Characteristics of avocado (Persea americana) and kluwih (Artocarpus camansi) seeds starch with different extraction methods

Seed from avocado (Persea Americana) and kluwih (Artocarpus camansi) fruit are waste and by product from processing fruit. Due to the high starch content from both seeds, there are many extractions process have been applied. The immersed raw material in sodium metabisulfite solution affected to starch properties. The purpose of this study is to characterize of starch extracted with and without immersed in sodium metabisulfite solution. The results showed that the starch yield by immersed in alkaline solution was 21.6% for avocado seed starch and 24.4% for kluwih seed starch, while yield without immersed in sodium metabisulfite solution was 17.5% and 18,2% for avocado seed starch and kluwih seed starch, respectively. The starch content with sodium metabisulfite immersion process of avocado seed and kuwih seed were 79.26% and 72.62%, respectively. Meanwhile without the immersion process resulted starch of 75.13 and 67.30%, in avocado seed starch and kluwih seed starch, respectively. Furthermore, XRD and FTIR analysis were also carried out on starch to see the crystallinity character and functional groups contained in the extracted starch.

Application of crude pectolytic enzymes from Saccaharomyces cerevisiae (ATCC 52,712) to starch extraction in Ghana: effects of enzyme technology on pasting characteristics in different cassava varieties

Previous work on enzyme application to starch extraction enhanced yield and starch recovery rates as well as modified some physicochemical properties of starches for potential alternative application to industry. The response of the technology, however, showed some sensitivity to variety. The knowledge gap therefore was to establish whether such physicochemical responses (by the technology) to variety affects the pasting parameters of the starches extracted. The pasting parameters of starches extracted from four different cassava varieties (‘Nkabom’, ‘Afisiafi’, ‘Bankyehemaa’ and ‘Esambankye’), with the aid of crude pectolytic enzymes from the Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ATCC 52,712), were investigated. Although a general response pattern was observed for most of the pasting parameters measured, which includes general enhancements (P < 0.05) in starch gelatinization viscosity, with improvements in gelatinization time and temperature and peak viscosities in most of the varieties, there were significant differences (P < 0.05) in their respective peak time and temperature requirements for the attainment of peak viscosity. Values for the breakdown viscosity were also generally increased (P < 0.05). The technology also increased values for setback viscosity in both the ‘Nkabom’ and ‘Bankyehemaa’ varieties but reduced setback values in the ‘Afisiafi’ and ‘Esambankye’ varieties. As pasting properties are one of the most important characteristics of starch that determine its overall utility, knowledge from this study should inform how adoption of the technology would help diversify the various cassava varieties for appropriate domestic and industrial applications while harnessing its benefits of improved starch yield.

Biofilms Production from Avocado Waste

Objective: To obtain biofilms from starch and cellulose present in the avocado (Persea americana) peel and seed. Materials and methods: The starch characterization included humidity, gelatinization temperature, paste clarity, absorption index, solubility index, swelling power, amylose, amylopectin, amount, and starch yield. Five mixtures were made with 3 g of starch, 5 mL of 30 % NaOH (w/v), 3 g of cellulose, and different proportions for glycerin: 2 g; 2.5 g; 3 g; 3.5 g; 4 g, and PVA: 2 g, 3 g, 4 g, 5 g, and 6 g. Films were formed on acrylic plates, using the casting method. The bioplastic was characterized in terms of moisture, solubility in water, density, thickness, biodegradability, stress, deformation, and modulus of elasticity. Results and discusión: The addition of cellulose to the mixture does not contribute to film formation, unlike PVA which did. The film had the best physical appearance with a mixture of 2 g of glycerin and 6 g of PVA. The bioplastic characterization was 23.43 % humidity, 39.39 % for water solubility, 1.52 g/cm3 density, 0.58 mm thickness, 21.03 % weight loss for the biodegradability test, 1.53 MPa for tension, 21.25 % deformation, and 10,04 MPa for the modulus of elasticity. Conclusions: The bioplastic obtained did not show the resistance of traditional plastic. However, the results obtained serve as a starting point for the realization of other formulations, aimed at producing a bioplastic capable of competing with its synthetic relatives.

Soluble Starch Synthase Enzymes in Cereals: An Updated Review

Cereal crops have starch in their endosperm, which has provided calories to humans and livestock since the dawn of civilization to the present day. Starch is one of the important biological factors which is contributing to the yield of cereal crops. Starch is synthesized by different enzymes, but starch structure and amount are mainly determined by the activities of starch synthase enzymes (SS) with the involvement of starch branching enzymes (SBEs) and debranching enzymes (DBEs). Six classes of SSs are found in Arabidopsis and are designated as soluble SSI-V, and non-soluble granule bound starch synthase (GBSS). Soluble SSs are important for starch yield considering their role in starch biosynthesis in cereal crops, and the activities of these enzymes determine the structure of starch and the physical properties of starch granules. One of the unique characteristics of starch structure is elongated glucan chains within amylopectin, which is by SSs through interactions with other starch biosynthetic enzymes (SBEs and DBEs). Additionally, soluble SSs also have conserved domains with phosphorylation sites that may be involved in regulating starch metabolism and formation of heteromeric SS complexes. This review presents an overview of soluble SSs in cereal crops and includes their functional and structural characteristics in relation to starch synthesis.

Pengaruh Geometri Gerigi dan Kecepatan Putar Terhadap Kinerja Mesin Parut Sagu Tipe Silinder

Sago rasping machine or sago rasper is the most commonly used in sago processing both for small and large scale. It function is to reduce the size or to disintegrate sago pith into smaller particle. By doing so, the starch contained in the pith can be separated in the subsequent process. The amount of starch resulted depend on the size of rasped pith. The smaller the pith is rasped the higher the starch can be extracted. The purpose of this research was to test the effect of teeth geometrical shape and cylinder rotation speed on performance of sago rasping machine. There are four type of teeth geometrical shape namely cylinder, pyramid, screw, and cube and three levels of cylinder rotation speed they are 1500 rpm, 2000 rpm and 2500 rpm were tested. Results showed that the rasping capacity was affected significantly by the two single factors as well as its interaction of teeth geometrical shape and cylinder rotation speed. Similarly, starch yield and starch losses in waste were significantly affected by teeth geometrical shape. Meanwhile, starch yield and starch losses in waste were not affected significantly by cylinder rotation speed and the interaction of the two factors. The best performance was resulted at the treatment of teeth geometrical shape of screw with the speed of cylinder rotation 2500 rpm. The performances at the treatment were: (a) rasping capacity was 918 kg/h, (b) starch yield was 48%, (wb), (c) starch loss in waste was15.1%.Keywords: cylinder type, rasping performance, sago rasping machine, teeth geometry

Productivity Evaluation of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Cultivated with Different Fertilizers

Cassava is one of the most important socio-economic crops in the world. It is usually cultivated in soils with low fertility and little mechanization, which makes it difficult to increase the crop's productivity and, consequently, economic gains. The aim of this study was to evaluate different types of fertilization (Poultry litter, organomineral fertilizer and rooting) in cassava cultivation in the northwest region of the state of Paraná - Brazil. After 10 months of planting, the variables evaluated were: number of roots, root diameter, root length, shoot height, starch yield and shoot fresh weight. The results were submitted to mean test, principal component analysis and Pearson's R correlation analysis. The results showed that poultry litter presented the best result in practically all the evaluated variables, followed by rooting, which promoted the highest number of roots; in addition, with the exception of the number of roots, all other variables were highly correlated.

The use of a novel silicon-containing agrochemical produced by PhosAgro to potato in the Non‒Chernozem zone of Russia

Оценивали влияние некорневой обработки Si-содержащим агрохимикатом на урожайность и качественные показатели клубней картофеля при выращивании на семенные цели. Опыты закладывали на экспериментальной базе «Коренево» ВНИИКХ им. А.Г. Лорха в Люберецком районе Московской области (поселок Коренево) в 2019–2020 годах. Изучали влияние некорневых обработок кремнийсодержащим агрохимикатом от ФосАгро в возрастающих дозах на продуктивность семенного картофеля сорта Голубизна. Опрыскивание растений препаратом со 100 до 1000 г/га в физическом весе агрохимиката проводили в фазе бутонизации – начала цветения при расходе рабочего раствора 300 л/га. Схема опыта включала восемь вариантов в четырехкратной повторности. Система питания стандартная – N90P90K135. Структуру урожая клубней картофеля определяли, взвешивая фракции с каждой делянки с учетом поперечного диаметра: мелкая фракция – меньше 30 мм; семенная – от 30 до 60 мм; продовольственная – клубни более 60 мм. Опрыскивание растений картофеля кремнийсодержащим агрохимикатом в фазу бутонизации – начала цветения повышает валовую урожайность и товарность семенных клубней, а также увеличивает выход питательно ценных компонентов с гектара. Максимальная валовая урожайность клубней была получена в вариантах с внесением 270–384 г SiO2/га. Прибавка урожайности клубней при этом составила 4,9–8,5 т/га. В свою очередь, для вариантов с дозой 270–384 г SiO2/га были достигнуты наилучшие показатели по выходу крахмала (8,6–8,7 т/га) и витамина С (7,9–8,3 т/га). The effect of non-root treatment with Si-containing agrochemicals on the yield and quality indicators of potato tubers when growing for seed purposes is evaluated. The experiments were laid at the experimental base Korenevo of the Russian Potato Research Center in the Lyubertsy district of the Moscow region (Korenevo village) in 2019–2020. The effect of non-root treatments with silicon-containing agrochemicals from PhosAgro in increasing doses on the productivity of seed potatoes of the Golubizna variety was studied. Spraying of plants with the preparation from 100 to 1000 g/ha in the physical weight of the agrochemical was carried out in the budding phase – the beginning of flowering at the consumption of the working solution of 300 l/ha. The scheme of the experiment included eight variants in a four-fold repetition. The standard power supply system is N90P90K135. The structure of the crop of potato tubers was determined by weighing the fractions from each plot, taking into account the transverse diameter: small fraction – less than 30 mm; seed fraction – from 30 to 60 mm; food-tubers more than 60 mm. Spraying potato plants with silicon-containing agrochemicals during the budding phase – the beginning of flowering increases the gross yield and marketability of seed tubers, as well as increases the yield of nutritionally valuable components per hectare. The maximum gross yield of tubers was obtained in variants with the introduction of 270–384 g of SiO2/ha. The increase in the yield of tubers at the same time amounted to 4.9–8.5 t/ha. In turn, for the variants with a dose of 270–384 g of SiO2/ha, the best starch yield indicators were achieved (8.6–8.7 t/ha) and vitamin C (7.9–8.3 t/ha).

Genome-Wide Approach to Identify Quantitative Trait Loci for Drought Tolerance in Tetraploid Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)

Drought represents a major abiotic stress factor negatively affecting growth, yield and tuber quality of potatoes. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analyses were performed in cultivated potatoes for drought tolerance index DRYM (deviation of relative starch yield from the experimental median), tuber starch content, tuber starch yield, tuber fresh weight, selected transcripts and metabolites under control and drought stress conditions. Eight genomic regions of major interest for drought tolerance were identified, three representing standalone DRYM QTL. Candidate genes, e.g., from signaling pathways for ethylene, abscisic acid and brassinosteroids, and genes encoding cell wall remodeling enzymes were identified within DRYM QTL. Co-localizations of DRYM QTL and QTL for tuber starch content, tuber starch yield and tuber fresh weight with underlying genes of the carbohydrate metabolism were observed. Overlaps of DRYM QTL with metabolite QTL for ribitol or galactinol may indicate trade-offs between starch and compatible solute biosynthesis. Expression QTL confirmed the drought stress relevance of selected transcripts by overlaps with DRYM QTL. Bulked segregant analyses combined with next-generation sequencing (BSAseq) were used to identify mutations in genes under the DRYM QTL on linkage group 3. Future analyses of identified genes for drought tolerance will give a better insight into drought tolerance in potatoes.

Extraction and characterisation of cassava starch cultivated in different locations in Sabah, Malaysia

This work aimed to determine the physicochemical and functional properties of starch cassava grown in two different locations in Sabah, namely Tawau and Semporna. In this study, the starch of the cassava was extracted using a wet method and analysed for its physicochemical and functional properties. The total starch content of cassava grown in Semporna showed a higher value (61.21 g/100 g) compared to the sample from Tawau (51.77 g/100 g). No significant difference (p>0.05) observed for starch yield extracted from these two locations. However, there was a significant difference (p<0.05) showed for total starch, resistant starch and amylose content. The amylose content of starch isolated from Semporna (23.16%) was higher than from Tawau (13.87%). Scanning electron microscope revealed that starch isolated from both locations had smooth surfaces with some granules spherical, elongated and irregular in shape. Cassava starch from Semporna exhibited a high value of swelling power (6.85%) compared to Tawau (4.07%), and they were significantly different (p<0.05). The solubility values of the starch samples from Tawau and Semporna were 28.48% and 24.34%, respectively. The pH was observed to be lower for cassava starch isolated from Tawau (4.80) than for starch obtained from Semporna (5.49). The water absorption capacity of starch from Semporna absorbed slightly more water than starch from Tawau, with values of 76.51% and 63.64%, respectively. Pasting properties results showed no significance for all profiles measured except for setback viscosity. No significant differences (p>0.05) were observed for all gelatinisation and retrogradation properties. This study suggests that location influenced the physical, chemical and functional properties of cassava’s starch.