Low variability of Orchis militaris L. in a local population in the Altay Territory, Russia: evidence from morphometrical and caryological analyses

Orchis militaris L. is a rare species at the territory of Russia and in many of its regions. This species has been studied for a long time, but the genome size of its representatives in natural conditions has not been studied yet. This assessment is of great importance for the development of measures for the rare species preservation in natural conditions and in the tissue culture. Chromosome counts were completed by flow cytometric data and morphological observations in order to study the species intrapopulation variability. Here, the flow cytometric data on genome size and DNA content of O. militaris from the Asian part of Russia are presented for the first time.

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The Genome Size of Some Species of Hyalomma Ticks from Turkish Thrace

Systematic and Applied Acarology ◽

10.11158/saa.23.11.5 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 23 (11) ◽

pp. 2122 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nadim Yılmazer

Keyword(s):

Genome Size ◽

X Chromosome ◽

Tick Species ◽

Animal Health ◽

Chromosome Size ◽

Diploid Genome ◽

Flow Cytometric ◽

Determination System ◽

Sex Determination System ◽

First Time

Hyalomma scupense, H. excavatum and H. marginatum are globally important tick species, as well as in Turkey, both in terms of human and animal health. The genome sizes of these tick species were determined in this study for the first time. From flow cytometric measurements, diploid genome sizes of female and male H. scupense were found to be 2.13 pg and 1.75 pg, respectively, while H. excavatum were 2.21 pg and 1.94 pg, and H. marginatum were 2.48 pg and 1.98 pg, respectively. Differences in diploid genome size indicate X chromosome size of females and males in these ticks because they have an XX:XO sex determination system. Thus, it was estimated that the X chromosome of H. scupense, H. excavatum, and H. marginatum may be composed of as much as 0.38 pg, 0.27 pg, and 0.50 pg of DNA, respectively. These findings indicate suitability of these three species for genome sequencing due to the relatively small size of their genomes compared with other tick species.

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Diploid and tetraploid cytotypes and subspecies of Odontarrhena tortuosa (Brassicaceae) in Pannonia: differences in morphology, ecology and genome size

Phytotaxa ◽

10.11646/phytotaxa.358.2.4 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 358 (2) ◽

pp. 162

Author(s):

STANISLAV ŠPANIEL ◽

LÝDIA HABURAJOVÁ ◽

VERONIKA CETLOVÁ

Keyword(s):

Genome Size ◽

Central Europe ◽

Morphological Variation ◽

Pannonian Basin ◽

Sand Dunes ◽

Distribution Area ◽

Flow Cytometric Data ◽

Flow Cytometric ◽

Morphological Differences ◽

Rocky Habitats

Odontarrhena tortuosa is a herbaceous species occurring in steppe and rocky habitats of Eurasia. The present study is focused on the cytogeography and morphological variation of the species’ populations growing in the Pannonian basin (Central Europe), which represents the westernmost part of its distribution area. Flow cytometric analyses have revealed the existence of tetraploid populations, which are reported here for the first time for Central Europe. We analysed the morphological variation of 329 individuals from Slovakia, Hungary and Serbia by multivariate morphometric methods to evaluate morphological differences between two cytotypes (diploids and tetraploids), between the subspecies (O. tortuosa subsp. tortuosa and O. tortuosa subsp. heterophylla) and between populations growing in three regions differing in the type of substrate (rocks, sand dunes and sandy and rocky screes). Although we have not found any clear morphological differences between the cytotypes, we have confirmed several previously reported morphological differences between the two subspecies, which occur in regions differing in the type of substrate. Flow cytometric data also indicate certain differences in monoploid genome size between all groups of populations under comparison. Populations from Serbia differ from other populations of O. tortuosa subsp. tortuosa in morphology and genome size, but due to a lack of data on the genetic variation of the species we suggest no change in taxonomy. For the identification of the two subspecies, we present an updated determination key.

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Genome size, chromosome counts and distribution of Homogyne alpina (Asteraceae) in the Slovak Carpathians

THAISZIA - JOURNAL OF BOTANY ◽

10.33542/tjb2021-2-01 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 31 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Viera Fráková ◽

Lukáš Koprivý ◽

Lenka Mártonfiová ◽

Valéria Kocová ◽

Matej Dudáš ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genome Size ◽

Screening Method ◽

Alpine Vegetation ◽

Distribution Map ◽

High Mountains ◽

Chromosome Counts ◽

Vegetation Zone ◽

Reproduction Mode ◽

Full List ◽

Flow Cytometric

Homogyne alpina (L.) Cass. represents the only species of the genus Homogyne Cass. in Slovakia. This study characterizes H. alpina in terms of chromosome counts, genome size, reproduction mode and distribution in Slovakia. Three known cytotypes of the species are known, of which the cytotype 2n = 160 is represented in the Slovak mountains and has not been documented from other countries yet. Flow cytometric analyses showed the genome size 2C = 21.30 pg for petioles and 2C = 21.82 pg for seeds. Sexual reproduction mode was confirmed by flow cytometric screening method based on embryo to endosperm genome size ratio. The centre of the species distribution is in high mountains of the Slovak Carpathians, where it is frequent in the altitude above 1000 m a. s. l. from mountane to alpine vegetation zone. The full list of the data of its distribution and the distribution map are also presented.

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Nuclear genome size in Selaginella

Genome ◽

10.1139/g06-138 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 50 (4) ◽

pp. 351-356 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Damon P. Little ◽

Robbin C. Moran ◽

Eric D. Brenner ◽

Dennis Wm. Stevenson

Keyword(s):

Chromosome Number ◽

Genome Size ◽

Nuclear Genome ◽

Rank Correlation ◽

Cultivated Plants ◽

Strongly Correlated ◽

Flow Cytometric Data ◽

Spearman’S Rank Correlation ◽

Time Estimates ◽

Flow Cytometric

Estimates of nuclear genome size for 9 Selaginella species were obtained using flow cytometry, and measurements for 7 of these species are reported for the first time. Estimates range from 0.086 to 0.112 pg per holoploid genome (84–110 Mb). The data presented here agree with the previously published flow cytometric results for S. moellendorffii . Within the 9 species sampled here, chromosome number varies from 2n = 16 to 2n = 27. Nuclear genome size appears to be strongly correlated with chromosome number (Spearman’s rank correlation; p = 0.00003725). Cultivated S. moellendorffii lacks sexual reproduction—manifest by the production of abortive megasporangia. Flow cytometric data generated from a herbarium specimen of a fertile wild-collected S. moellendorffii are virtually indistinguishable from the data generated from fresh material (0.088 vs. 0.089 pg/1C). Therefore, the limited fertility observed in cultivated plants is probably not the result of abnormal chromosome number (e.g., induced by interspecific hybridization).

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New chromosome counts and genome size estimates for 28 species of Taraxacum sect. Taraxacum

Comparative Cytogenetics ◽

10.3897/compcytogen.v12i3.27307 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 403-420 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Petra Macháčková ◽

Ľuboš Majeský ◽

Michal Hroneš ◽

Eva Hřibová ◽

Bohumil Trávníček ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genome Size ◽

Dna Content ◽

Chromosome Numbers ◽

Chromosome Counts ◽

Average Value ◽

Sexual And Asexual Reproduction ◽

The World ◽

Reproduction Strategies ◽

First Time ◽

Size Estimates

The species-rich and widespread genusTaraxacumF. H. Wiggers, 1780 (Asteraceae subfamily Cichorioideae) is one of the most taxonomically complex plant genera in the world, mainly due to its combination of different sexual and asexual reproduction strategies. Polyploidy is usually confined to apomictic microspecies, varying from 3x to 6x (rarely 10x). In this study, we focused on Taraxacum sect.Taraxacum(= T.sect.Ruderalia;T.officinalegroup), i.e., the largest group within the genus. We counted chromosome numbers and measured the DNA content for species sampled in Central Europe, mainly in Czechia. The chromosome number of the 28 species (T.aberransHagendijk, Soest & Zevenbergen, 1974,T.atrovirideŠtěpánek & Trávníček, 2008,T.atroxKirschner & Štěpánek, 1997,T.baeckiiformeSahlin, 1971,T.chrysophaenumRailonsala, 1957,T.coartatumG.E. Haglund, 1942,T.corynodesG.E. Haglund, 1943,T.crassumH. Øllgaard & Trávníček, 2003,T.deltoidifronsH. Øllgaard, 2003,T.diastematicumMarklund, 1940,T.gesticulansH. Øllgaard, 1978,T.glossodonSonck & H. Øllgaard, 1999,T.guttigestansH. Øllgaard in Kirschner & Štěpánek, 1992,T.huelphersianumG.E. Haglund, 1935,T.ingensPalmgren, 1910,T.jugiferumH. Øllgaard, 2003,T.laticordatumMarklund, 1938,T.lojoenseH. Lindberg, 1944 (=T.debrayiHagendijk, Soest & Zevenbergen, 1972,T.lippertianumSahlin, 1979),T.lucidifronsTrávníček, ineditus,T.obtusifronsMarklund, 1938,T.ochrochlorumG.E. Haglund, 1942,T.ohlseniiG.E. Haglund, 1936,T.perdubiumTrávníček, ineditus,T.praestabileRailonsala, 1962,T.sepulcrilobumTrávníček, ineditus,T.sertatumKirschner, H. Øllgaard & Štěpánek, 1997,T.subhuelphersianumM.P. Christiansen, 1971,T.valensMarklund, 1938) is 2n = 3x = 24. The DNA content ranged from 2C = 2.60 pg (T.atrox) to 2C = 2.86 pg (T.perdubium), with an average value of 2C = 2.72 pg. Chromosome numbers are reported for the first time for 26 species (all butT.diastematicumandT.obtusifrons), and genome size estimates for 26 species are now published for the first time.

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Breeding system and genome size of the rhabdocoel turbellarian Mesostoma ehrenbergii

Genome ◽

10.1139/g90-108 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 33 (5) ◽

pp. 719-724 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Paul D. N. Hebert ◽

Margaret J. Beaton

Keyword(s):

Chromosome Number ◽

Genome Size ◽

Breeding System ◽

New World ◽

Natural Populations ◽

Resting Eggs ◽

Chromosome Counts ◽

Natural Conditions ◽

Self Fertilization ◽

European Populations

Rhabdocoel turbellarians, such as Mesostoma ehrenbergii, are hermaphrodites which produce both subitaneous and resting eggs. Both genotypic frequencies in natural populations as well as parent–offspring genotypes at a polymorphic allozyme locus confirm that, under natural conditions, M. ehrenbergii produces subitaneous eggs via self-fertilization and resting eggs probably by outcrossing. Chromosome counts show, contrary to an earlier report, that North American populations of the species possess the same chromosome number as European populations. However, other karyotypic differences do exist between Old World and New World populations. DNA quantification studies revealed that M. ehrenbergii possesses one of the largest haploid genome sizes (14.8 pg) yet reported for an invertebrate. Among organisms showing similar genome size, this species appears to be unique for its rapid developmental rate.Key words: Turbellaria, allozyme, breeding system, genome size, cytogenetics, selfing.

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Contribution to knowledge about genome size in members of the family Asteraceae from Turkey: First assessments in 17 taxa, with chromosome counts for nine taxa

Botanica Serbica ◽

10.2298/botserb2001047i ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 44 (1) ◽

pp. 47-53

Author(s):

Huseyin Inceer ◽

Nursen Kalmuk

Keyword(s):

Flow Cytometry ◽

Genome Size ◽

Chromosome Numbers ◽

Evolutionary Significance ◽

Chromosome Counts ◽

The Family ◽

First Time

In this study, we report genome size (C-values) estimated using flow cytometry for 18 taxa of Asteraceae from Turkey, 17 of which are here assessed for the first time. The studied taxa belong to the genera Achillea (one species), Anthemis (one subspecies), Tanacetum (four taxa) and Crepis (12 taxa). Additionally, chromosome numbers of nine taxa of Crepis are provided, four counts being new reports and the remainder confirming previous data. The 2C-values of the studied taxa range from 2.08 to 11.06 pg, which represent more than fivefold variation. The systematic and evolutionary significance of genome size is discussed within the framework of the results obtained in this study.

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Leaves and Seeds as Materials for Flow Cytometric Estimation of the Genome Size of 11 Rosaceae Woody Species Containing DNA-Staining Inhibitors

Journal of Botany ◽

10.1155/2010/930895 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 2010 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Iwona Jedrzejczyk ◽

Elwira Sliwinska

Keyword(s):

Genome Size ◽

Dna Content ◽

Nuclear Dna ◽

Nuclear Dna Content ◽

Woody Species ◽

Size Estimation ◽

Flow Cytometric ◽

Cell Cytosol ◽

High Concentrations ◽

First Time

The presence of some secondary metabolites in the cell cytosol can cause a stoichiometric error in the flow cytometric estimation of nuclear DNA content. There is no fully reliable method to completely eliminate the effect of these compounds on nuclei fluorescence, and therefore using plant organs/parts free of staining inhibitors is recommended. Eleven species of Rosaceae with high concentrations of propidium-iodide-staining inhibitors were studied to check the possibility of using seeds instead of leaves for genome size estimation. Despite optimizing the concentration and composition of antioxidants in nuclei-isolation buffer for each species, the effect of cytosolic compounds present in the leaves could not be avoided entirely. None of the seeds of the studied species contained inhibitors, and they produced histograms of good quality. The genome size of the studied species ranged from 1.15 to 3.17 pg/2C; for 10 species the DNA content was estimated for the first time.

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Breeding Systems in Diploid and Polyploid Hawthorns (Crataegus): Evidence from Experimental Pollinations of C. monogyna, C. subsphaerica, and Natural Hybrids

Forests ◽

10.3390/f10121059 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 1059

Author(s):

Dominika Vašková ◽

Vladislav Kolarčik

Keyword(s):

Evolutionary History ◽

Diploid Species ◽

Pollen Grains ◽

Breeding Systems ◽

Self Incompatibility ◽

Crossing Experiments ◽

Natural Conditions ◽

Flow Cytometric ◽

Self Compatibility ◽

First Time

Background and Objectives: Polyploidisation and frequent hybridisation play an important role in speciation processes and evolutionary history and have a large impact on reproductive systems in the genus Crataegus. Reproductive modes in selected diploid and polyploid taxa in eastern Slovakia were investigated and analysed for the first time. Materials and Methods: Diploid, triploid, and tetraploid hawthorns were tested for self-pollination, self-compatibility, and self-fertilisation. Pollination experiments were performed within and between diploid and triploid species to determine the possibilities and directions of pollen transfer under natural conditions. Seeds from crossing experiments and open pollinations were analysed using the flow cytometric seed screen method. Results: These experiments demonstrated that sexual reproduction, cross-pollination, and self-incompatibility are typical of the diploid species Crataegus monogyna and C. kyrtostyla. Seeds produced by self-fertile tetraploid C. subsphaerica were derived from both meiotically reduced and unreduced megagametophytes. Conclusions: Experimental results concerning triploid C. subsphaerica and C. laevigata × C. subsphaerica are ambiguous but suggest that seeds are almost exclusively created through apomixis, although a few sexually generated seeds were observed. In the genus Crataegus, pseudogamy is a common feature of polyploid taxa, as in all cases pollination is essential for regular seed development. Research Highlights: We suggest that all studied Crataegus taxa produce reduced pollen irrespective of ploidy level. Moreover, we emphasise that triploids produce apparently aneuploid pollen grains as a result of irregular meiosis. They are also capable of utilising pollen from 2x, 3x, or 4x donors for pseudogamous formation of endosperm.

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Direct imaging of charge transfer

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100165860 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 54 ◽

pp. 680-681

Author(s):

Yimei Zhu ◽

J. Tafto

Keyword(s):

Charge Transfer ◽

Electron Diffraction ◽

Scattering Amplitude ◽

High Temperature Superconductors ◽

Charge Carriers ◽

Image Charge ◽

Net Charge ◽

Long Time ◽

Electron Holes ◽

First Time

The electron holes confined to the CuO2-plane are the charge carriers in high-temperature superconductors, and thus, the distribution of charge plays a key role in determining their superconducting properties. While it has been known for a long time that in principle, electron diffraction at low angles is very sensitive to charge transfer, we, for the first time, show that under a proper TEM imaging condition, it is possible to directly image charge in crystals with a large unit cell. We apply this new way of studying charge distribution to the technologically important Bi2Sr2Ca1Cu2O8+δ superconductors.Charged particles interact with the electrostatic potential, and thus, for small scattering angles, the incident particle sees a nuclei that is screened by the electron cloud. Hence, the scattering amplitude mainly is determined by the net charge of the ion. Comparing with the high Z neutral Bi atom, we note that the scattering amplitude of the hole or an electron is larger at small scattering angles. This is in stark contrast to the displacements which contribute negligibly to the electron diffraction pattern at small angles because of the short g-vectors.

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