The Historian of Science and Oceanography After Twenty Years

1993 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Mills
Keyword(s):  
History Of Science ◽  
Marine Biology ◽  
Scientific Development ◽  
The Social ◽  
Rules Of Procedure ◽  
History Of ◽  
Working Principle ◽  
Primitive State ◽  
New Research ◽  
Relationship Of

A little more than twenty years ago, at the First International Congress of History of Oceanography in Monaco, the American historian of science Harold Burstyn attempted to place the history of oceanography in context within the history of science. He pointed out that history of science used as a working principle the increasing quantification of science, and that it was moving toward "externalist" studies of the social and political contexts in which science developed. Oceanography, according to Burstyn, was among the first examples of "big science" and was likely to prove important to historians attempting to link scientific development with its social context. He envisioned two tasks for the historian of oceanography, to develop detailed histories of the science itself, and to explore its response to social, political, financial and cultural forces.After three more congresses of the history of oceanography, the proliferation of publications, even the birth of a newsletter of the history of oceanography, it still largely remains true that (slightly edited) the field suffers from "lack of focus, publications of all offerings regardless of merit, and conjunction of scientists … and historians and philosophers of science, assembled without any methodological unit or rules of procedure". But all is not lost. Major books have helped to focus attention on interesting historical problems as well as achievements; outstanding work has been published, or is in progress, on marine geophysics, oceanographic institutions, exploration, national science, and the historical relationship of oceanography to its sister fields such as geography and marine biology. Bibliographies have begun to appear, easing the toil of starting new research, and regular contact, formal and informal is increasing among historians of oceanography.Nonetheless, the history of oceanography is still in a primitive state. We need more internal histories of oceanography's subdisciplines, critical biographies of its practitioners, studies of its institutions in their full contexts, work on differences in national styles, and a thorough examination of its professionalization. Few would now agree that the only canon of the history of oceanography is the increasing quantification of science, but this hybrid discipline remains, as Burstyn perceptively stated, "the most fruitful combination possible of ‘internal’ and ‘external’ problems in the history of science".

scholarly journals KONSEP ILMU PENGETAHUAN SYED HUSSEIN NASHR: SUATU TELAAH RELASI SAINS DAN AGAMA

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Syarif Hidayatullah
Keyword(s):  
History Of Science ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Science And Religion ◽  
Western World ◽  
Grand Narrative ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
Sacred Values ◽  
History Of ◽  
Islamic Science ◽  
Relationship Of

Syed Hussein Nashr is one of the leading scholars in the field of science and religion relations,  especially in Islamic  world. A study on Nashr’s thought in this field is an important and necessary effort to understand one of the aspects that contribute particualrly to the development of sciences in the Islamic world, and in the Western world generally. The article aims to understand (1) Syed Hussein Nashr’s concept on science? And (2) the relevance of Nashr’s concept on science to the development of discourses in science and religion? This study focuses on Nashr’sconcept on science and its relevance to the development of the science and religion discourse. This study deploys a framework of philosophy of science, while applying descriptive and analitycal methodological approach. This study finds that: first, Nashr’s concept on science bases it self on the principle of unity, that is a concept of one-ness and inter-relationship of all beings, which allows integration of knowledge and action of human being into harmony. Nashr offers idea of sacred knowledge (scientia sacra) to allow the sacred values embeded in Islamic teaching to spiritualize modern sciences which are developed in the Western world. Secondly, Nashr was the first Muslim scholar who wrote a comprehensive work about history of science in Islam. His influence is attributed to his contribution to the dicsussion of science and to a grand narrative, namely, Islamization of knowledge or Islamic science, that had become a major scholarly debate among Muslim scholars.

scholarly journals A scientist is almost always a collectioner

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-188
Author(s):  
Andrey Vaganov
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
History Of Science ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Science Study ◽  
The Social ◽  
Physiological Phenomenon ◽  
Research Collection ◽  
History Of ◽  
Blank Spot

Collecting as a social, psychological and even physiological phenomenon has not been devoted to much serious research. Those that exist focus on the phenomenology of collections. The phenomenon of collecting and collecting remains largely unexplored. The topic of “collectors-scientists” is, in general, a blank spot in the study of science and the social history of science. Nevertheless, there is quite legitimately a special concept - “research collection”. For example, the collection of collections for Goethe was one of the ways of his scientific work. As a result of this work, Goethe became an expert in the field of knowledge, the objects of which he collected. This kind of rapprochement between science and collecting seems to be an interdependent process. Not only collecting in the highest phase of its development is being melted into a scientific occupation, but also an occupation in science has all the features inherent in project collecting. The article makes an attempt to establish some ontological patterns inherent in this process, to outline the paths to the natural science study of the phenomenon of scientists-collectors.

scholarly journals HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION IN THE EXPEDITION ALONG THE IPIRANGA STREAM

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
ERMELINDA MOUTINHO PATACA ◽  
CAMILA MARTINS DA SILVA BANDEIRA
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Education ◽  
History Of Science ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Scientific Representations ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City

Abstract In this article we reflect on the development of an educational fieldwork conducted along the Ipiranga River, in which we bring the debates concerning History of Science and Environmental Education closer together, by problematizing the social and environmental issues in the city of São Paulo in a contextualized and critical way. To that end, we established the limits for the hydrographic basin by highlighting the headwaters of the Ipiranga River and the changes it has undergone, as well as the political, sanitary and environmental meanings throughout the 20th Century. We associated the environmental issues with the history of two important institutions located along the river: The Botanical Garden and the Museu Paulista’s [São Paulo Museum] arboretum. We highlighted the practices, techniques and scientific representations that were developed on the sites, by valuing them as cultural heritage of the Brazilian science.

Long-Term Ecological Research Over the Long Term: A Historian’s Perspective

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Hamlin
Keyword(s):  
History Of Science ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Environmental Research ◽  
Ecological Research ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Social ◽  
Long Term Ecological Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ecological Science

There are many precedents for long-term research in the history of science. Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) program’s current identity reflects significant change—intended and accidental, both consensual and conflictual—from research concerns that were prevalent in the 1980s. LTER program has pioneered modes of research organization and professional norms that are increasingly prominent in many areas of research and that belong to a significant transformation in the social relations of scientific research. The essays in this volume explore the impact of the LTER program, a generation after its founding, on both the practice of ecological science and the careers of scientists. The authors have applied the agenda of long- term scrutiny to their own careers as LTER researchers. They have recognized the LTER program as distinct, even perhaps unique, both in the ways that it creates knowledge and in the ways that it shapes careers. They have reflected on how they have taught (and were taught) in LTER settings, on how they interact with one another and with the public, and on how research in the LTER program has affected them “as persons.” A rationale for this volume is LTER’s distinctiveness. In many of the chapters, and in other general treatments of the LTER program, beginning with Callahan (1984), one finds a tone of defensiveness. Sometimes the concerns are explicit: authors (e.g., Stafford, Knapp, Lugo, Morris; Chapters 5, 22, 25, 33, respectively) bemoan colleagues who dismiss LTER as mere monitoring instead of serious science or who resent LTER’s independent funding stream. But more broadly, there is concern that various groups, ranging from other bioscientists to the public at large, may not appreciate the importance of long-term, site-specific environmental research. Accordingly, my hope here is to put LTER into several broader contexts. I do so in three ways. First, to mainstream LTER within the history of science, I show that the LTER program is not a new and odd way of doing science but rather exemplifies research agendas that have been recognized at least since the seventeenth century in the biosciences and beyond.

Ethics Committees and Consultation in Mental Health

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Don C. Postema
Keyword(s):  
Ethics Education ◽  
Ethics Committees ◽  
The United States ◽  
Biomedical Ethics ◽  
Spiritual Beliefs ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Understanding the role of ethics committees in providing ethics consultations, ethics education, and ethics-related policies is the context for exploring the relationship of ethics, psychiatry, and religious and spiritual beliefs. After a brief history of biomedical ethics in the United States since the mid-20th century, this chapter presents several case studies that exemplify frequently encountered tensions in these relationships. The central contention is that respecting these beliefs is not equivalent to acquiescing to ethical claims based on them. Rigorous critical reflection and psychiatric insight, coupled with the values embedded in the social practices of healthcare, provide the grounds for evaluating the weight and bearing of religious and spiritual beliefs in ethically complex cases. This is one contribution that ethics committees can make at the intersection of psychiatry and religion.

scholarly journals Geosemiotics←→Social Geography: Preschool Places and School(ed) Spaces

2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-74
Author(s):  
Colleen E. Whittingham
Keyword(s):  
Early Literacy ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Social Geography ◽  
Social Resources ◽  
Social Production ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Literacy Research

The purpose of the present article is to attend to the theoretical and methodological implications of expanding a view of geosemiotic to include a social geography lens. A Geosemiotics←→social geography approach creates possibilities to more fully attend to the dynamic and dialogic relationship of material, spatial, and social resources as mediators of literacy interactions. The article begins with a brief history of geosemiotics, advocating for the integration of social geography when attending to place semiotics specifically. This argument is situated within the existing landscape of spatialized literacy research, and illustrates one methodological approach found to be useful when applying an analysis informed by both theoretical perspectives. An analysis of early literacy interactions of one preschool classroom serves as an example to highlight the utility of this approach when investigating the social production of school[ed] spaces. Implications for literacy theory, methods, and instruction are discussed.

scholarly journals The Roles of Mathematics in the History of Science: The Mathematization Thesis

2020 ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Ciro Tomazella Ferreira ◽  
Cibelle Celestino Silva
Keyword(s):  
History Of Science ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Scientific Revolution ◽  
Edmund Husserl ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Scientific Development ◽  
Mathematical Approach ◽  
New Science ◽  
History Of

In this paper, we present an analysis of the evolution of the history of science as a discipline focusing on the role of the mathematization of nature as a historiographical perspective. Our study is centered in the mathematization thesis, which considers the rise of a mathematical approach of nature in the 17th century as being the most relevant event for scientific development. We begin discussing Edmund Husserl whose work, despite being mainly philosophical, is relevant for having affected the emergence of the narrative of the mathematization of nature and due to its influence on Alexandre Koyré. Next, we explore Koyré, Dijksterhuis, and Burtt’s works, the historians from the 20th century responsible for the elaboration of the main narratives about the Scientific Revolution that put the mathematization of science as the protagonist of the new science. Then, we examine the reframing of the mathematization thesis with the narrative of two traditions developed by Thomas S. Kuhn and Richard Westfall, in which the mathematization of nature shares space with other developments taken as equally relevant. We conclude presenting contemporary critical perspectives on the mathematization thesis and its capacity for synthesizing scientific development.

scholarly journals RELATIONS BETWEEN MOSQUE AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF ISLAMIC EDUCATION

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 142-153
Author(s):  
Anna Triayudha ◽  
Rateh Ninik Pramitasary ◽  
Hermansyah Akbar Anas ◽  
Choirul Mahfud
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Islamic Education ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Function ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Role And Function

The growth and development of Islamic Education is inseparable from the growth of institutions. The Prophet made it happen by establishing institutions that had a role in developing and advancing Islamic education, one of which was a mosque. Research on the relationship of mosques with the social history of Islamic education is discussed by using descriptive qualitative methods that are oriented to literature review. This paper shows that in the early period of Islamic education, the Prophet provided exemplary by building and empowering mosques. The example of the Prophet continued with the Caliphs afterwards until the present era. The mosque was built by the Prophet from the Al Haram mosque located in Makkah, Quba Mosque located in Quba, Nabawi mosque located in Medina and so on. The role and function of the mosque at that time was as a place of prayer, a place of prayer, a place for discussion or deliberation, a meeting place to develop a war strategy and others related to the problems and needs of Muslims. From time to time, the role or function of the mosque has changed slightly. In essence, mosques are currently influencing the development of the social history of Islamic education in Indonesia.

scholarly journals RELASI MITOS, DAN AGAMA SEBAGAI MEDIA PENINGKATAN EKONOMI PRODUKTIF DALAM TRADISI “TEBOKAN” DI DESA KALIPUTU KOTA KUDUS

INFERENSI ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 451
Author(s):  
Saifuddin Saifuddin
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Religious Tradition ◽  
Local Society ◽  
Religious Traditions ◽  
The Social ◽  
Religious Behaviors ◽  
Clifford Geertz ◽  
History Of ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

“Tebokan” was the history of jenang production processes that was visualizedon cultural carnival. It was one of the place where the relationship of religious traditions and the myth of local society became a new spirit to increase the economy of the community. This research was based on interpretative perspective to religious behaviors such as done by Clifford Geertz. Therefore this research used qualitative method. This study found the cultural illustrations where the relationship of myth, religious tradition, and the social structure was able to activate spirit of productivity in the Kaliputu Society as a central of jenang Production in Kudus. Both of these systems of meaning were able to present three important spirits, those areinnovative, identity affirmation, and work ethic. 

scholarly journals New ways: the pandemics of science fiction

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Glyn Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Science Fiction ◽  
History Of Science ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Social Structures ◽  
Current Crisis ◽  
The Social ◽  
Current Events ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Media ◽  
Creative Space

In unprecedented times, people have turned to fiction both for comfort and for distraction, but also to try and understand and anticipate what might come next. Sales and rental figures for works of fiction about pandemics and other disease outbreaks surged in 2020, but what can pandemic science fiction tell us about disease? This article surveys the long history of science fiction's engagement with disease and demonstrates the ways in which these narratives, whether in literature or film, have always had more to say about other contemporary cultural concerns than the disease themselves. Nonetheless, the ideas demonstrated in these texts can be seen perpetuating through the science fiction genre, and in our current crisis, we have seen striking similarities between the behaviours of key individuals, and the manner in which certain events have played out. Not because science fiction predicts these things, but because it anticipates the social structures which produce them (while at the same time permeating the culture to the extent that they become the touchstones with which the media choose to analyse current events). This paper demonstrates that science fiction can be a valuable tool to communicate widely around a pandemic, while also acting as a creative space in which to anticipate how we may handle similar events in the future.

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