scholarly journals The Implementation of Tactical Approach on Students' Enjoyment in Playing Football in Junior High School

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sucipto Sucipto

This study aims to examine the application of a tactical approach in the development of the pleasure of playing junior high school football. The method used in this study was an experiment with a posttest control group design. By involving two groups, namely one experimental group with a tactical approach intervention and one control group with a technical approach intervention towards the development of pleasure. The instrument used is an instrument of pleasure scale. The study was conducted on junior high school students in the city of Bandung. The data obtained by analysis using the independent sample t test technique which aims to see differences in influence between tactical and technical groups on the development of student pleasure. The results of the analysis proved that there was a significant difference between the tactical and technical groups towards football fun, seen from the mean difference obtained by a difference of 10.82, meaning that tactical groups proved to have a higher and significant effect than the technical groups on student pleasure in soccer learning . In other words the application of a tactical approach has an influence on the students' enjoyment in soccer learning. AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji penerapan pendekatan taktis dalam pengembangan kesenangan bermain sepak bola siswa SMP. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah eksperimen dengan rancangan posttest control group design. Dengan melibatkan dua kelompok, yaitu satu kelompok eksperimen dengan intervensi pendekatan taktis dan satu kelompok kontrol dengan intervensi pendekatan teknis terhadap pengembangan kesenangan. Instrument yang digunakan adalah instrument skala kesenangan. Penelitian dilakukan pada siswa-siswi SMP dilingkungan kota Bandung. Data yang diperoleh analisis dengan menggunakan teknik independent sampel t test yang bertujuan untuk melihat perbedaan pengaruh antar kelompok taktis dan teknis terhadap pengembangan kesenangan siswa. Hasil analisis terbukti bahwa terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara kelompok taktis dan teknis terhadap kesenangan bermaian sepakbola, dilihat dari mean difference diperoleh selisih sebesar 10,82, artinya bahwa kelompok taktis terbukti berpengaruh lebih tinggi dan signifikan dari pada kelompok teknis terhadap kesenangan siswa dalam pembelajaran sepak bola. Dengan kata lain penerapan pendekatan taktis memberikan pengaruh terhadap kesenangan siswa dalam pembalajaran sepak bola.

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
S Sucipto

The purpose of this study was to implement the tactical approach in developing junior high school students’ understanding and games performance in football. The method used in this research was experimental method with pre-test post-test control group design. The research involved two groups, including experimental group with tactical approach intervention and a group with technical approach intervention for developing understanding and skills in playing football of junior high school students. Two instruments were used in this study, namely (1) cognition instrument, multiple choice type, with C1 to C3 difficulty levels to measure students’ understanding in football games learning and (2) Game Performance Assessment Instrumen (GPAI) for measuring football games performance. The reseach involved junior high school students in Bandung. The data collected were analysed by using one-way MANOVA to see the relationship between the groups related to the development of uderstanding and enjoyment. The result of the analysis showed that the t value of understanding variable was -1.64 and significant at the level 0,05 (0,05≤ 0,05) with mean differences -1.32. It showed that there was a significant difference between the tactical and technical group in understanding aspect. Meanwhile, in football games performancevariable, the t value was -5.71 and significant at the level 0,00 (0,00 ≤ 0,05) with mean difference -3.97. It showed that there was a significant difference between the tactical and technical group in football playing skills. According to the result of analysis, it concludes that (1) The implementation of the tactical approach had an effect on students’ understanding in football games learning, (2) The implementation of tactical approach had an effect on games performance of the students in football games learning. AbstrakTujuan utama penelitian ini adalah mengimplementasikan pendekatan taktis terhadap pengembangan pemahaman dan keterampilan bermain sepak bola siswa SMP. Metode yang akan digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah eksperimen dengan rancangan pretest posttest control group design. Melibatkan  dua kelompok, yaitu satu kelompok eksperimen dengan intervensi pendekatan taktis dan satu kelompok dengan intervensi pendekatan teknis (tradisional) terhadap pengembangan  pemahaman  dan keterampilan bermain sepakbola siswa SMP. Terdapat dua instrument yang akan digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu (1) instrument kognisi jenis multiple choise pada tingkat kesukaran C1 sampai dengan C3 yang akan digunakan untuk mengukur pemahaman siswa dalam permbelajaran bermain sepak bola, (2) instrument tes keterampilan bermain sepakbola dengan menggunakan Game Permomance Assessment Instrumen (GPAI). Penelitian akan dilakukan pada siswa-siswi SMP dilingkungan kota Bandung. Semua data yang diperoleh akan analisis dengan menggunakan teknik manova satu jalur yang bertujuan untuk melihat pengaruh antar kelompok baik pada pengembangan pemahaman dan kesenangan secara bersama-sama maupun masing-masing variabel. Hasil analisis menunjukan bahwa pada variable pemahaman diperoleh nilai t sebesar -1.64 dan signifikan pada 0,05 (0,05 ≤ 0,05) dengan mean difference sebesar -1.32. Hal tersebut menunjukan bahwa terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara kelompok taktis dan teknis terhadap pemahaman Sedangkan pada variable keterampilan bermain sepak bola diperoleh nilai t sebesar -5.71 dan signifikan pada 0,00 (0,00 ≤ 0,05) dengan mean difference sebesar -3.97. Hal tersebut menunjukan bahwa terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara kelompok taktis dan teknis terhadap keterampilan bermain sepak bola. Berdasarkan hasil analisis tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa (1) Implementasi pendekatan taktis memberikan pengaruh terhadap pemahaman siswa dalam pembalajaran sepak bola, (2) Implementasi pendekatan taktis memberikan pengaruh terhadap keterampilan dasar bermain sepak bola siswa dalam pembalajaran sepak bola.


2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Agnes Berlina Printina

ABSTRAKPendahuluan: Penyalahgunaan narkoba merupakan masalah yang serius di berbagai negara bahkan di Indonesia. Keterbatasan informasi menjadi kendala kurangnya pengetahuan remaja tentang narkoba. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh video vlog terhadap tingkat pengetahuan tentang penyalahgunaan narkoba pada siswa siswi di SMP Strada Jakarta Selatan. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan quasi eksperiment dengan pre -post test control group design yang dilakukan pada Oktober 2017. Kelompok kontrol terdiri dari 52 responden dari SMP Asisi Jakarta Selatan dan 67 responden merupakan kelompok intervensi dari SMP Strada Marga Mulia Jakarta Selatan. Responden didapatkan dengan cara Total Sampling. Data dianalisa dengan Uji t-test independent dan paired sampel t-test. Hasil: Penelitian ini menunjukan terdapat perbedaan tingkat pengetahuan antara kelompok kontrol yang tidak diberikan perlakuan dan kelompok intervensi yang diberikan promosi kesehatan melalui video vlog dengan p value 0,000. Penelitian ini juga menunjukan pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap tingkat pengetahuan pada kelompok intervensi dengan video vlog  p value 0,000. Simpulan: Promosi kesehatan dengan video vlog bagi siswa dapat meningkatkan pengetahuan tentang penyalahgunaan narkoba sehingga dapat terhindar dari penyalahgunaan  narkoba. Kata Kunci: promosi kesehatan,  pengetahuan,  narkoba, vlog ABSTRACT Introduction: Drug abuse is a serious problem in many countries include Indonesia. The limitdness informations of knowledge for teenegers being obstacle. This purpose of this study was to determine the influence of health promotion through a vlog toward on the level knowledge about drug abuse at students in Strada Marga Mulia Junior High School. Method: this study is an quasi eksperiment with pre test post test control group design that alrady implemented on October 2017. The control group consist of 52 respondents in Asisi Jakarta Selatan Junior High School and 62 respondents of intervention group in Strada Marga Mulia Junior High School. The respondents obtained by total sampling. The data are analysed with independent t-test anda paired sampel t-test. Result: this study show that there is difference of knowledge’s level between control group that no treatment and intervention group that significant health promotion through vlog with p value 0,000. This study show the significant influence toward knowledge level in intervention group of vlog with p value 0,000. Conclution: health promotion with vlog for students can improve the knowledge about drug abuse, allowing can be escape by drug abuse. Keywords: health promotion, knowledge, narcotics, vlog 


2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Desi Jayanti ◽  
Ismail Ismail ◽  
Rispawati Rispawati

Tujuan  penelitian  ini  adalah  untuk  mengetahui  ada  tidaknya  pengaruh  model pembelajaran  Cooperative  Learning  Tipe CORE  (Connect,  Organize,  Reflect,  Extend) terhadap kemampuan berpikir kritis peserta didik pada mata pelajaran PPKn di SMP Negeri  6  Mataram.  Penelitian  ini  merupakan  penelitian  Quasi Eksperimen dengan nonequivalen control group design. Instrumen yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah test bentuk pilihan ganda sebanyak 30 item untuk mengukur kemampuan berpikir  kritis peserta  didik. Data hasil kemampuan berpikir krtis peserta didik diambil  menggunakan   test  pilihan  ganda  yang  sudah  memenuhi  persyaratan instrumen penelitian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahw a  (3,306) > (1,960)  pada taraf signifikan 5%, artinya hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahw a ada pengaruh model pembelajaran cooperative learning Tipe CORE (connect, organize, reflect,  extend)  terhadap  kemampuan  berpikir  kritis peserta  didik  pada  mata  pelajaran PPKn di SMP Negeri 6 Mataram. AbstractThe aim of this study is to know  the impact of Cooperative Learning  Strategy CORE type (Connect, Organize, Reflect, and Extend) tow ard the students’ critical thinking  on the Civics subject  in Junior High School; SMPN 6 Mataram. This research is a Quasi Experiment w ith non-equivalent control group design. In this research,  the  instrument  that used  is multiple  choice  tests consist  of  30 items aimed  to  measure  the students’  critical thinking.  The data  as the result of  the students’  critical thinking  w as gathered  from  multiple  choice  items tests w hich have fulfilled  the research instrument.  The result of the study show s that tcou nt (3,306)  > ttable   (1,960)  on the 5% level of  significant,  means that Cooperative Learning  Strategy  CORE  type  (Connect,  Organize,  Reflect,  and  Extend)  has impact tow ard the students’ critical thinking on the Civics subject in Junior High School; SMPN 6 Mataram.Keywords: Cooperative Learning CORE Type (Connect, Organize, Reflect, andExtend), Critical Thinking


2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Yulianto Yulianto ◽  
Hamam Hadi ◽  
R Dwi Budiningsari

Background: Indonesia is a tropical country rich in various vegetables and fruits which are necessary for health because they contain lots of vitamins, minerals and fibers. However, Indonesian children and teenagers do not often pay attention to balanced nutrition, particularly vegetables and fruits. They even tend to choose fast food which may lead to occurrence of obesity. Prevalence of obesity among teenagers becomes an important issue because it persists to adulthood. Impact of obesity is a threat to public health and needs serious attention. Considering the important role of vegetables and fruits for health especially among obese teenagers, awareness on the necessity of consuming those needs to be made and built through nutrition counseling.Objective: The objective of the study was to identify the effects of counseling on the advantages of vegetables and fruits consumption to nutrient intake (energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate and fiber) among obese teenage students of junior high school at Palembang Municipality.Method: The study was quantitative with quasi experimental design. Subject of the study were obese teenage students of junior high school at Palembang Municipality aged 12 – 15 years old. There were 72 respondents of intervention group and 72 respondents of control group. Samples were taken using non random sampling technique. T-test was used to find out effects of counseling to consumption of vegetables and fruits and nutrient intake before and after intervention.Result: Delta average value of fruit consumption and nutrient intake (energy, fat, carbohydrate, and fiber) based on t-test analysis showed significant difference in both groups with p<0.05. Meanwhile, delta average value of vegetable consumption and nutrient intake (protein) did not show significant relationship (p>0.05).Conclusion: Counseling on the advantages of vegetables and fruits affect consumption of fruits and nutrient intake (energy, fat, carbohydrate and fiber).


2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3.2) ◽  
pp. 756 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Widowati ◽  
S Atun ◽  
IGP Suryadarma ◽  
Setuju . ◽  
E Widodo ◽  
...  

The era of industry 4.0 requires Indonesia's quality human resources superior, but there are a big problem that many students have low of scientific literacy. Efforts to instill scientific literacy can help students develop an informed conception of the nature of science (NOS) by using a progressive and authentic learning inquiry environment. This research investigate about how is the blog with NOS within inquiry laboratory model that is eligible to develop scientific literacy in science learning of junior high school and the effectiveness of blog with NOS within inquiry laboratory model for developing scientific inquiry. This research is done by 4D Model in Research and Development. The Subject is expert in media and science content, and 68 students of SMP N 9 Yogyakarta. The design of playing field testing is quasi experiment with nonequivalent pretest-postest control group design. The research instruments are the questionnaire of product validation and the scientific literacy test. The data analyze with descriptive qualitative for the validation result and t-test for the scientific literacy test results. The results show that the blogs that produced in this research is eligible as learning media in NOS within inquiry laboratory model. There is a significant difference scientific literacy between before and after learning with and without using blog in NOS within inquiry laboratory model 


Diksi ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Hanif Amrulloh

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) mengetahui apakah ada perbedaan tingkat keterampilan menulis cerpen yang signifikan antara pembelajaran siswa yang menggunakan model pembelajaran Khayalan, model pembelajaran Rodrigues-Badaczewski, dan model pembelajaran konvensional ; (2) menguji apakah penggunaan model pembelajaran Khayalan dan model pembelajaran Rodrigues-Badaczewski mangkus digunakan dalam pembelajaran menulis cerpen pada siswa kelas VII di SMP Negeri se-Kabupaten Brebes. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan metode penelitian eksperimen. Desain penelitian ini adalah pretest posttest control group design. Simpulan penelitian ini berdasarkan analisis tersebut adalah (1) ada perbedaan tingkat keterampilan menulis cerpen yang signifikan antara pembelajaran siswa menggunakan model pembelajaran Khayalan dan model pembelajaran konvensional; (2) ada perbedaan tingkat keterampilan menulis cerpen yang signifikan antara pembelajaran siswa menggunakan model pembelajaran Rodrigues-Badaczewski dan model pembelajaran konvensional; (3) tidak ada perbedaan tingkat keterampilan menulis cerpen yang signifikan antara pembelajaran siswa menggunakan model pembelajaran Khayalan dan model pembelajaran Rodrigues-Badaczewski; (4) penggunaan model pembelajaran Rodrigues-Badaczewski dan model pembelajaran Khayalan mangkus digunakan dalam pembelajaran menulis cerpen pada siswa kelas VII SMP Negeri se-Kabupaten Brebes.Kata Kunci: kemangkusan, model pembelajaran Rodrigues-Badaczewski, model pembelajaran khayalan, menulis cerpen, siswa SMP THE EFFECTIVENESS OF IMAGINE LEARNING MODEL AND RODRIGUES-BADACZEWSKI LEARNING MODEL IN SHORT STORY WRITING LEARNING ON GRADE VII STUDENT IN JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL IN BREBES REGENCY ABSTRACTThe research aimed to (1) research the significant differences of short story writing skill among students who learn it by Imagine learning model, Rodrigues-Badaczewski learning model, and conventional learning model; (2) examine the effectiveness of Imagine learning model and Rodrigues-Badaczewski learning model in writing learning on grade VII students in junior high school in Brebes Regency. This research is experimental research using pretest-posttest control group design. The result brings to the conclusion that (1) there is a significant difference of short story writing skill between students who learn it by Imagine learning model and conventional learning model; (2) there is a significant difference of short story writing skill between students who learn it by Rodrigues-Badaczewski learning model and conventional learning model; (3) there is not a significant difference of short story writing skill between students who learn it by Rodrigues-Badaczewski learning model and Imagine learning model; (4) Rodrigues-Badaczewski learning model and Imagine learning model are effective for short story writing learning on grade VII students in junior high school in Brebes Regency. Probability value on 0.000 (p<0.05) obtained from Scheffe variant analysis on posttest data of control group and first experimental group and probability value on 0.000 (p<0.05) obtained from Scheffe variant analysis on posttest data of control group and second experimental group.Keywords: effectiveness, Rodrigues-Badaczewski learning model, Imagine learning model, short story writing, Junior High School students.


2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 116
Author(s):  
Tunjung Paryana Karumikawati ◽  
Leny Yuanita ◽  
Endang Susantini

The objective of this research is to compare the effectiveness of the guided discovery and the less structured discovery methods cognitive ability, free discovery skill, and autonomous character of the Junior High School. Forty Ponorogo Junior High School students have divided into two research classes were involved in this investigation using The Method of Science as the subject matter. The research was implemented in two phase, the development of the discovery learning resources, using the Kemp model, and the implementation of learning resources using the matching only pretest-posttest control group design (quasi experiment). From the hypothesis test (α: 0,005) showed that: (1)Cognitive skill of less structured discovery class higher than guided discovery class (Sig. 0.0025<α). The individual cognitive skill of guided discovery students increased from 20% to 65%, and for less structured discovery students increased from 10% to 80%; (2)Free discovery skill and autonomous character of less structured discovery class not higher than guided discovery class (free discovery skill Sig. 0,467>α; autonomous Sig.; 0,031; 0,028>α)  . Free discovery skill of guided discovery students increased from 20% to 80%, and that of less structured discovery students increased from 10% to 35%. The average percentage of autonomous character of guided discovery students ranges from 64,29% to 90,48%, and that of less structured discovery students ranges from 71,43% to 90,48%. The shortage of time allocation for the teaching and learning process was the main obstacle. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan tipe pembelajaran discovery (guided discovery dan less structured discovery) terhadap kemampuan kognitif, keterampilan free discovery, dan kemandirian siswa SMP. Subjek penelitian sejumlah 40 siswa yang dibagi dalam 2 kelas penelitian di SMP Negeri 1 Ponorogo kelas VII dengan materi pembelajaran metode ilmiah. Penelitian dilaksanakan dalam dua tahap, yakni tahap pengembangan perangkat pembelajaran discovery mengikuti rancangan Kemp dan tahap penerapan perangkat pembelajaran menggunakan rancangan penelitian the matching only pretest-posttest control group design (quasi experiment). Hasil uji hipotesis (α: 0,005) menunjukkan bahwa: 1) Kemampuan kognitif kelas less structured discovery lebih tinggi dari kelas guided discovery (Sig. 0,0025<α). Pada kelas guided discovery, kemampuan kognitif berdasarkan ketuntasan individu mengalami peningkatan dari 20% menjadi 65% dan pada kelas less structured discovery mengalami peningkatan dari 10% menjadi 80%. 2) Keterampilan free discovery dan kemandirian siswa kelas less structured discovery tidak lebih tinggi dari kelas guided discovery (keterampilan free discovery Sig. 0,467> α; kemandirian Sig. 0,031; 0,028>α). Pada kelas guided discovery, keterampilan free discovery mengalami peningkatan dari 20% menjadi 80% dan pada kelas less structured discovery mengalami peningkatan dari 10% menjadi 35%. Rata-rata persentase kemandirian pada kelas guided discovery bervariasi 64,29%  hingga 90,48% dan kelas less structured discovery antara 71,43%  hingga 90,48%. Waktu menjadi hambatan utama dalam penelitian ini sehingga dibutuhkan pengalokasian yang lebih baik pada setiap tahapan pembelajaran.


Author(s):  
I Gede Sadhu Gunawan . ◽  
Dr. Ketut Agustini, S.Si, M.Si. . ◽  
I Made Ardwi Pradnyana, S.T., M.T. .

Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui (1) perbedaan hasil belajar antara menggunakan model pembelajaran Example And Non Example dan model pembelajaran konvensional kelas VII di SMP Negeri 5 Tejakula, (2) Untuk mengetahui respon siswa terhadap pengaruh model pembelajaran Example And Non Example terhadap hasil belajar siswa kelas VII di SMP Negeri 5 Tejakula. Jenis penelitian ini adalah eksperimen semu dengan rancangan Post Test Only With Non Equivalent Control Group Design. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan metode tes pilihan ganda untuk mengukur ranah kognitif. Data hasil belajar dianalisis melalui uji prasyarat yaitu uji normalitas dan homogenitas dengan hasil 2 kelompok berdistribusi normal dan homogen, dilanjutkan dengan uji hipotesis yang berarti terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan dalam penggunaan model pembelajaran Example And Non Example dan konvensional. Sedangkan untuk respon menggunakan metode angket. Hasil analisis angket model Example And Non Example diketahui 94% respon sangat positif, 6% respon positif dan tidak ada siswa yang memiliki respon cukup positif. Kata Kunci : Example And Non Example, hasil belajar, dan respon siswa This research aimed to know (1) The influenced about the result of students’ study used Example And Non Example learning model And conventional learning in second grade at junior high school 5 Tejakula (2) Knowing students responses to influenced Example And Non Example learning model to students learning result in second grade at junior high school 5 Tejakula. Kind of this research was quasi experiment by Post Test Only with Non Equivalent Control Group Design. The data accumulation done by multiple choice tests to measured cognitive domain and skill test to psychomotor domain. The students’ result study analyzed by prerequisite test was normality test and homogeneity by the result of the two group which normal distribution and homogeneous, continued by hypothesis it means there are significant influenced in the used of Example And Non Example, and conventional. Meanwhile, the respond of used questionnaire method, the result of Example And Non Example questionnaire known 94% very positive responses, 5% positive responses and there are students have a sufficient positive responses.keyword : Example And Non Example, the study result, students’ respond


Author(s):  
I. G. B. C. Bayu ◽  
K. S. Piscayanti ◽  
A. A. G. Y Paramartha

This study was purposed to investigate whether or not there was a significant effect of storytelling using puppet strategy on students’ speaking achievement at eighth grade of junior high school at SMP N 1 Seririt in the academic year 2018/2019. The research design was Quasi Experimental of Posttest Only Control Group Design involving eighth grade students of SMP Negeri 1 Seririt. Cluster Random Sampling was assigned to select the sample of this study in which VIIIA Class was assigned as the control group and treated by using storytelling without puppet while VIIIB Class as the experimental group was treated by using storytelling with puppet strategy. Three kinds of instruments were used in this study namely lesson plan, speaking test, and storytelling rubric. Based on the result of the data analysis proves that there is a significant difference on students’ speaking achievement between students who were taught by using storytelling with puppet strategy and those students who were taught by using storytelling without puppet strategy (t= 4.942, df= 62, .p< 0.05). Moreover, the result of the effect size in this study is 0.282. It indicates that storytelling with puppet strategy give a large influence on students’ speaking achievement. Referring to those results, it can be concluded that storytelling using puppet strategy can give significant effect on students’ speaking achievement. Keyword: Puppet Media, Speaking Achievement, Storytelling


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Farhiya Ulfah

The goal of this research is gaining description on science literacy improvement of junior high school students regarding the topics of earthquake and flood as an effect of Contextual Based Learning (CBL) implementation during science instruction. Quasi-experiment serves as the method of this study with non-equivalent control group pre-test post-test design. Jigsaw cooperative learning method functions as the control treatment. Research subjects involve 52 students of grade VII in a state junior high school in Bandung Regency, West Java. Those research subjects are divided into two classes namely experiment class and control class. The instrument used to collect relevant data is science literacy test covering aspects of science content, science competence, and attitude towards science. Two independent sample t-test is applied to analyze the comparison of science literacy improvement reached between experiment and control class. The result of statistical calculation for two independent sample t-test N-gain using version 23 SPSS software shows a significant value of 0.00 &lt; α. 0.05 for all aspects. The findings indicate that CBL implementation during science instruction within topics of earthquake and flood is proven to be valid to improve students’ science literacy compared to jigsaw cooperative model.


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