate loss relative to protein loss. Conversely, Prostephanus truncatus consumed the germ and endosperm, disproportionately reducing the fat, protein, iron and zinc grain contents. Nutrients are distributed more homogenously within cowpea than in maize grains, but Callosobruchus maculatus infestation increased the relative protein, fat, iron and zinc to carbohydrate ratios. This indicates how the nutrient content of insect-infested stored grain depends upon the grain type, the infesting insect, and the infestation level. Insect infestation therefore has consequences for human nutrition beyond those of grain weight loss. Using data collected on the changing nutritional composition of grain over time, with and without insect infestation, we modelled the associations between infestation and nutritional quality to predict estimated nutritional losses that could be associated with consumption of insect-infested stored maize and cowpea.

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Assessment of Insecticidal Potency of Eggshell Powder Against Maize Weevil

African Journal of Agriculture and Food Science ◽

10.52589/ajafs-s2ekifzu ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 41-50

Author(s):

Olagunju O.D. ◽

Rahman M.O. ◽

Okparavero N.F. ◽

Abah I.A. ◽

Odutola B.S. ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Total Coliform ◽

Positive Control ◽

Ambient Condition ◽

Maize Weevil ◽

Synthetic Chemicals ◽

Grain Damage ◽

Chicken Eggshell ◽

The Mean ◽

Negative Controls

Efficacy of chicken eggshell powder at concentrations 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g /100 g maize, for control of Sitophilus zeamais, were compared with permethrin at dosage rate of 0.167g / 100 g of yellow maize. Experiments were conducted at Biotechnology laboratory (NSPRI), Ilorin under ambient condition (26±3oC 65±5% RH). Mortality of S. zeamais increased with increasing dosages of the CESP as well as with days of exposure. CESP at 2.0g gives 96.67% mortality which is not significantly different from the positive control. The mean progeny emergence (0.00%), weight loss (1.11%), and percentage grain damage (19.68%) by S. zeamais was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) decreased with increased dosage of CESP. However, CESP did not significantly affect seed germination. Total coliform count at 2.0 g (2.48 x 102) was significantly different from both positive and negative controls at p<0.05 Therefore, CESP can serve as a good maize protectant which can be used as substitute for synthetic chemicals.

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Detection, causes and consequences of convection currents in bulk-stored grain.

Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.18174/njas.v38i2.16604 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 38 (2) ◽

pp. 195-199

Author(s):

C.B.S. Uiso ◽

M.C. Gough ◽

C.J. Stigter

Keyword(s):

Field Experiments ◽

Field Trials ◽

Laboratory Simulation ◽

Stored Grain ◽

Tracer Gas ◽

Air Convection ◽

Grain Damage ◽

Theoretical Predictions ◽

Grain Bulk ◽

Good Agreement

A simple theoretical model was derived to predict velocities of intergranular cyclic air convection currents in bulk stored grain for a given temp. difference between outer and inner vertical regions of the bulk. Using a tracer gas, the measured airflow in a laboratory simulation was found to be in good agreement with theoretical predictions for differences in the range 17-25 degrees C. In tropical field trials in a metal silo, weather-induced intergranular air convection was detected and quantified in practical bulk storage. Significant m.c. increases, proven here to be due to convective air transported moisture, were observed in the top of the grain bulk in laboratory and field experiments. In both cases, troublesome head space condensation occurred. A new way of reducing observed grain damage due to moisture is proposed and the scope for future academic work indicated. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

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Synergetic effects of two botanical entomocides as pest-protectants in maize grains

Journal of Biological Research - Bollettino della Società Italiana di Biologia Sperimentale ◽

10.4081/jbr.2016.5917 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 89 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kayode David Ileke ◽

Jacobs Mobolade Adesina ◽

Emmanuel Oluwaseun Obajulaye

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Adult Emergence ◽

Adult Mortality ◽

Post Treatment ◽

Sitophilus Zeamais ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Plant Products ◽

Post Harvest ◽

Synergetic Effects ◽

Grain Damage

Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky infestation causes severe post-harvest losses of cereal grains in Nigeria leading to major nutritional and economic losses. A laboratory study was conducted to determine the efficacy of Myrcianthes fragrans and Aframomum melegueta seed powders and methanol extract as well as their synergetic effects on S. zeamais. The ability of the plant products to protect maize grain against S. zeamais infestation was assessed in terms of mortality 24 to 96 h posttreatment, oviposition, and adult emergence, weight loss and grains damage. M. fragrans and A. melegueta products significantly cause adult mortality of S. zeamais. M. fragrans products were the most toxic as it evoked 100% adult mortality within 24 h of application while A. melegueta products evoked 100% mortality of S. zeamais at 48 and 72 h post treatment, respectively. The synergetic effects of the plant products caused 100% adult mortality at 48 and 72 h post-treatment, respectively. Oviposition, adult emergence, weight loss and damage of the maize grains treated with the plant products were completely inhibited compared with untreated grains. The results obtained revealed that 2 g and 2% sole application of M. fragrans and mixed application of M. fragrans and A. melegueta products were effective in controlling Sitophilus zeamais post-harvest infestation and grain damage and could serve as an alternative to synthetic insecticide in ensuring steady supply of maize grains, thus ensuring food security as the plants are of medicinal and nutritional quality.

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Effect of Storage Methods and Period on the Physiological and Nutrient Components of Livingstone Potato (Plectranthus esculentus) in Abia State, Nigeria

Open Agriculture ◽

10.1515/opag-2017-0022 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Chinelo Vanessa Ezeocha ◽

Adanma G. Ironkwe

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Rice Husk ◽

Storage Period ◽

Wood Ash ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Dry Matter Content ◽

River Sand ◽

Wood Shavings ◽

Storage Methods ◽

Starch Yield

AbstractLivingstone potato production in Nigeria is faced with the challenge of high postharvest losses. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of some storage methods on the physiological and nutritional quality of livingstone potato. Potatoes were separated and stored using eight different methods: potatoes stored in3x3x3 ft pits and covered with sand under the shade (T1), potatoes stored in3x3x3 ft pits and covered with ash under the shade (T2), potatoes stored in3x3x3 ft pits and covered with rice husk under the shade (T3), potatoes stored in3x3x3 ft pits and covered with a wood shavings under the shade (T4), potatoes spread on a bamboo platform under the shade(T5), potatoes spread on a raffia palm platform under the shade(T6), potatoes spread on concrete pavement inside the barn (T7), potatoes spread on the ground under the shade(T8), potatoes buried under the ground (T9). T8 was used as the control treatment. Temperature and relative humidity of the environment was monitored, the roots were weighed monthly to access the weight loss, sprouting and rot were observed visually and proximate composition of the stored roots were evaluated using standard methods. The lowest percentage weight loss was observed in samples stored in a pit covered with wood ash and those covered with river sand. Samples stored in pits and covered with wood shavings, wood ash and river sand had the lowest percentage of sprouting (1.63%, 3.45% and 6.06% respectively). The dry matter content increased with storage period in all the storage methods. The starch yield varied in the different storage methods with the samplescovered with river sand (13.45%) and the samples buried underground in the field(10.53%) giving the highest starch yield at the end of the storage period. Samples stored under rice husk had the highest ash content (4.77%) while the crude fibre and crude protein contents were highest in the samples spread on raffia palm. The results showed that spreading on the floor or on top of pavements are not good storage methods for living stone potato, however, storage in pits with alternate layers of river sand, wood ash and wood shavings are the best storage methods for livingstone potato.

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Relative susceptibility of 20 elite maize varieties to infestation and damage by the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

International Journal of Tropical Insect Science ◽

10.1017/s1742758415000193 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 35 (04) ◽

pp. 185-192 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

L.C. Nwosu ◽

C.O. Adedire ◽

E.O. Ogunwolu ◽

M.O. Ashamo

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Agricultural Research ◽

Sitophilus Zeamais ◽

Prolonged Storage ◽

International Institute ◽

Maize Weevil ◽

Storage Duration ◽

Resistant Varieties ◽

Grain Damage ◽

Maize Varieties

Susceptibility studies keep farmers informed, and enhance breeding programmes' testing against infestation and damage by stored product pests. Therefore, the susceptibility of 20 elite maize varieties toSitophilus zeamaisinfestation was investigated in the laboratory at 32.7 °C ambient temperature and 70.4% relative humidity. The varieties tested were obtained from the Maize Breeding Units of International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), and Institute of Agricultural Research and Training (IAR&T), both in Ibadan, Nigeria. Susceptibility was assessed, using as indices, weevil mortality and survival rates, percentage grain damage, percentage grain weight loss, weight of grain powder, weevil development time, and number of emerged adults. The susceptibility index was determined post-infestation at 56 days using Dobie's formula and at 90 days from a new formula derived from Dobie's formula. Susceptible varieties produced significantly (P≤ 0.05) high numbers of F1and F2progeny, and had significantly (P≤ 0.05) low weevil mortality and early first weevil emergence. Grain damage and loss increased with storage duration. There was no visible damage to varieties 2000SYNEE-WSTR and TZBRELD3C5 at 56 days post-infestation. At 90 days, the two varieties had the lowest percentage grain damage, percentage weight loss, and weight of grain powder. The index of susceptibility at F2progeny showed that the resistant varieties decreased in number from 17 (85%) to 13 (65%) and the moderately resistant varieties increased from 2 (10%) to 6 (30%). This suggests the effect of prolonged storage duration on the inherent ability of varieties to resist weevil attack. Variety PVASYN3F2 was susceptible. The factors conferring high resistance to 2000SYNEE-WSTR and TZBRELD3C5 should be investigated. They should be promoted to controlS. zeamaisinfestation and damage in stored maize.

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